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Phytoplasmas and Phytoplasma Disease Management: How to Reduce Their Economic Impact

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Phytoplasmas and Phytoplasma Disease Management: How to Reduce Their Economic Impact COST is supported by the EU ESF provides the COST Office RTD Framework Programme through a European Commission contract Food and Agriculture COST Action FA0807 Integrated Management of Phytoplasma Epidemics in Different Crop Systems Phytoplasmas and phytoplasma disease management: how to reduce their economic impact Edited by Assunta Bertaccini Food and Agriculture COST Action FA0807 Integrated Management of Phytoplasma Epidemics in Different Crop Systems P hytoplasmas and phytoplasma disease management: how to reduce their economic impact Publisher: IPWG - International Phytoplasmologist Working Group Edited by: Assunta Bertaccini Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy ISBN 978-88-909922-0-9 © COST Offi ce, 2014 No permission to reproduce or utilise the contents of this book by any means is necessary, other than in the case of images, diagrams or other material from other copyright holders. In such cases, permission of the copyright holders is required. Neither the COST Offi ce nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this publication. The COST Offi ce is not responsible for the external websites referred to in this publication. Printed: 2014, Bologna, Italy Graphic: F. Montanari Cover: Vincent van Gogh, Wheat Field with Cypresses, 1889, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Purchase, The Annenberg Foundation Gift, 1993, www.metmuseum.org. Content Introduction 7 Phytoplasmas and COST Action FA0807 A. Bertaccini 15 The COST action’s FA0807 web site: dissemination of phytoplasma-related knowledge M. Verbeek Chapter 1 The phytoplasmas and phytoplasma vectors in COST FA0807 Countries 23 Phytoplasmas and phytoplasma vectors in Denmark, Finland, Lithuania and Norway M. Nicolaisen 26 Fruit tree phytoplasma diseases and vectors in Belgium, Netherlands, and United Kingdom G. Peusens, P. Lepoivre, S. Steyer, M. Dickinson, M. Verbeek, T. Beliën 29 Phytoplasma diseases and their vectors in Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland J. Fránová, J. Přibylová, M. Navrátil, D. Šafářová, I. Ember, M. Kölber, S. Süle, M. Cieślińska, M. Kamińska 36 Presence and distribution of phytoplasma diseases and vectors in Germany and Switzerland: current state of the art B. Jarausch, M. Maixner, P. Kehrli, S. Schaerer 41 Recent insight on phytoplasma diseases and vectors in France X. Foissac 47 Overview of the phytoplasma and vector research in Austria, Croatia and Slovenia D. Škorić, M. Riedle-Bauer, M. Dermastia 54 Overview of the phytoplasma and vector research in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, FYR Macedonia, Romania and Serbia B. Duduk 58 Review of occurrence of phytoplasmas in Spain, Portugal and Malta E. Torres, A. Batlle, A. Laviña, J. Bech, A. Bertaccini, E. Sousa 62 Phytoplasmas and phytoplasma vectors in Greece, Israel, Italy and Turkey P.A. Bianco Chapter 2 The phytoplasmas and phytoplasma vectors in COST FA0807 international Countries 67 Relevant phytoplasma diseases in COST FA0807 international Countries A. Bertaccini 71 Almond witches’ broom phytoplasma: disease monitoring and preliminary control measures in Lebanon M. Molino Lova, Y. Abou-Jawdah, E. Choueiri, M. Beyrouthy, R. Fakhr, P.A. Bianco, A. Alma, H. Sobh, M. Jawhari, C. Mortada, P. Najjar, P. Casati, F. Quaglino, L. Picciau, R. Tedeschi, S. Khalil, R. Maacaroun, C. Makfoud, L. Haydar, R. Al Achi 76 ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ associated with grapevine “bois noir” disease in Jordan N.M. Salem, F. Quaglino, A. Abdeen, P. Casati, D. Bulgari, A. Alma, P.A. Bianco 79 Potential vectors of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’ in Lebanon L. Picciau, R. Tedeschi, F. Quaglino, M. Jawhari, Y. Abou-Jawdah, M. Molino Lova, P. Casati, E. Choueiri, H. Abdul-Nour, P.A. Bianco, A. Alma 82 Advances in knowledge about phytoplasma diseases in Argentina L. Conci, A. Saavedra Pons, F. Guzmán; F. Fernández, E. Galdeano, T. Pérez Grosso, L. Torres, N. Meneguzzi 90 Phytoplasma diseases in trees of Bogotá, Colombia: a serious risk for urban trees and crops L. Franco-Lara, L.M. Perilla Henao 101 Coffee crispiness and nogal cafetero witches’ broom associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’-related strains in Colombia: multilocus gene characterization J.F. Mejia, S. Paltrinieri, E. Rincon, C.M. Ospina, A. Gaitan, J.M. Pardo, E. Alvarez, A. Bertaccini Chapter 3 Diseases and insect vectors 111 Diseases and insect vectors B. Jarausch, P. Weintraub, N. Sauvion, M. Maixner, X. Foissac 122 Molecular characterization of `Candidatus Phytoplasma mali` and `Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri` strains from Romania C. Chireceanu, M. Cieślińska 130 Fruit tree phytoplasmas and their possible insect vectors in Turkey K. Çağlayan, M. Gazel, Ç.U. Serçe, K. Kaya, F.C. Cengiz 