Retail Prices, 1913 to December, 1922
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DECEMBER 1918 Published by the West Virginia Collegiate Institute Institute, W
THE INSTITUTE MONTHLY FOR DECEMBER 1918 Published By The West Virginia Collegiate Institute Institute, W. Va. The Institute Monthly The Institute Monthly Entered as second-class matter, January 29,1914, at the post-Office at Institute, West Vir- Entered 81 second-class matter, January 29, 1914, at the post-Office at Institute, West Vir- ginia, under the act of Marh 3, 1879. ginia, under the act of March 3, 1879. Vol. 11 DECEMBER 1918 No.2 Vol. 11 DECEMBER 1918 Number 2 II Devoted to the Interests of The West Virginia Collegiate Institute ~====Tw==en=t=Y-=fi=ve==c=en=t=s=th=e=s=c=ho=l=as=ti=c=Y=e=ar=.==========F=i=ve==ce=n=ts==p=er=c=o=p=Y===D EDITORIALS CONTENTS r.=======;l HE eleventh hour of orgy of murder and destruction, PAGE II the eleven th day of it must dawn upon us that some the eleventh month of our well established ideals must Editorials 3 T of 1918, should ever be reconstructed. Perhaps, a be rem em b ere d. greater opportunity, to begin such "Golden Thoughts" 4 For the first time in reconstruction, can arise in no 4 A letter from Mr. Shawkey L-- --' four years, it more fitting places than our A letter from Mr. Hartshorn 5 marked a general cessation of that schools. carnival of death which, involving We are convinced by the Hun's A letter from Mr. Marsh 5 the whole world, has ravaged the acknowledgment of defeat, that A letter from the Commissoner of Agriculture 5 continent of Europe. -
Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics After World War I
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO WORKING PAPER SERIES Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics after World War I Jose A. Lopez Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Kris James Mitchener Santa Clara University CAGE, CEPR, CES-ifo & NBER June 2018 Working Paper 2018-06 https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/working-papers/2018/06/ Suggested citation: Lopez, Jose A., Kris James Mitchener. 2018. “Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics after World War I,” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper 2018-06. https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2018-06 The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics after World War I Jose A. Lopez Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Kris James Mitchener Santa Clara University CAGE, CEPR, CES-ifo & NBER* May 9, 2018 ABSTRACT. Fiscal deficits, elevated debt-to-GDP ratios, and high inflation rates suggest hyperinflation could have potentially emerged in many European countries after World War I. We demonstrate that economic policy uncertainty was instrumental in pushing a subset of European countries into hyperinflation shortly after the end of the war. Germany, Austria, Poland, and Hungary (GAPH) suffered from frequent uncertainty shocks – and correspondingly high levels of uncertainty – caused by protracted political negotiations over reparations payments, the apportionment of the Austro-Hungarian debt, and border disputes. In contrast, other European countries exhibited lower levels of measured uncertainty between 1919 and 1925, allowing them more capacity with which to implement credible commitments to their fiscal and monetary policies. -
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945
Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945. T939. 311 rolls. (~A complete list of rolls has been added.) Roll Volumes Dates 1 1-3 January-June, 1910 2 4-5 July-October, 1910 3 6-7 November, 1910-February, 1911 4 8-9 March-June, 1911 5 10-11 July-October, 1911 6 12-13 November, 1911-February, 1912 7 14-15 March-June, 1912 8 16-17 July-October, 1912 9 18-19 November, 1912-February, 1913 10 20-21 March-June, 1913 11 22-23 July-October, 1913 12 24-25 November, 1913-February, 1914 13 26 March-April, 1914 14 27 May-June, 1914 15 28-29 July-October, 1914 16 30-31 November, 1914-February, 1915 17 32 March-April, 1915 18 33 May-June, 1915 19 34-35 July-October, 1915 20 36-37 November, 1915-February, 1916 21 38-39 March-June, 1916 22 40-41 July-October, 1916 23 42-43 November, 1916-February, 1917 24 44 March-April, 1917 25 