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Historia De Espacio Político Latinoamericano Visto Desde La Distinción Política Entre Derecha E Izquierda

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Historia De Espacio Político Latinoamericano Visto Desde La Distinción Política Entre Derecha E Izquierda View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Zaloamati Maestría en Sociología Propuestas políticas partidistas y percepción ciudadana en América Latina. Anos 2000-2008 ALUMNO: Fermín Feria Pulido ASESOR: Dr. Godofredo Vidal de la Rosa. Diciembre 2010 Índice Página Introducción i Capítulo I Perspectivas teóricas del estudio de la derecha e izquierda políticas. 1 Derecha e izquierda 2 ¿Es válido todavía distinguir entre derecha e izquierda? 9 ¿El Populismo es exclusivo de la izquierda? 11 Los Estados que integran a América Latina 16 Capítulo II Esbozo histórico de cuatro procesos latinoamericanos en el siglo XX: Brasil, Colombia, México, Venezuela Populismos latinoamericanos 20 Brasil (1930-1956) 24 Colombia (1930-1973) 28 El Bogotazo y la Violencia 32 México (1930-1960) 35 Venezuela (1941-1948) 40 Dictaduras autoritarias promovidas por Estados Unidos 45 (Década de 1960) Brasil 46 Colombia 47 Venezuela 48 América Latina en las décadas 1970-1990 50 América Latina en el siglo XXI 53 Historia reciente de los Estados estudiados Brasil 54 Colombia 56 México 57 Venezuela 59 Capítulo III Derecha e izquierda partidista latinoamericana, temas comunes 62 ¿Enfoques diferentes? Democracia 65 Democracia y el autoritarismo 68 Intervención estatal: Estado regulador frente a libre mercado Estado interventor 69 Libre mercado 71 Nivel de secularización y religiosidad en los partidos 72 Planteamientos de las organizaciones latinoamericanas de partidos políticos acerca de los temas comunes ODCA 73 COPPPAL 74 Foro de Sao Paolo 74 La ideología en los textos de las organizaciones latinoamericanas de partidos políticos 76 Democracia ODCA 77 COPPPAL 78 Foro de Sao Paolo 78 Estado regulador frente a libre mercado ODCA 79 COPPPAL 81 Foro de Sao Paolo 82 Valores: nivel de secularización vs. religiosidad en los partidos políticos ODCA 84 COPPPAL 85 Foro de Sao Paolo 85 Perspectiva ideológica particular de los partidos políticos Democracia Demócratas (Brasil) 87 Partido de los Trabajadores (Brasil) 87 Partido Conservador (Colombia) 87 Partido del Polo Alternativo (Colombia) 89 Partido Acción Nacional (México) 89 Partido de la Revolución Democrática (México) 91 Estado, Intervención estatal y libre mercado Demócratas (Brasil) 92 Partido de los Trabajadores (Brasil) 93 Partido Conservador (Colombia) 94 Partido Acción Nacional (México) 96 Partido de la Revolución Democrática (México) 98 Valores/secularización Demócratas (Brasil) 99 Partido Acción Nacional (México) 100 Partido Conservador (Colombia) 100 Construyendo promedios con base en el discurso político de 101 los partidos referidos. Estado y mercado Derecha 101 Izquierda 103 Valores secularización Derecha 104 Democracia Derecha 104 Izquierda 105 Capítulo IV La opinión ciudadana en Latinoamérica 106 Percepción del ciudadano latinoamericano acerca de la democracia. 107 La democracia vista desde la dimensión derecha-izquierda 110 Orden/libertad/igualdad 114 Mayor o menor Estado/mayor o menor mercado 115 La distinción derecha izquierda 118 Izquierda latinoamericana y liberalismo 125 Opinión ciudadana en los cuatros sistemas revisados en esta investigación Democracia 127 La dimensión derecha e izquierda 133 Conclusiones 134 Bibliografía 152 Introducción América Latina es un territorio vasto en extensión y en diversidad de culturas y tradiciones, acaso con un origen común: la creación de sus Estados nacionales independientes durante el siglo XIX, después de sacudirse el yugo de sus respectivas Metrópolis europeas. América es un territorio en el que diversos proyectos políticos se han manifestado y no han logrado el consenso entre todos los Estados latinoamericanos. El monroísmo norteamericano (que acabaría por ser hegemónico en el continente) y el bolivarismo propuesto por Simón Bolívar mismo, fueron proyectos latinoamericanos emergidos en el siglo XIX. Con sus diferencias temporales, parecen antecedente de los proyectos actuales, están por un lado, el bolivarismo promovido inicialmente por Venezuela y Cuba, y por el otro, el proyecto del área del libre comercio para las Américas (ALCA) promovido por Estados Unidos de América. Dos proyectos para América Latina sobre los que no acaban de crearse los consensos. El estudio de la política latinoamericana es el objetivo de esta investigación. Por supuesto, con el presente trabajo no se agotan todos sus ámbitos inmersos, pues es un terreno vasto de observación y reflexión que exige ser delimitado. Para el caso que se presenta con este texto, estudiar sociológicamente la derecha e izquierda políticas en América Latina expresa las siguientes orientaciones del autor de estas líneas: el estudio de