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Conflict of Revolutionary Authority: Provisional Government Vs. Berlin Soviet, November-December 1918 1
HENRY EGON FRIEDLANDER CONFLICT OF REVOLUTIONARY AUTHORITY: PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT VS. BERLIN SOVIET, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1918 1 The Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 saw the first appearance of workers' and soldiers' councils, called Soviets. In 1917 the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, acting for all the Russian Soviets, became the chief competitor of Kerensky's Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, employing the slogan "All Powers to the Soviets", used the Petrograd Soviet in their drive for power. In the October Revolution the Soviets, dominated by the Bolsheviks, replaced the Provisional Government as the government of Russia. In the German Revolution of November 1918 workers' and soldiers' councils, called Rate, were organized in imitation of the Russian Soviets.2 The German Revolution created, as had the Russian 1 This article is based on a paper presented at the European history section of the meeting of the (American) Southern Historical Association in Tulsa, Oklahoma, November i960. 2 "Ratewahlen," in Die Freiheit: Berliner Organ der Unabhangigen Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 16, 1918 (evening); A. Stein, "Rateorganisation und Revolution," in ibid., November 17, 1918 (morning); Vorwarts: Berliner Volksblatt, Zentralorgan der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 9, 1918 (ist, 3rd, and 5th Extraausgabe); November 10, 1918 (8th Extraausgabe); Leipziger Volkszeitung: Organ fiir die Interessen des gesamten werktatigen Volkes, November 5-9, 1918; "Wahl der Arbeiterrate," in Rote Fahne (Ehemaliger Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger), November 10, 1918. For further information on the German Revolution, the socialist parties, and the formation of the workers' and soldiers' councils, see Emil Barth, Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1919), pp. -
Stillbirth Risk During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Arizona
Article Stillbirth Risk during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Arizona, USA 1, 1, , 1 1 2,3 Smriti Khare y, Sushma Dahal * y , Ruiyan Luo , Richard Rothenberg , Kenji Mizumoto and Gerardo Chowell 1 1 Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (R.R.); [email protected] (G.C.) 2 Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University Yoshida-Nakaadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8306, Japan; [email protected] 3 Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8306, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] Smriti Khare and Sushma Dahal contributed equally. y Received: 1 October 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: The 1918 influenza pandemic, the deadliest pandemic on record, affected approximately 1/3rd of the population worldwide. The impact of this pandemic on stillbirth risk has not been studied in depth. In this study, we assessed the stillbirth risk during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Arizona, USA. We carried out a retrospective study using 21,334 birth records for Maricopa County, Arizona, for the period 1915–1925. We conducted logistic regression analyses to assess the effect of that pandemic on stillbirth risk. Though we did not find a statistically significant impact on stillbirth risk during the pandemic, there was a higher risk of stillbirth in July 1919 (42 stillbirths/1000 births), 9 months after the peak pandemic mortality, and a stillbirth risk of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.72) in women 35 years compared to the women aged <35 years. -
The Impact of the 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic on Virginia Stephanie Forrest Barker
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 2002 The impact of the 1918-1919 influenza epidemic on Virginia Stephanie Forrest Barker Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Barker, Stephanie Forrest, "The impact of the 1918-1919 influenza epidemic on Virginia" (2002). Master's Theses. Paper 1169. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Impact of the 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic on Virginia By Stephanie Forrest Barker Master of Arts in History, University of Richmond, 2002 R. Barry Westin, Thesis Director In the fall of 1918 an unparalleled influenza pandemic spread throughout the world. More than a quarter of Americans became ill, and at least 600,000 died. For many Virginians, this was a time of acute crisis that only could be compared to the days of the Civil War. This thesis describes Spanish influenza's impact on Virginia, primarily focusing on the cities of Newport News, Richmond, and Roanoke. It details influenza's emergence in Virginia and explores how state and city officials dealt with this unprecedented epidemic. This study examines how the epidemic disrupted daily routines of life and overwhelmed the state's medical community. This thesis briefly discusses the effect that the segregation of races had on the spread of influenza and the role that women played in battling the epidemic. -