45 May-June, 1917 26 46 July-August, 1917 27 47 September-October, 1917 28 48 November-December, 1917 29 49-50 Jan. 1-Mar. 15, 1918 30 51-53 Mar. 16-Apr. 30, 1918 31 56-59 June 1-Aug. 15, 1918 32 60-64 Aug. 16-0ct. 31, 1918 33 65-69 Nov. 1', 1918-Jan. 15, 1919 34 70-73 Jan. 16-Mar. 31, 1919 35 74-77 April-May, 1919 36 78-79 June-July, 1919 37 80-81 August-September, 1919 38 82-83 October-November, 1919 39 84-85 December, 1919-January, 1920 40 86-87 February-March, 1920 41 88-89 April-May, 1920 42 90 June, 1920 43 91 July, 1920 44 92 August, 1920 45 93 September, 1920 46 94 October, 1920 47 95-96 November, 1920 48 97-98 December, 1920 49 99-100 Jan. -
American Armies and Battlefields in Europe
Chapter v1 THE AMERICAN BATTLEFIELDS NORTH OF PARIS chapter gives brief accounts of areas and to all of the American ceme- all American fighting whi ch oc- teries and monuments. This route is Thiscurred on the battle front north of recommended for those who desire to Paris and complete information concern- make an extended automobile tour in the ing the American military cemeteries and region. Starting from Paris, it can be monuments in that general region. The completely covered in four days, allowing military operations which are treated are plenty of time to stop on the way. those of the American lst, 27th, 30th, The accounts of the different operations 33d, 37th, 80th and 91st Divisions and and the descriptions of the American the 6th and 11 th Engineer Regiments. cemeteries and monuments are given in Because of the great distances apart of the order they are reached when following So uthern Encr ance to cb e St. Quentin Can al Tunnel, Near Bellicourc, October 1, 1918 the areas where this fighting occurred no the suggested route. For tbis reason they itinerary is given. Every operation is do not appear in chronological order. described, however, by a brief account Many American units otber tban those illustrated by a sketch. The account and mentioned in this chapter, sucb as avia- sketch together give sufficient information tion, tank, medical, engineer and infantry, to enable the tourist to plan a trip through served behind this part of the front. Their any particular American combat area. services have not been recorded, however, The general map on the next page as the space limitations of tbis chapter indicates a route wbich takes the tourist required that it be limited to those Amer- either int o or cl ose to all of tbese combat ican organizations which actually engaged (371) 372 THE AMERICAN B ATTLEFIELD S NO R TH O F PARIS Suggested Tour of American Battlefields North of Paris __ Miles Ghent ( î 37th and 91st Divisions, Ypres-Lys '"offensive, October 30-November 11, 1918 \ ( N \ 1 80th Division, Somme 1918 Albert 33d Division. -
Conflict of Revolutionary Authority: Provisional Government Vs. Berlin Soviet, November-December 1918 1
HENRY EGON FRIEDLANDER CONFLICT OF REVOLUTIONARY AUTHORITY: PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT VS. BERLIN SOVIET, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1918 1 The Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 saw the first appearance of workers' and soldiers' councils, called Soviets. In 1917 the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, acting for all the Russian Soviets, became the chief competitor of Kerensky's Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, employing the slogan "All Powers to the Soviets", used the Petrograd Soviet in their drive for power. In the October Revolution the Soviets, dominated by the Bolsheviks, replaced the Provisional Government as the government of Russia. In the German Revolution of November 1918 workers' and soldiers' councils, called Rate, were organized in imitation of the Russian Soviets.2 The German Revolution created, as had the Russian 1 This article is based on a paper presented at the European history section of the meeting of the (American) Southern Historical Association in Tulsa, Oklahoma, November i960. 2 "Ratewahlen," in Die Freiheit: Berliner Organ der Unabhangigen Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 16, 1918 (evening); A. Stein, "Rateorganisation und Revolution," in ibid., November 17, 1918 (morning); Vorwarts: Berliner Volksblatt, Zentralorgan der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 9, 1918 (ist, 3rd, and 5th Extraausgabe); November 10, 1918 (8th Extraausgabe); Leipziger Volkszeitung: Organ fiir die Interessen des gesamten werktatigen Volkes, November 5-9, 1918; "Wahl der Arbeiterrate," in Rote Fahne (Ehemaliger Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger), November 10, 1918. For further information on the German Revolution, the socialist parties, and the formation of the workers' and soldiers' councils, see Emil Barth, Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1919), pp. -
