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HUMAN RIGHTS IN VENEZUELA A Division of Human Rights Watch HUMAN RIGHTS IN VENEZUELA October 1993 Americas Watch Human Rights Watch New York $$$ Washington $$$ Los Angeles $$$ London Copyright 8 October 1993 by Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 93-80450 ISBN: 1-56432-114-2 AMERICAS WATCH Americas Watch, a division of Human Rights Watch, was established in 1981 to monitor and promote observance of internationally recognized human rights in Latin America and the Caribbean. Peter D. Bell is chair; Stephen L. Kass and Marina Pinto Kaufman are vice chairs; Juan E. Méndez is the executive director; Cynthia Arnson and Anne Manuel are associate directors; Jamie Fellner, Robin Kirk and Clifford C. Rohde are consultants; Mary Jane Camejo and Gretta Tovar Siebentritt are research associates; Vanessa Jiménez and Ben Penglase are associates. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some sixty countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process of law and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of Helsinki Watch by a group of publishers, lawyers and other activists and now maintains offices in New York, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, London, Moscow, Belgrade, Bucharest and Hong Kong. Today, it includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch, Middle East Watch, and four collaborative projects, the Arms Project, Prison Project, Women's Rights Project, and the Fund for Free Expression. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. The executive committee includes Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian W. DeWind, vice chair; Roland Algrant, Lisa Anderson, Peter D. Bell, Alice L. Brown, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Irene Diamond, Jonathan Fanton, Alan Finberg, Jack Greenberg, Alice H. Henkin, Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Alexander MacGregor, Peter Osnos, Bruce Rabb, Orville Schell, Gary Sick, and Malcolm Smith. The staff includes Kenneth Roth, executive director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington director; Gara LaMarche, associate director; Susan Osnos, press director; Ellen Lutz, California director; Jemera Rone, counsel; Michal Longfelder, development director; Stephanie Steele, operations director; Cynthia Brown, consultant; Allyson Collins, research associate; Joanna Weschler, Prison Project director; Kenneth Anderson, Arms Project director; Dorothy Q. Thomas, Women's Rights Project director; and Gara LaMarche, the Fund for Free Expression director. The executive directors of the divisions of Human Rights Watch are Abdullahi An-Na'im, Africa Watch; Juan E. Méndez, Americas Watch; Sidney Jones, Asia Watch; Jeri Laber, Helsinki Watch; and Andrew Whitley, Middle East Watch. Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, N.W., #910 New York, NY 10017-6104 Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (212) 972-8400 Tel: (202) 371-6592 Fax: (212) 972-0905 Fax: (202) 371-0124 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] 10951 West Pico Blvd., #203 90 Borough High Street Los Angeles, CA 90064 London, UK SE1 1LL Tel: (310) 475-3070 Tel: (071) 378-8008 Fax: (310) 475-5613 Fax: (071) 378-8029 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some sixty countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process of law and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of Helsinki Watch by a group of publishers, lawyers and other activists and now maintains offices in New York, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, London, Moscow, Belgrade, Bucharest and Hong Kong. Today, it includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch, Middle East Watch, and four collaborative projects, the Arms Project, Prison Project, Women's Rights Project, and the Fund for Free Expression. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. The executive committee includes Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian W. DeWind, vice chair; Roland Algrant, Lisa Anderson, Peter D. Bell, Alice L. Brown, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Irene Diamond, Jonathan Fanton, Alan Finberg, Jack Greenberg, Alice H. Henkin, Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Alexander MacGregor, Peter Osnos, Bruce Rabb, Orville Schell, Gary Sick, and Malcolm Smith. The staff includes Kenneth Roth, executive director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington director; Gara LaMarche, associate director; Ellen Lutz, California director; Susan Osnos, press director; Jemera Rone, counsel; Michal Longfelder, Development director; Stephanie Steele, operations director; Allyson Collins, research associate; Joanna Weschler, Prison Project director; Kenneth Anderson, Arms Project director; Dorothy Q. Thomas, Women's Rights Project director; and Gara LaMarche, the Fund for Free Expression director. The executive directors of the divisions of Human Rights Watch are Abdullahi An-Na'im, Africa Watch; Juan E. Méndez, Americas Watch; Sidney Jones, Asia Watch; Jeri Laber, Helsinki Watch; and Andrew Whitley, Middle East Watch. Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, N.W., #910 New York, NY 10017-6104 Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (212) 972-8400 Tel: (202) 371-6592 Fax: (212) 972-0905 Fax: (202) 371-0124 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] 10951 West Pico Blvd., #203 90 Borough High Street Los Angeles, CA 90064 London, UK SE1 1LL Tel: (310) 475-3070 Tel: (071) 378-8008 Fax: (310) 475-5613 Fax: (071) 378-8029 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is based on information gathered in Venezuela in July and December 1992 and May- June 1993. It was written by Clifford C. Rohde and Jamie Fellner, and edited by Fellner and Cynthia Brown. The authors are grateful to several colleagues for their research contributions, including Tom J. Farer and Mary Jane Camejo (on general conditions as of July 1992), Jaime Malamud (on Retén de Catia and the aftermath of the November 1992 coup attempt), and Allyson Collins and Joanna Messing (on U.S. policy). We also wish to acknowledge the assistance of Venezuela's human rights organizations, with special thanks to PROVEA, COFAVIC, the Red de Apoyo, and the Comisión de Solidaridad Justicia y Paz in Petare. The cooperation of Venezuelan government officials, in particular the staff of the Public Ministry's Human Rights Division, is also gratefully acknowledged. * * * The report is dedicated to Venezuelan victims of human rights abuse and their family and friends. CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction....................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Background.................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Year of Crisis: 1992...................................................................................................................................................................................7 Recommendations..................................................................................................................................................................................8 I. Administration of Justice...................................................................................................................................................................................11 Ordinary Courts ........................................................................................................................................................................................11 Prosecution of Police...........................................................................................................................................................................14 Military Courts.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 II. The El Amparo Massacre ................................................................................................................................................................................20
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