la sociología, el apasionante terreno de las teorías sociológicas y estudio de la sociedad desde la percepción de los individuos I que cotidianamente la experimentan. Por otro lado, está el estudio sociológico de la política. Finalmente, pero no por ello en último lugar, se persigue desarrollar un conocimiento sobre el área geográfica-política que abarca América Latina. Antes de describir los aspectos contenidos en esta investigación, debe recordarse que, por cada sí que se dice, hay muchos noes que se excluyen. En este sentido, las decisiones tomadas para desarrollar este texto llevan a excluir puntos que podrían ayudar a comprender desde otras dimensiones la diferenciación entre derecha e izquierda políticas en el continente americano. En consecuencia, lo que el lector no encontrará en este texto es un estudio histórico de los partidos políticos en América Latina. Tampoco se encontrará con un estudio de sus resultados en las elecciones presidenciales y de las tendencias del voto, ni de las políticas públicas ejercidas por gobiernos considerados de derecha o de izquierda. Estos puntos quedan como temática para una investigación posterior que abunde en estas dimensiones. Con lo que sí se encontrará el lector es con las percepciones que de la derecha y de la izquierda tienen los latinoamericanos, sea a nivel de miembros de partidos políticos o de manera individual, como parte de la opinión pública. La pregunta es ¿Cómo se percibe la derecha o a la izquierda en América Latina? En esto radica el desarrollo de esta investigación. Al inicio del siglo XXI se ha planteado que América Latina ha experimentado un vuelco hacia la izquierda política. La interrogante que emerge es ¿Cuáles son las condiciones en las que se da este giro? Además, ¿Cuáles son las ofertas políticas de los partidos políticos en América Latina, tanto de derecha como de izquierda? ¿Es posible identificar las diferencias políticas entre la derecha y la izquierda recurriendo a la opinión ciudadana y a los documentos oficiales de los partidos políticos, entre ellos sus Estatutos? Dos dimensiones de la política latinoamericana se estudian en esta investigación. Una corresponde al discurso oficial de partidos políticos expresado en sus Estatutos u otros documentos oficiales, otra es la opinión ciudadana, II expresada por medio de las respuestas a las encuestas realizadas en América Latina, por ejemplo, por la del Latinobarómetro en la que se aplican anualmente cerca de 19,000 entrevistas en 18 países de América Latina, o por las respuestas dadas en estudios hechos que encuestan a los miembros de partidos políticos, datos obtenidos en investigaciones como las realizadas por Joseph María Colomer o Manuel Alcántara y Cristina Rivas. El objetivo radica en identificar cómo se autodefine la población latinoamericana en relación con la dicotomía política que distingue entre derecha e izquierda. La forma de hacerlo fue identificando a partidos representativos de la derecha o de la izquierda en los sistemas políticos estudiados, para después, hacer un paneo de los diferentes textos publicados por los partidos políticos elegidos para clasificarla y ordenar la información la información que en ellos se contiene, dentro de rubros que puedan indicar las diferencias entre las dos ideologías políticas: sus posturas frente a la democracia, el autoritarismo, el libre mercado, el neoliberalismo, la intervención estatal, la secularización y los valores. Un objetivo del estudio es identificar las diferencias o semejanzas en el discurso político de derecha con respecto a la izquierda. Se observará que los latinoamericanos son capaces de posicionarse a sí mismos, ya sea en la derecha o en la izquierda; sin embargo, al medirse estadísticamente sus posturas, la tendencia es un lugar que corresponde a lo que puede considerarse un centro. Textos de Norberto Bobbio, Anthony Giddens y Clinton Rossiter, principalmente, se utilizaron para ubicar la diferencia entre la derecha e izquierda políticas. Desde estas posturas, hechas no precisamente para la región latinoamericana, se deciden criterios para clasificar el discurso partidista ya sea en la derecha o en la izquierda. Se trata de una ardua tarea porque la izquierda y la derecha en América Latina no se dejan decantar por un solo filtro. La igualdad o la desigualdad, el autoritarismo o la democracia, la revolución o la conservación, por ejemplo, no están de manera exclusiva en uno u otro de los lados de la distinción política estudiada. La derecha y la izquierda pueden ser democráticas y con III aristas de cambio, pero también de conservación. Someter a reflexión estas conceptualizaciones es una tarea de esta investigación. Por supuesto, se reitera que todo esto está al nivel de los discursos oficiales y de la percepción ciudadana. Queda fuera, por el momento, el estudio de las políticas públicas generadas por los partidos políticos una vez que
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