Prohibition, American Cultural Expansion, and the New Hegemony in the 1920S: an Interpretation
Prohibition, American Cultural Expansion, and the New Hegemony in the 1920s: An Interpretation IAN TYRRELL* In the [920s American prohibitionists, through the World League against Alcohol ism, sought to extend their war on liquor beyond the boundaries of the United States. Prohibitionistsfailed in their efforts due to anti-American sentiment, complex class and cultural opposition to prohibition, and negative reporting of the experi ment with prohibition in the U.S. Nevertheless, restrictive anti-alcohol laws were introduced in a number ofcountries. Moreover, the efforts ofAmerican prohibition ists furthered the larger process of American cultural expansion by emphasizing achievements of the U.S. in economic modernization and technical advancement. This episode in American cultural expansion occurred with the support of anti alcohol groups in foreign countries that embraced the message equating American reform with modernity. Prohibitionists abroad colluded in the process, thereby accepting a form ofAmerican cultural hegemony. En 1920, par l'intermédiaire de la World League against Alcoholism, les prohibi tionnistes américains se sont efforcés de pousser leur lutte contre l'alcool au-delà des frontières des États-Unis. Cependant, le sentiment anti-américain, l'opposition complexe des classes et de la culture à l'endroit de la prohibition ainsi que la mauvaise presse dont l'expérience américaine a fait l'objet ont fait échouer leurs efforts. Néanmoins, plusieurs pays ont adopté des lois restrictives contre l'alcool. Qui plus est, les efforts des prohibitionnistes américains ont favorisé l'expansion de la culture américaine en mettant en valeur les réussites des É.-u. au chapitre de la modernisation économique et de l'avancement de la technologie. -
THE WRITINGS of BRITISH CONSCRIPT SOLDIERS, 1916-1918 Ilana Ruth Bet-El Submitted for the Degree of Ph
EXPERIENCE INTO IDENTITY: THE WRITINGS OF BRITISH CONSCRIPT SOLDIERS, 1916-1918 Ilana Ruth Bet-El Submitted for the degree of PhD University College London AB STRACT Between January 1916 and March 1919 2,504,183 men were conscripted into the British army -- representing as such over half the wartime enlistments. Yet to date, the conscripts and their contribution to the Great War have not been acknowledged or studied. This is mainly due to the image of the war in England, which is focused upon the heroic plight of the volunteer soldiers on the Western Front. Historiography, literary studies and popular culture all evoke this image, which is based largely upon the volumes of poems and memoirs written by young volunteer officers, of middle and upper class background, such as Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon. But the British wartime army was not a society of poets and authors who knew how to distil experience into words; nor, as mentioned, were all the soldiers volunteers. This dissertation therefore attempts to explore the cultural identity of this unknown population through a collection of diaries, letters and unpublished accounts of some conscripts; and to do so with the aid of a novel methodological approach. In Part I the concept of this research is explained, as a qualitative examination of all the chosen writings, with emphasis upon eliciting the attitudes of the writers to the factual events they recount. Each text -- e.g. letter or diary -- was read literally, and also in light of the entire collection, thus allowing for the emergence of personal and collective narratives concurrently. -
The U.S., World War I, and Spreading Influenza in 1918
