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Acholeplasma Florum, a New Species Isolated from Plants? R INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Jan. 1984, p. 11-15 Vol. 34, No. 1 0020-7713/84/010011-05$02.OO/O Copyright 0 1984, International Union of Microbiological Societies Acholeplasma florum, a New Species Isolated from Plants? R. E. McCOY,l* H. G. BASHAM,' J. G. TULLY,* D. L. ROSE,2 P. CARLE,3 AND J. M. BOVE3 University of Florida Agricultural Research and Education Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314'; Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21 70i2;and lnstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Pont de la Maye 33140, France3 Three acholeplasmas isolated from floral surfaces of healthy plants in Florida were found to be similar in their biochemical and serological properties. These organisms did not require serum or cholesterol for growth, although addition of some supplementary fatty acids (as represented by Tween 80) was necessary for growth to occur in serum-free medium. The three strains possessed biochemical properties typical of the Acholeplasmataceae and were distinguished from the nine previously recognized Acholeplasma species by serological and deoxyribopucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization techniques. The genome molec- ular weight of the three Acholeplasma strains was lo9, and the guanine-plus-cytosine content of the deoxyribonucleic acid was 27 to 28 mol%. On the basis of these results and other morphological, biological, and serological properties, we propose that these organisms represent a new species, Acholeplasmaflorurn. Strain L1 (= ATCC 33453) is the type strain. Plant surfaces, particularly flowers, have recently been Media and cultivation procedures. Isolates were routinely proven to be fertile sites for isolation of members of the grown in MC broth or in the serum fraction medium de- Mycoplasrnatales (5, 11-13, 26). Members of the genus scribed previously (17). We developed a serum-free medium Acholeplasma have been recovered from flower surfaces in that contained mycoplasma broth base (BBL Microbiology Florida and the central United States (26; McCoy, Basham, Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) supplemeuted with 10% fresh Tully, and Rose, Proc. 3rd Conf. Int. Org. Mycoplasmol., 25% yeast extract (Microbiological Associates, Bethesda, Custer, S.D., 1980, abstr. no. 88), from decaying coconut Md.), 0.5% glucose, 500 U of penicillin G per ml, 0.002% palm (Cocos nucifera L.) tissue in Jamaica (8), and from phenol red, 0.5% bovine serum albumin, 0.04% Tween 80, commercial vegetables intended for human consumption and 10 pg of palmitic acid per ml. Solid medium was (19). Most of these isolations yielded strains of Achole- prepared by adding 0.8% Noble agar (Difco Laboratories, plasma laidlawii, Acholeplasma oculi, and Acholeplasma Detroit, Mich.) or 1.0% agarose to the broth base before axanthum (8, 19), species that have been previously identi- autoclaving. Cultures were grown aerobically at 25 to 30°C. fied as having animal origins (22). However, although three Reversion studies. Primary isolation of strains LIT, PP2, isolates from citrus and ornamental flowers in Florida were and GF1 was in antibiotic-free media, and more than 30 related to each ather, they were not related to any previously passages were made in the absence of penicillin. In addition, described Acholeplasrna species. In this paper we define the transfer of these strains to penicillin G-containing serum basic characteristics of these flower surface acholeplasmas fraction medium followed by serial passage in serum-free and describe their unique biological properties. We propose broth with transfer to blood agar plates at each passage was that these organisms be given taxonomic status as a new done to screen for bacterial revertants. species of Acholeplasrna. Filtration studies. Eighteen-hour cultures of strains LIT, PP2, MATERIALS AND METHODS and GF1 were passed through cellulose acetate mem- brane filters having pore diameters of 0.65, 0.45, 0.3, 0.22, Achdeplusmu strains. Details of the primary isolation and 0.1 pm, and the numbers of color-changing units in the technique for flower surface-inhabiting strains have been filtrates were determined from 10-fold-serial dilutions in described previously (13). Strain PP2 was obtained from broth. blossoms of Calliandra haematocephalus, whereas strains Morphology. Broth cultures of all three acholeplasmas LIT (T = type strain) and GF1 were obtained from flowers of were examined by phase-contrast microscopy and dark-field lemon (Citrus limon) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), respec- microscopy. Ammonium molybdate contrast preparations of tively. Primary isolation was in MC (14) or SP-4 (24) broth whole organisms from cultures and ultrathin sections of medium without antibiotics. Each Acholeplasma strain was pelleted organisms were examined