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Annotated List of the Species-Group Taxa Described in Combination with Chermes Linnaeus 1758 (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) Colin Favret1, David Ouvrard2, and Douglas J

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Annotated List of the Species-Group Taxa Described in Combination with Chermes Linnaeus 1758 (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) Colin Favret1, David Ouvrard2, and Douglas J TRANSACTIONS RESEARCH ARTICLE TAES 140: 67-81 AMERICAN ISSO 0002-8320 ENTOMOLOGICAL http://taes.entomology-aes.org/ SOCIETY Annotated list of the species-group taxa described in combination with Chermes Linnaeus 1758 (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) Colin Favret1, David Ouvrard2, and Douglas J. Williams2 1 University of Montreal, Department of Biological Sciences, Biodiversity Centre, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montreal QC, H1X 2B2, Canada (email: [email protected]); 2 The Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom (emails: Ouvrard, [email protected]; Williams, [email protected]) ABSTRACT The genus-group name Chermes Linnaeus 1758 has been suppressed, but an accounting of the various nominal species described in combination with it has not been presented until now. Nominal species of Chermes are found in 13 families of three major lineages of Sternorrhyncha (Aphidomorpha, Coccoidea, Psylloidea). Eleven available names remain unplaceable (incertae sedis nomina dubia) and to date do not appear in the various Sternorrhyncha catalogues. In order to clarify their status, we here present an annotated list of the 137 nominal species-group names originally described in combination with Chermes. We provide the original bibliographic citation and an assessment of the current status of each name. The genus name Chermes Linnaeus 1758 (rostrum on the breast), “Antennae thorace was suppressed under the Plenary Powers of longiores” (antennae longer than thorax), “Alae IV the International Commission on Zoological deflexae” (four deflexed wings), “Thorax gibbus” Nomenclature (Evans and China 1965) following (humped thorax), and “Pedes saltatorii” (jumping a petition by Victor Eastop (1963). Prior to that, legs). The last of these characters leaves little the Chermes name had had an unfortunate history, doubt about the taxonomic affinity of Chermes to having been used actively for three discrete groups psyllids. The decision by Geoffroy (1762) to replace of Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera), aphids, including Chermes with Psylla was motivated by the use in adelgids and phylloxerids (Aphidomorpha), psyllids French of the word “kermès” for some scale insects (Psylloidea), and scale insects (Coccoidea), and used for making dye. The use of Psylla was quickly having had three different species selected as type. adopted and largely accepted, with the exceptions of In addition, one unavailable name, C. aceris Scopoli (1763), Schrank (1789), Fabricius (1803), ovatus Geoffroy 1762, today refers to a whitefly Schmidberger (1836), Zetterstedt (1828, 1840) and species, Aleurochiton aceris (Modeer 1778) Thompson (1877). (Sternorrhycha: Aleyrodidae), and one available The description of the antennae and legs in name, C. graminis L. 1758, has been suggested as the original Chermes description excludes adelgids a psocid (Psocodea). Eastop (1963) describes the (Aphidomorpha: Adelgidae), but the largest number complex history of the genus. of species, including the most recently described, In the 10th Edition of Systema Naturae, were proposed for that family. All but three of the Linnaeus (1758:453) described the genus Chermes Chermes species-group names proposed for aphids with the following characters: “Rostrum pectorale” (C. ulmi L. 1758, C. fagi L. 1761 and C. castaneae Publication date: 28 February 2014 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3FE74C9D-A1D8-4EA1-9CBA-C7C94780BC71 68 CHERMES: ANNOTATED LIST Haldeman 1850) are currently placed in the aphid Many of the nominal species described in family Adelgidae. Havill and Foottit (2007) combination with Chermes are themselves valid provided a list of valid adelgid species but did not or can be associated with valid taxa, and are so mention names they considered invalid. listed in the principal Sternorrhyncha catalogues Linnaeus (1758:455) defined the genus Coccus (Ben-Dov et al. 2013, Favret 2013, Ouvrard 2013). as follows: “Rostrum pectorale” (rostrum on the However, the scientific literature contains a number breast), “Abdomen postice setosum” (abdomen of Chermes names that have remained problematic, with posterior setae), and “Alae II erectae masculi, unclaimed by any taxonomic community. The Feminae apterae” (males with 2 erect wings, present list is intended to clarify the status of females apterous). This definition still holds for the nominal species described within the genus most species of scale insects now included in the Chermes, especially those that have not been treated superfamily Coccoidea. In contrast, two characters elsewhere. The list contains 47 names currently of Chermes, as defined by Linnaeus (1758:453), placed as aphids (three families of Aphidomorpha), wings deflexed numbering four and jumping legs, 30 as scale insects (five families of Coccoidea), do not apply to scale insects. There certainly and 29 as psyllids (five families of Psylloidea); are none at present with four wings. Because 19 names are unavailable and 12 available names Linnaeus’s description of Coccus was so precise, it remain unplaced (here listed as nomina dubia). is difficult to understand why many early authors Table 1 summarizes the numbers. listed or described scale insects in the genus Chermes for well over 100 years afterwards. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Linnaeus (1758) listed 14 species in his new genus Chermes. Nine of them are now considered as The authors thank Gary L. Miller and Andrew psyllids, two as aphids, and three remain uncertain Carmichael (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, with regard to their current taxonomic status. The US Department of Agriculture [USDA], Beltsville, first of Linnaeus’s (1758) species was C. graminis, MD), Andrey Stekolshchikov (Russian Academy a name of unknown taxonomic position. Linnaeus’s of Sciences, St. Petersburg), and Masakazu Sano original observations of C. graminis may have (Okinawa City Municipal Museum) for assistance been that of any of the Sternorrhyncha discussed with literature references. Charles Lienhard (Natural here, or perhaps even a psocid (Psocodea), Kolbia History Museum of Geneva) dispelled our notions quisquiliarum Bertkau 1882:129 according to that Chermes graminis L. or C. lapidarius F. might Laing (1951) or Trichopsoccus dalii (McLachlan be psocids. Gregory A. Evans (USDA, Animal and 1867:272) according to Pearman (as cited in Laing Plant Health Inspection Service, Beltsville, MD) 1951). Currently, no psocid name has been formally and Jon Martin (Natural History Museum, London) combined with Chermes (Lienhard and Smithers were very helpful in providing information on 2002, Lienhard pers. comm.). The most recently whiteflies. Daniel Burckhardt’s (Naturhistorisches described Chermes species was C. ishiharai Inouye Museum Basel, Switzerland) suggestions for 1936, today considered a subspecies of Adelges jumping plant lice were much appreciated. pectinatae (Cholodkovsky 1888). In all, 137 original species-group names have been proposed in combination with Chermes. Certain authors stand out for having established large numbers, namely Boisduval (16 scale insects), Cholodkovsky (12 aphids), and Linnaeus (12 psyllids). Geoffroy’s 1762 work was suppressed for the purposes of nomenclature by the ICZN, for failing to conform to binomial standards (Hemming 1954); this work thus contributes a large number of unavailable Chermes names. FAVRET, OUVRARD AND WILLIAMS 69 LIST OF CHERMES SPECIES affinis Zetterstedt 1828: 554 Objective status: available and valid abieticolens Thomas 1879: 156 Subjective status: valid as Aphalara affinis Objective status: available and valid (Psylloidea Aphalaridae) Subjective status: junior synonym of Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch 1858: 741) (Aphidomorpha alni Linnaeus 1758: 454 Adelgidae) Objective status: available and valid Subjective status: valid as Psylla alni (Psylloidea abietis Linnaeus 1758: 453 Psyllidae) Objective status: available and valid Remarks: Caldwell (1946) suggested Linnaeus’s Subjective status: valid as Adelges abietis 1758 description might be attributed to (Aphidomorpha Adelgidae) Prociphilus tessellatus (Fitch 1851: 68) (Aphidomorpha Aphididae), whereas his 1761: abietislaricis Eckstein 1890: 88 263 description would be Psylla alni. This Objective status: available and valid interpretation is criticized by Eastop (1963: Subjective status: junior synonym of Adelges abietis 142).” (Linnaeus 1758: 453) and Adelges laricis Vallot 1836: 72 (Aphidomorpha Adelgidae) aloes Boisduval 1867: 327 Remarks: Chermes abietis-laricis was considered Objective status: available and valid by some authors as a species composed of Subjective status: junior synonym of Aspidiotus two host-associated forms: Chermes abietis nerii Bouché 1833: 52 (Coccoidea Diaspididae) L. 1758 and Adelges laricis Vallot 1836, but it does not appear that Eckstein (1890) intended amygdali Fourcroy 1785: 228 to describe his species in synonymy with the Objective status: available and valid other two Subjective status: synonym of Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Boyer de Fonscolombe 1834: 211) abietispiceae Stebbing 1903: 57 (Coccoidea Coccidae) Objective status: available and valid Subjective status: valid as Adelges abietispiceae angraeci Boisduval 1867: 337 (Aphidomorpha Adelgidae) Objective status: unavailable, nomen nudum Remarks: not treated by Havill and Foottit 2007 annellata Thomson 1877: 836 aceris Linnaeus 1758: 454 Objective status: available and valid Objective status: available and valid Subjective status: junior synonym of Cacopsylla Subjective status: valid as Rhinocola aceris ambigua (Foerster 1848: 74)
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