Retail Prices, 1913 to December, 1922
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \ BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/ No. 334 RETAIL PRICES AND COST OF LIVING SERIES RETAIL PRICES 1913 TO DECEMBER, 1922 JUNE, 1923 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1923 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 25 CENTS PER COPY PURCHASER AGREES NOT TO RESELL OR DISTRIBUTE THIS COPY FOR PROFIT.—PUB. RES. 57, APPROVED MAY 11, 1922 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS, P age. Introduction and summary. 1 Summary of price changes. 1 -5 6 1 -4 9 Monthly and yearly price changes in the United States, 1913 to 1922.. 1 -3 4 Monthly and yearly price changes, by cities, 1913 to 1922........................ 35 -4 6 Yearly price changes in the United States, 1890 to 1922............................ 46 -4 8 By articles, 1907 to 1922................................................................................. 46 A ll articles combined, 1890 to 1922............................................................ 47 By articles, 1890 to 1922................................................................................ 4 7 ,4 8 Coal......................................................................................................................................... 5 0 ,5 1 -
The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Lessons for Covid-19
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE 1918 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC AND ITS LESSONS FOR COVID-19 Brian Beach Karen Clay Martin H. Saavedra Working Paper 27673 http://www.nber.org/papers/w27673 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 August 2020 We thank Guido Alfani, Doug Almond, Vellore Arthi, David Bloom, Bill Collins, Sergio Correia, James Feigenbaum, Walker Hanlon, Eric Hilt, Carl Kitchens, Noel Johnson, Michael Kuhn, Josh Lewis, Stephan Luck, Analisa Packham, Klaus Prettner, Sarah Quincy, Claire Saavedra, Ellis Tallman, François Velde, and Emil Verner for their helpful comments. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Heinz College at Carnegie Mellon University, Oberlin College, and Vanderbilt University. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2020 by Brian Beach, Karen Clay, and Martin H. Saavedra. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and its Lessons for COVID-19 Brian Beach, Karen Clay, and Martin H. Saavedra NBER Working Paper No. 27673 August 2020 JEL No. I10,J10,J24,N0 ABSTRACT This article reviews the global health and economic consequences of the 1918 influenza pandemic, with a particular focus on topics that have seen a renewed interest because of COVID-19. -
A Tale of Two Cities: the 1918 Influenza Epidemic Successfully
88 Shidler AIDS, since medical science has been unable to prevent or control it A Tale of Two Cities: The 1918 Influenza Epidemic successfully. Crosby utilizes quantitative data, medical records and journals, and Derek Shidler archival collections to assess the United States and the rest of the world’s experience with the 1918 pandemic. Despite such devastation, little was Derek Shidler wrote this research paper for Dr. Curry’s seminar, America Between written on the pandemic during the following fifty years. By contrast, Wars: 1918-1940, in fall 2009. He completed his Bachelor of Arts at Southern books on World War I, which claimed roughly ten million lives over four Illinois University and Master of Arts at Eastern Illinois University in History. years, continue to fill libraries. Crosby argues that the war itself shadowed Shidler’s research interests include social, cultural, and diplomatic history in the pandemic into obscurity. Nevertheless, Crosby’s research would be twentieth-century United States. critiqued and mimicked, but eventually would evolve into new understandings of the influenza pandemic. _____________________________________________________________ John Barry certainly echoed Crosby’s research, but with a greater emphasis on the biological aspect of the influenza. Much like Crosby, Barry explores medical records, journals, and archives but does not bore the “It killed more people in twenty-four weeks than AIDS has killed in reader with an endless supply of statistics. After an introduction examining twenty-four years, more in a year than the Black Death killed in a the onset of the pandemic, the book turns to the history of medicine going 1 century.” What could have been responsible for this wave of fatalities? A back to Hippocrates and Galen. -