by transmission electron purified by a 3 x filtration-cloning technique (21) before microscopy as described previously (13). characterization studies were performed. The reference Tests for biological and biochemical properties. Sterol Acholeplasma species and other members of the Mycoplas- requirements were determined by a broth culture method matales used in this study for comparative tests were stock (16). A 2% inoculum was used, and the cells were harvested cultures maintained in the Mycoplasma Section, Laboratory after 24 h. Susceptibility to digitonin was assayed by a plate of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and method, using MC agar medium and a paper disk (diameter, Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Md. For other serological 6 mm) soaked in 1.5% digitonin (10). The procedures used to and biological comparisons we used stock cultures main- determine carbohydrate fermentation and arginine and urea tained at the University of Florida Agricultural Research and hydrolysis have been described previously (1).Production of Education Center, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. P-D-glucosidase was tested by using the methods of Williams and Wittler (27) and Ern@ and Stipkovits (9). Carotenoid * Corresponding author. production was tested by the method of Tully and Razin (23). t Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. Serological tests. Antisera to strains LIT, GF1, and PP2 4782. were raised in rabbits as described previously (7). Hyperim- 11 12 McCOY ET AL. INT.J. SYST.BACTERIOL. mune antisera were raised from strains maintained at the Mycoplasma Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiolo- gy, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (MS), and the other antisera used represented the collection of antisera in the National Institutes of Health Mycoplasma Reference Reagent Program (4) (NIH). We used antisera to Acholeplasma axanthum H86NT (MS), Acholeplasma equi- fetale N93 (MS), Acholeplasma granularum BTS 39T (NIH), Acholeplasma hippikon CIT (MS), Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8T (NIH), Acholeplasma modicum PG49T (MS), Achole- plasma morum 72-043 (MS), Acholeplasma oculi 19LT (MS), Acholeplasma parvum H23MT (MS), Mycoplasma alvi IlsleyT (MS), Mycoplasma anatis 1340T (NIH), Myco- plasma bovigenitalium PGllT (NIH), Mycoplasma bovir- hinis PG43T (NIH), Mycoplasma bovoculi M165/69T (MS), Myco lasma californicum ST6T (MS), Mycoplasma canis PG14P (NIH), Mycoplasma ca ricolum California KidT (MS), Mycoplasma caviae G122f (MS), Mycoplasma citelli RG2CT (MS), Mycoplasma columborale MMP4T (MS), My- coplasma conjunctivae HRC581T (MS), Mycoplasma cynos H83 lT(MS), Mycoplasma dispar 462/2T (MS), Mycoplasma edwardii PG24T (MS), Mycoplasma equigenitalium T37T (MS), Mycoplasma fastidiosum H822T (MS), Mycoplasma feliminutum Mycoplasma felis (MS), BenT (MS), Cat27 A.jorum Mycoplasma fermentans Mycoplasma j7occu- FIG. 1. Electron micrograph of an ultrathin section of PGMT (NIH), strain LIT. Bar = 0.1 pm. lare M~42~(MS), Mycoplasma gallinaceium SA-J (MS), Mycoplasma gallisepticum PG31T (NIH), Mycoplasma gal- lopavonis WRIT (MS), Mycoplasma genitalium G37T (MS), RESULTS Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae JT (MS), Mycoplasma hyor- hinis BTS7T (NIH), Mycoplasma iowae 695T (MS), Myco- Morphological and cultural properties. Broth cultures of plasma moatsii MK405T (MS), Mycoplasma molare H542T strains PP2, LIT, and GF1 grew rapidly, producing heavy (MS), Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri PG3T (MS), My- turbidity in 18 h in MC broth, serum fraction broth, or coplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides B3 (MS), Mycoplasma serum-free Tween 80 broth. Light microscopy revealed neurolyticum Type AT (NIH), Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae round forms and heavy clumping of cells to form the Y98T (MS), Mycoplasma pneumoniae FHT (NIH), Myco- suspended microcolonies responsible for the turbidity. Elec- plasma pullorum CKK” (MS), Mycoplasma pulmonis PG34T tron microscopy of ammonium molybdate-contrasted cells (NIH), Mycoplasma putrefaciens KSIT (MS), Mycoplasma also revealed some clumping (13), and ultrathin sections sualvi Mayfield BT (MS), Mycuplasma verecundzrm 107T showed a trilaminar unit membrane and no evidence of cell (MS), Mycoplasma sp. strain B5P (MS), Mycoplasma sp. wall material outside the cytoplasmic membrane (Fig. 1). strain California calf (MS), Mycoplasma sp. strain 70-159 The organisms grew at 18 to 37”C, but not at 40°C. No (MS), Mycoplasma sp. strain M1 (MS), Mycoplasma sp. growth occurred in serum-free media without the fatty acids strain 831-C4 (MS), and Mycoplasma sp. strain Gough (MS). provided by the Tween 80-palmitic acid-bovine serum albu- Disk growth inhibition tests (3) were performed on serum min supplement. The colonies on agar media exhibited fraction or MC agar medium,
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