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Iii St Matthias and the Neighbouring Islands

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Iii St Matthias and the Neighbouring Islands ST MATTHIAS AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS III St Matthias and the Neighbouring Islands bout 50 nautical miles north-west from the observations of the people and in our eagerness Aisland of New Hanover lies the island of St to trade we dropped our guard from our personal Matthias, and west of it the small island of Kerué belongings, which represented desirable treasures or Emirau, and Squally Island. in the eyes of the natives. Although we roamed Since Dampier discovered the island, apparently often up to 10 nautical miles from the ship in the nobody visited it until 1864 when work recruiters Seeadler’s boats, landing here and there, and were from Viti sought to establish connections with the frequently surrounded by numerous natives, our islanders. The seemingly harmless people drew back interactions remained always peaceful and we came at the landing of the boat, and both white men in to the conclusion that a settlement of traders with charge of the boat settled down on the shore to a sufficiently strong troop of workers for exploit- await further developments. The natives seemed ing the trepang on the reef would be possible. By gradually to gain confidence, and approached tim- taking the greatest care, drastic action against the idly, but then suddenly fell upon the whites and islanders for paltry reasons might be avoided. speared them, and also attacked the crew seated And so the Matupi-based firm of Hernsheim in the boat. The latter succeeded in escaping after & Co. set up a fishery base on the small island of a brief struggle, with the loss of two further men. Kaléu in the same year. Frightened by the event, other ships kept away Things went fairly well up until April 1901. until 1896. In that year a schooner from the New The white traders were eager to establish friendly Guinea Company again attempted to establish con- relations and the natives slowly got used to the tact. The natives came alongside in their canoes; presence of the foreigners. They began to fish for bartering developed but led to hostilities after a short trepang and offer them for sale; in short it seemed time, and the whites went for their guns. In 1898 as though future interaction would be peaceful. the steamer Johann Albrecht of the same company This situation was suddenly upset in an unforeseen attempted once more to make an approach, but way. The traveller Bruno Mencke had arrived in with the same result. At the beginning of 1900 a the Bismarck Archipelago. A steam yacht was at his small trading schooner again attempted friendly disposal, fitted out to the degree of luxury of an associations with the people, bartering was begun, imperial mail steamer, and with a very large crew but after a short stay things became alarming to the of Europeans and coloureds. The intention of the owner of the vessel; he weighed anchor and left, owner was to carry out a scientific investigation so as not be drawn into a quarrel with the natives. of the numerous islands of the archipelago, and In May 1900, I had the opportunity to visit assistants appropriate to this purpose were on the island. The then governor of the colony, board the ship. Herr von Bennigsen, made a journey there in the However, soon after their arrival in the Bismarck imperial warship Seeadler, and the ship’s captain, Archipelago, it became clear that science lay not Lieutenant-Commander Schack, was kind enough so close to the heart of the owner of the ship as to invite me as a participant. Our three-day stay was pleasure. Dedicated expeditions were not carried peaceful throughout; the natives were indeed very out. They visited particular areas of coast that shy and always had their weapons in readiness, for had been well-known for years already, and then which in view of the earlier events you could not relaxed in the archipelago. Herr Mencke appeared blame them. The petty thefts that occurred, which to be weary of it already; malaria had almost totally had previously been the main cause for conflict, banished the remaining interest in science, but nev- were allowed to pass over, especially as they con- ertheless they decided on an undertaking in order cerned worthless small items, and we ourselves were to give at least relative justification to the proud for the most part guilty of their loss, because in our name First German South Seas Expedition. The 139 THIRTY YEARS IN THE SOUTH SEAS choice fell on the island of St Matthias, unques- taken away by the attackers. Upon the return of the tionably one of the most interesting places in the yacht Eberhard, Dr Hein roth went aboard with his protectorate. Ethnographically and anthropologi- group and the First Ger man South Seas Expedition cally, many interesting things were anticipated here, was disbanded. also the zoological and botanical yields seemed When the imperial governor of the protectorate very promising. However, virtually everyone not again visited the island in September 1903, he involved shook their heads sceptically after the goal found Mencke’s grave opened and the bones re- of the expedition had become known, not because moved. The only remains left of the unfortunate it was seen as unfeasible, but because they believed traveller was a piece of the upper jaw, recognisable that none of the white men had the necessary at- by the gold fillings in the molar teeth. tributes to lead such an expedition. The only one After this outcome the natives became intrusive who could be considered so was the zoologist on and killed several of the station workers, upon board, Dr Heinroth, and that Herr Mencke would which the firm of Hernsheim & Co. dismantled hand over the leadership to the latter was, as was their station and the natives were left to themselves generally known, out of the question. once more. Having arrived at the anchorage south of the A consequence of the renewed attacks on the part main island, an expedition base was chosen at an of the natives was that the imperial cruiser Kormor- apparently suitable site on the beach of the main an was ordered to punish the islanders. A not insig- island, and the workers began to set up camp. As nificant number of St Matthias people were killed soon as the undergrowth was thinned out and a and several women and children as well as a teenage limited space cleared, tents and huts were erected youth were taken to Herbertshöhe as prisoners. and food and trade goods were brought ashore. I have dealt with the gradually developing in- Meanwhile they had made the discovery that teraction of the St Matthias inhabitants with the many essentials had been forgotten and the vessel whites and the consequences rather extensively Eber hard received the order to steam back to col- because the incidents on the whole give a genuine lect the missing items. Meanwhile, Herr Mencke, picture of the first approach of two races so basically with his secretary, Herr Caro, and Dr Heinroth, as different. Scarcely a single South Sea island can be well as seaman Krebs and about forty well-armed named on which the same events have not taken natives, settled in to camp. Not much was seen of place. However, we hope that the natives may be the natives of the island; a few dared to approach spared further nasty experiences. Trade does not timidly, the majority kept a respectful distance, as lure any settlers to the islands in a hurry, for they was to be expected of such a ‘faint-hearted band’. are poor in profitable products, but the prisoners In the first few days everything still went well, and languishing in Herbertshöhe, who are enjoying they lay down to sleep quite peacefully. Wheth er humane and caring treatment will, on their return watches had been placed seems doubtful. On one to their homeland, perhaps become the link to a of the following mornings the order was given to peaceful approach. In the meantime, through the take all the Mauser carbines apart and clean them. accounts of the three captive women it has become Dr Heinroth was already busy, Herr Mencke and possible for the author to expand and correct his Herr Caro were still asleep. Natives were observed observations made in 1900 (Globus, vol. LXXIX, creeping through the undergrowth not far from the no. 15), although here, as everywhere else, there camp, but since they were regarded as harmless they is still very much to learn. were left unchallenged. But suddenly a number of them fell upon the camp. Herr Mencke and Herr The island of St Matthias lies about 1º37’S latitude Caro were mortally speared straight away and Dr and 149º40’E longitude and stretches from north- Heinroth was slightly wounded. Seaman Krebs west to south-east over a length of 33 kilometres stood in front of the tent with a loaded repeater with an average breadth of about 11 kilometres. Off and attempted to open fire, but found that the the southern side of the main island lie a number cartridges were spoiled and would not explode; he of raised, low coral islands, partially forming an too was put out of action temporarily by a severe atoll which is separated from the main island by a wound and fell senseless to the ground. Fortunately deep, navigable passage. In this strait ships find a he regained consciousness fairly quickly, and was secure anchorage. able to get the wounded Mencke into the boat in The main island is mountainous and the widely the general confusion.
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