Excess Deaths and Immunoprotection During 1918–1920 Influenza
and December 1916–1917 and 1919–1922. Statistically Excess Deaths and significant excess deaths were computed by detecting the data points at which the all-cause deaths exceeded the mean Immunoprotection of the adjacent years +2 SDs (6,10). Excess deaths, com- puted from the mean number of deaths at these data points, during 1918–1920 were then used to ascertain the effect of the pandemic on Influenza Pandemic, deaths during these periods. During 1918–1920, population data were divided into 3 major groups: Taiwanese (95.2%), Taiwan Mainland Chinese (0.57%), and Japanese–Korean (4.2%). However, only records of all-cause deaths for Taiwanese Ying-Hen Hsieh and Japanese were available and used in our analysis. Figure 1 gives the mean monthly number of all-cause To determine the difference in age-specific immunopro- deaths and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each month tection during waves of influenza epidemics, we analyzed during 1916–1922, excluding the known anomaly months excess monthly death data for the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic in Taiwan. For persons 10–19 years of age, per- (the 2 epidemic waves) of November–December 1918 and centage of excess deaths was lowest in 1918 and signifi- January–February 1920. The number of deaths increased cantly higher in 1920, perhaps indicating lack of immuno- markedly during the anomaly months. When we plotted protection from the first wave. the anomaly points against the actual number of deaths, we noted that the anomaly points were significantly >2 SDs above the means and that substantial excess deaths had in- ecent studies have focused on quantifying the global deed occurred. -
The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919
“All the City Was Dying” The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919 Jessie Romero October 19, 2017 The views and opinions expressed are those of the presenter. They do not represent an official position of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond or the Federal Reserve System. Econ Focus https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/econ_focus U.S. Life Expectancy at Birth 1900-2016 90 80 70 60 50 Age 40 30 All races, all genders White women White men 20 Black women Black men 10 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Source: CDC U.S. Life Expectancy at Birth 1910-1930 70 60 50 40 Age 30 All races, all genders White women White men 20 Black women Black men 10 0 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 Source: CDC Spanish Flu Mortality Worldwide: 50-100 million United States: 675,000 (6.5 deaths/1,000) Mexico: 300,000 (21 deaths/1,000) Indonesia: 1.5 million (30 deaths/1,000) South Africa: 300,000 (44 deaths/1,000) Three Waves in the United States March - April 1918 September - October 1918 (200,000 deaths in October alone) December 1918 – March 1919 All the city was dying… The Flu in Baltimore Sep. 24: Several cases reported at Fort Meade Within days, 1,900 ill Sep. 26: 300 cases reported at Fort McHenry 1,150 cases at Aberdeen Proving Grounds First 10 civilian cases Health Commissioner Blake: “same old influenza” Oct. 5: 117 deaths in previous week Oct. 7: School board closes public schools Oct. -
Etblebem, Fl>A„ December, 1918
»etblebem, fl>a„ December, 1918. We Clothe Them, E. O’Reilly Co., 3rd & New St. J. S. KRAUSE, Bethlehem Printing Company (Successor to Luckenbach It Kraust,) • (Incorporated) HARDWARE, IRON, STEEL, BOOK AN D JOB PRINTERS Paints, Oil and Glass, 144 South Main Street Bethlehem, Fa. 5outh Main Street, Bethlehem, Pa. BelFPhone 905 Mouse 1?airfiz ai}d BOOKS and STATIONERY . .IPai^feps’ Supplies Fountain Pens, Self Fillers, Daily Papers and Magazines. ANTHONY 0 FACHSB1NNER, 12 Broad Street. Bethlehem, Pa. % hz TOorauian IBook Store, 146 South Main Street, Bethlehem, Pa. D. & A. LUCKENBACH, T.KHMPMÏÏNN, Proprietors pm le/i q/ad Bethlehem Roller Flour Mills, Spectacles and Eye-glasses Fitted. M. C. Manufacturers of Jewelry and Fine Watch Repairing. Seal Pin. 28 South Main Street, Bethlehem, Pa. Anchor, Kotasota, Roller Star Flour, BETHLEHEM, PA. -w fcC . O . L E A R ,$ -+ The young man looking for a natty pair LUDWIG PIANO COMPANY of Shoes, can fill his mind’s eye right here. New Models, with every new style quirk Grand Upright & Player Pianos worked to the limit. $3.00, $3.60, $4.00 AND $5.00. Victor Victrolas and Records No. 22 SOUTH MAIN ST., - BETHLEHEM, PA. 26 EAST THIRD ST., SO. BETHLEHEM, PA. J . W. Schnäbel & B ro „ I^ ed ieal <f§)ispensary, THE LEADING No. 24 S. MAIN S t r e e t , B e t h l e h e m , P a. SHOE HOUSE. OFFICE HOURS: 9 to 10 a.m. I to 3 p.m. ' 7 to 9 p.i 53 Main Street, Bethlehem, Penna H. -