Online Office Hours We’ll get started at 2 ET Library of Congress Online Office Hours Welcome. We’re glad you’re here! Use the chat box to introduce yourselves. Let us know: Your first name Where you’re joining us from Why you’re here THE U.S., WORLD WAR I, AND SPREADING INFLUENZA IN 1918 Ryan Reft, historian of modern America in the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress Using LoC collections to research influenza pandemic 1918-1919 Woodrow Wilson, draft Fourteen Three main takeaways Points, 1918 • Demonstrate the way World War I facilitated the spread of the virus through mobilization • How the pandemic was fought domestically and its effects • Influenza’s possible impact on world events via Woodrow Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles U.S. in January 1918 Mobilization Military Map of the [USA], 1917 • Creating a military • Selective Service Act passed in May 1917 • First truly conscripted military in U.S. history • Creates military of four million; two million go overseas • Military camps set up across nation • Home front oriented to wartime production of goods • January 1918 Woodrow Wilson outlines his 14 points Straight Outta Kansas Camp Funston Camp Funston, Fort Riley, 1918 • First reported case of influenza in Haskell County, KS, February 1918 • Camp Funston (Fort Riley), second largest cantonment • 56,000 troops • Virus erupts there in March • Cold conditions, overcrowded tents, poorly heated, inadequate clothing The first of three waves • First wave, February – May, 1918 • Even if there was war … • “high morbidity, but low mortality” – Anthony Fauci, 2018 the war was removed • Americans carry over to Europe where it changes from us you know … on • Second wave, August – December the other side … This • Most lethal, high mortality esp. -
Tuesday, 5 December 1922 Various Resolutions; Election of ECCI; Close of Congress
Session 32 – Tuesday, 5 December 1922 Various Resolutions; Election of ECCI; Close of Congress The Norwegian question. Resolution on the terror in Ire- land. Question of the Versailles Peace Treaty. Tactics of the Communist International. The Eastern question. Edu- cational work. France. Resolution on the Russian Revolu- tion. Election of the Executive Committee. Closing speech by Zinoviev. Speakers: Haakon Meyer, Connolly, Hoernle, Bor- diga, Clara Zetkin, Kolarov, Billings, Grün, Torp, Kolarov, Zinoviev Convened: 6:50 p.m. Chairperson: Neurath Haakon Meyer (Norway): The majority of the Nor- wegian delegation states that it is not happy with the proposed resolution. A number of its points do not reflect our views. In some cases, we believe that the Commission has handled specific matters in too abstract and schematic a fashion. This applies, for example, to the cases of Halvard Olsen and Karl Johanssen. As for the latter point, a proposal had been made by the entire delegation to formulate this differ- ently, but it was rejected by the Commission. In other cases, we believe that the resolution is insufficiently objective. That applies to the point concerning Mot Dag, which, in our opinion, is not a closed group, and also for Point 4 [of the resolution], which deserves criticism. 1094 • Session 32 – 5 December 1922 However, after thorough discussion of all the disputed questions in the Commission, we will not initiate further debate in the plenary, but, rather, state that the majority of the delegation will vote for the resolution. Chair: We will now take the vote on the resolution proposed by the Norwegian Commission. -
The Submarine and the Washington Conference Of
477 THE SUBMARINE AND THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE OF 1921 Lawrence H. Douglas Following the First World War, the tation of this group, simply stated, was tide of public opinion was overwhelm that second best in naval strength meant ingly against the submarine as a weapon last. A policy of naval superiority was of war. The excesses of the German necessary, they felt, for "history consis U-boat had stunned the sensibilities of tently shows that war between no two the world but had, nonetheless, pre peoples or nations can be unthink sented new ideas and possibilities of this able.,,1 A second group, the Naval weapon to the various naval powers of Advisory Committee (Admirals Pratt the time. The momentum of these new and Coontz and Assistant Secretary of ideas proved