137 Phytoplasma infections in Rhododendron hybridum J. Přibylová, J. Špak, J. Fránová 143 Maize redness disease: current situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina B. Lolić, G. Perković, D. Delić 151 Molecular diversity of phytoplasmas infecting Rubus spp. plants in Poland M. Cieślińska, J. Wójcik-Seliga, B. Kowalik 159 Identification of phytoplasmas associated with Rubus spp. as prerequisite for their successful elimination R. Ramkat, M. Ruinelli, F. Maghuly, L. Schoder, M. Laimer 167 Fruit tree phytoplasmas and their vectors in pome fruit growing in Belgium: research efforts G. Peusens, C. Duchêne, P. Lepoivre, S. Steyer, T. Beliën Chapter 4 Molecular tools for phytoplasma detection and identifi cation in COST FA0807 179 Molecular tools in COST FA0807 Action J. Fránová, A. Bertaccini, B. Duduk 185 DNA barcoding of phytoplasmas: a tool for their fast identification M. Nicolaisen, O. Makarova, S. Paltrinieri, A. Bertaccini, N. Contaldo 190 Reliable detection of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma in apricot and peach trees J. Polák, J. Salava, J. Svoboda, P. Komínek Chapter 5 Management of phytoplasma-associated diseases 199 Management of phytoplasma-associated diseases W. Jarausch, E. Torres 209 “Stolbur” phytoplasma strains in Austria and their association with grapevine, bindweed, stinging nettle and Hyalesthes obsoletus G. Brader, A. Aryan, J Mörtel, M. Pastar, M. Riedle-Bauer 215 Occurrence of Hyalesthes obsoletus and “stolbur” phytoplasma strains in grapevine and host plants in Spain A. Batlle, J. Sabaté, A. Laviña 218 Mark, release and recapture experiments tracking the dispersal of Cacopsylla pruni (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), the vector of European stone fruit yellows in two model apricot orchards M. Riedle-Bauer, C. Paleskić, K. Bachinger, J. Mörtel, C. Engel, M. Kickenweiz, L. Wurm, L. Czipin, G. Brader 226 Isolation of potential biocontrol agents of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ D. Bulgari, P. Casati, F. Quaglino, P.A. Bianco 235 The role of vineyards not treated with insecticides on Scaphoideus titanus spreading N. Mori, F. Pavan, A. Pozzebon, D. Fornasiero, C. Peruffo, C. Duso 239 The role of grapevine arbours as overlooked sources of “flavescence dorée” and Scaphoideus titanus in southeastern vineyards of Austria G. Strauss, H. Reisenzein, R. Steffek, M. Schwarz 246 Scaphoideus titanus and ‘’flavescence dorée’’ disease in Portugal E. Sousa, P. Carvalho, C. Mimoso, K. Teixeira, F. Cardoso, A. Pereira 250 Current knowledge about recovery from phytoplasma diseases R. Musetti, P. Ermacora, M. Martini, N. Loi, R. Osler Chapter 6 Genomes and their expression in COST FA0807 261 From genomics to the characterization of virulence mechanisms of phytoplasmas S.A. Hogenhout 263 Complete genomes and deduced metabolism of acholeplasmas in comparison to members of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ M. Kube, C. Siewert, A.M. Migdoll, B. Duduk, J. Mitrović, S. Holz, R. Rabus, R. Reinhardt, E. Seemüller, C. Büttner 272 In vitro expression of phytoplasma immunodominant membrane proteins L. Galetto, M. Rashidi, A. Yamchi, F. Veratti, C. Marzachì 280 Identification and molecular features of suppressive strains of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ and their effect on disease development E. Seemüller, W. Jelkmann, B. Schneider 287 Index of authors COST Action FA0807 Integrated Management of Phytoplasma Epidemics in Different Crop Systems Chair Assunta Bertaccini (Italy) Vice-Chair Mogens Nicolaisen (Denmark) Coordinators Bojan Duduk (Serbia), Jana Franova (Czech Republic) - WG1 Phyllis Weintraub (Israel), Barbara Jarausch (Germany) - WG2 Wolfgang Jarausch (Germany), Ester Torres (Spain) - WG3 Saskia Hogenhout (United Kingdom), Xavier Foissac (France) - WG4 STSM Chair Matthew Dickinson (United Kingdom) Webmaster Martin Verbeek (The Netherlands) Secretary Dijana Skoric (Croatia) Introduction Phytoplasmas and COST Action FA0807 Assunta Bertaccini DipSA, Plant Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy; assunta.bertaccini@ unibo.it Abstract The total number of participants involved in the Action was 367 of which 60% of females and 32% of early stage researchers. Total publications were about 800 (list available at http://www.costphytoplasma.ipwgnet.org/publications.htm). Innovative knowledge resulting from COST networking through the Action The comparison of diagnostic protocol for phytoplasma identification towards the achievement of harmonized protocols for rapid and reliable detection of fruit trees and grapevine phytoplasma-associated diseases, and the report of phytoplasma molecular diversity in diverse Countries, in different host plant and vector species, were obtained. Identification of molecular markers to follow insect vector population distribution, particularly for fruit tree phytoplasmas, was also achieved. A network for insect vector identification to increase the knowledge
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