Death Patterns During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Chile
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Public Health Faculty Publications School of Public Health 2014 Death Patterns during the 1918 Influenza andemicP in Chile Gerardo Chowell Georgia State University, [email protected] Lone Simonsen George Washington University, [email protected] Jose Flores University of South Dakota, [email protected] Mark A. Miller National Institutes of Health, [email protected] Cecile Viboud National Institutes of Health, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_facpub Part of the Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Chowell G, Simonsen L, Flores J, Miller MA, Viboud C. Death patterns during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Chile. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Nov. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2011.130632 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Public Health at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Health Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Death Patterns during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Chile Gerardo Chowell, Lone Simonsen, Jose Flores, Mark A. Miller, and Cécile Viboud Scarce information about the epidemiology of historical A consistent finding across reports from North America, influenza pandemics in South America prevents complete Europe, Latin America, and Asia (4–7,9–12) is the dispro- understanding of pandemic patterns throughout the conti- portionate increase in mortality rates among young adults nent and across different climatic zones. To fill gaps with during the pandemic period compared with prepandemic regard to spatiotemporal patterns of deaths associated with years. -
Women's Suffrage Image and Document Guide
Women’s Suffrage Parade Shown Passing by Church, October 29, 1908 Courtesy of State Historical Society of Iowa, Moxley, 29 October 1908 “Votes for Women! The Woman’s Reason” by the National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1912 “Votes For Women! The Woman’s Reason...,” National American Woman Suffrage Association, New York, 1912. Courtesy of Library of Congress Billboard Urging Iowans to Vote “Yes” for Women’s Suffrage, 1916 Courtesy of State Historical Society of Iowa, 1916 Map Abstract of June 5, 1916, Vote for Woman Suffrage Constitutional Amendment in Iowa, 1916 Courtesy of State Historical Society of Iowa, 1916 Route of Envoys Sent by the Congressional Union for Woman’s Suffrage to Organize in the West, between April and May 1916 “[Map of] Route of Envoys Sent from East by the Congressional Union for Woman’s Suffrage, to Appeal the Voting Women of the West [with inset portrait of Alice Paul],” between April and May 1916. Courtesy of Library of Congress Anti-Suffrage Ad from The Iowa Homestead, May 25, 1916 Courtesy of State Historical Society of Iowa, 25 May 1916 Letter from Anna Lawther of the Iowa Equal Suffrage Association to County Chairman, November 13, 1918 (Pg.1) Lawther, Anna, “Speeches and letters by Anna Lawther, 1910s,” 13 November 1918. Courtesy of University of Iowa Libraries and Archives Letter from Anna Lawther of the Iowa Equal Suffrage Association to County Chairman, November 13, 1918 (Pg.2) Lawther, Anna, “Speeches and letters by Anna Lawther, 1910s,” 13 November 1918. Courtesy of University of Iowa Libraries and Archives Activists Leaving National Woman’s Party Headquarters to Take Petition to Senator Jones of New Mexico, 1918 Harris & Ewing, “Deputation Leaving Headquarters to Take Petition to Senator Jones of New Mexico [Annie Fraher, Bertha Moller, Berthe Arnold, Anita Pollitzer],” September 1918. -
Disease and Fertility: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Sweden
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10834 Disease and Fertility: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Sweden Nina Boberg-Fazlić Maryna Ivets Martin Karlsson Therese Nilsson JUNE 2017 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10834 Disease and Fertility: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Sweden Nina Boberg-Fazlić Martin Karlsson University of Southern Denmark University of Duisburg-Essen and IZA Maryna Ivets Therese Nilsson University of Duisburg-Essen Lund University and IFN JUNE 2017 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 10834 JUNE 2017 ABSTRACT Disease and Fertility: Evidence from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in Sweden* This paper studies the effect of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic on fertility using a historical dataset from Sweden.