so strong that by the the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.) also opening of the first major international submitted recommendations concerning disarmament conference of the 20th the limitation of naval armaments. century, practical uses of the submarine From the outset their deliberations were had all but smothered the moral indig guided by a concern that had become nation of 1918. more and more apparent-the threat Several months prior to the opening posed to the security and interests of of the conference, the General Board of this country by Japan. This concern was the American Navy was given the task evidenced in an attempt to gain basic of developing guidelines and recommen understandings with Britain. dations to be used by the State Depart The submarine received its share of ment in determining the American attention in the deliberations of these proposals to be presented. -
Recent Publications Relating to Military Meteorology
40 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JANUARY,1918 Seeod Pan Amhnseientifi eongrees-continued. U. S. States relations service. Experiment station rmd. Wiwhington. Kullmer, C. J. Monthly storm frequency in the United States. v. $7. Noiyenibcr. 1917. 338-393. Richards, E. E. Dissolved oxygen in rain water. p. 6W21. 2ud, Robert DeC[ourcy]. The thunderstorms of the United [Abstract from Jour. agr. sci.] Statea as climatic phenomena. p. 393-411. Adniie des sciences. C‘omptea rendus. Pm.8. Tome 165. 24 dkm- Huntington, Ellsworth. Solar activity, cyclonic storms, and cli- bre 1917. matic changes. 411-431. Schaffers, V. Le son du canon h grande distance. p. 1057 1058. Cox, HeyI. Iniuence of the Great Lakes upon movement of Dunoyer L. & Reboul, G. Sur les variations diurnee du vent en hqh an ow pressure areas. p. 432-459. altitude. p. 1068-1071. Fassrg, Oliver L. Tropical rains-their duration, frequency, and Acadhnie de8 skes. Compte8 rendus. Pa&. Tonit 166. 21 jan&r intensity. 9. 4-73. 191s. Gab, htonio. Fluctuacionea climatol6gicas en loa tiempos Reboul, G. Relation entre lea variations barornhtriquea et cellea hidricos. 475481. du vent au sol: application la pr6vision. p. 124-126. Cline, Isaac Bf: Temperature conditions at New Orleans, 8.- in- Bureau ~nteniatwnalde8 poide et inesure8. !haaux et 7nkmches. Pa&. fluenced by subsurface drainage. p. 461-496. Tome 16. 1917. Church, J[ames] E., Jr. Snow eurveymg: ita blems and their Leduc, A. La maaae du litre d’air dana lee conditions normalea. present phasea with reference to Mount gel Nevada, and p: 7-37. [Introductory note b Ch. Ed. -
RF Annual Report
K.I: 10 •; i;.-/-,|i c /;-vi fiU |:-f I 1 l: 1 11 /: I; Y- ' ' The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report 1921 The Rockefeller Foundation 61 Broadway, New York ,1 AH-fW M J) t-l Jl AO il MW I'l A,') Nil YMAJIH I.I >Uin Y W i M CONTENTS THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION FACE President's Review 1 Report of the Secretary 75 Report of the Treasurer 339 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH BOARD Report of the General Director 85 Appendix 159 CHINA MEDICAL BOARD Report of the Director 243 DIVISION OF MEDICAL EDUCATION Report of the General Director... 311 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Map of world-wide activities of the Rockefeller Foundation 4-5 Full-time health workers in United States, 1921 IS Professional training of health officials 17 Students at work in the bacteriological laboratory of the School of Hygiene and Public Health of Johns Hopkins University 25 Class in protozoology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health 25 Architect's drawing of proposed new building to house the School of Hygiene and Public Health of Johns Hopkins University 26 The " Pay Clinic " of Cornell University Medical College 26 Staff and students of the Peking Union Medical College 41 Academic procession at dedication of the Peking Union Medical College 42 A part of the academic procession at the dedication of the Peking Union Medical College, September 19, 1921 42 Map used in anti-malaria campaign in Louisiana 58 Yellow fever map of the Western Hemisphere 96 Scene of violent yellow fever epidemic in Peru during 1921....... 98 Three aspects of yellow fever control effort in Peru during 1921...