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Čebele in Rastline Bees and Plants

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Čebele in Rastline Bees and Plants ČEBELE IN RASTLINE BEES AND PLANTS HORTUS BOTANICUS UNIVERSITATIS LABACENSIS, SLOVENIA ČEBELE IN RASTLINE BEES AND PLANTS Recenzenti / Reviewers: Dr. sc. Sanja Kovačić, stručna savjetnica Botanički vrt Biološkog odsjeka Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu muz. svet./ museum councilor/ dr. Nada Praprotnik Naslovnica / Front cover: Allium ericetorum Foto / Photo: J. Bavcon Foto / Photo: Jože Bavcon, Blanka Ravnjak Urednika / Editors: Jože Bavcon, Blanka Ravnjak Tehnični urednik / Tehnical editor: D. Bavcon Prevod / Translation: GRENS-TIM d.o.o. Elektronska izdaja / E-version Leto izdaje / Year of publication: 2020 Kraj izdaje / Place of publication: Ljubljana Izdal / Published by: Botanični vrt, Oddelek za biologijo, Biotehniška fakulteta UL Ižanska cesta 15, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija tel.: +386(0) 1 427-12-80, www.botanicni-vrt.si, [email protected] Zanj: znan. svet. dr. Jože Bavcon Botanični vrt je del mreže raziskovalnih infrastrukturnih centrov © Botanični vrt Univerze v Ljubljani / University Botanic Gardens Ljubljana ----------------------------------- Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID=15995395 ISBN 978-961-6822-60-2 (pdf) ----------------------------------- 1 KAZALO / INDEX Čebele in rastline......................................................................... 7 Izvleček ................................................................................... 7 Ključne besede ........................................................................ 8 Uvod ........................................................................................ 8 Material in metode dela ......................................................... 20 Terensko delo .................................................................... 20 Izdelava podatkovne baze .................................................. 21 Zbirka živih rastlin in semenska banka ............................. 22 REZULTATI IN DISKUSIJA .............................................. 24 Predstavitev vrst glede na letni čas ....................................... 30 Zgodnja pomlad..................................................................... 30 Navadni mali zvonček (Galanthus nivalis L.) ................... 31 Vse avtohtone vrste žafranov ............................................ 32 Vse avtohtone vrste telohov .............................................. 34 Pomlad, zgodnje poletje ........................................................ 36 Jesenček (Dictamnus albus L.) .......................................... 36 Kukavičja lučca (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.) ........................... 38 Pozna pomlad ........................................................................ 39 Gadovec (Echium vulgare L.) ........................................... 39 Mali talin (Thalictrum minus L.) ....................................... 41 2 Navadni oslad (Filipendula vulgaris Mill.) ....................... 43 Travniška kadulja (Salvia pratensis L.) ............................. 44 Poletje .................................................................................... 47 Navadna turška detelja (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) ....... 47 Kobulnice (Apiaceae) ........................................................ 48 Šipki (Rosa L.) ................................................................... 50 Luki (Allium L.) ................................................................. 51 Pozno poletje ......................................................................... 54 Kraški (Satureja montana L.) in liburnijski šetraj (Satureja subspicata subsp. liburnica Šilić) ...................................... 54 Jesen ...................................................................................... 56 Ožepek (Hyssopus officinalis L.)....................................... 56 Jesenska vresa (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) ...................... 57 Drevesa in grmi ..................................................................... 58 Leska (Corylus avellana L.) .............................................. 58 Črni trn (Prunus spinosa L.) .............................................. 59 Rešeljika (Prunus mahaleb L.) .......................................... 60 Kloček (Staphylea pinnata L.) ........................................... 61 Mali jesen (Fraxinus ornus L.) .......................................... 63 Bukev (Fagus sylvatica L.) ............................................... 64 3 SEZNAM AVTOHTONIH MEDOVITIH RASTLINSKIH VRST / LIST OF AUTOCHTONOUS MELLIFEROUS PLANTS ................................................................................ 66 Bees and plants ......................................................................... 76 Abstract ................................................................................. 76 Key words ............................................................................. 77 Introduction ........................................................................... 77 Material and methodology .................................................... 87 Field work .......................................................................... 87 Database development ....................................................... 89 Collection of living plants and seed bank .......................... 90 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................... 91 Presentation of species by season.......................................... 97 Early spring ........................................................................... 97 Common snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis L.) ....................... 98 All autochthonous species of crocuses .............................. 99 All autochthonous species of hellebores ......................... 101 Dittany (Dictamnus albus L.) .......................................... 103 Ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.) ............................. 106 Viper’s bugloss (Echium vulgare L.) .............................. 107 Lesser meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus L.) ..................... 109 Fern-leaf dropwort (Filipendula vulgaris Mill.).............. 110 4 Meadow clary (Salvia pratensis L.) ................................ 111 Common sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) ............. 114 Umbellifers (Apiaceae) .................................................... 114 Roses (Rosa L.)................................................................ 117 Allium sp. ......................................................................... 119 Winter savory (Satureja montana L.) and Satureja subspicata subsp. liburnica Šilić ..................................... 121 Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) ..................................... 123 Heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) ............................... 124 Common hazel (Corylus avellana L.) ............................. 125 Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) ....................................... 126 Mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.).............................. 127 European bladdernut (Staphylea pinnata L.) ................... 128 Manna ash (Fraxinus ornus L.) ....................................... 129 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) .............................. 130 Literatura / Literature .......................................................... 132 Index seminum annis 2019 et 2018 collectorum .................... 145 CONIFEROPHYTINA (Gymnospermae) .......................... 145 MAGNOLIOPHYTINA (Angiospermae)........................... 145 Semina e plantis spontaneis in loco natali annis 2019 et 2018 lecta ......................................................................................... 163 Alpski botanični vrt Juliana v Trenti ...................................... 177 5 The Alpine Botanical Garden Juliana ..................................... 179 Semina in horto alpino Juliana Museum historiae naturalis Sloveniae anno 2019 lecta ...................................................... 180 Literatura / Literature .......................................................... 184 Stvarno kazalo / Subject index ............................................ 185 DESIDERATA .................................................................... 188 6 Čebele in rastline Blanka Ravnjak & Jože Bavcon Izvleček Rastline in čebele so tekom skupne evolucije razvile mnogo prilagoditev, ki so obojestransko koristne. Rastline zaradi pritrjenega načina življenja potrebujejo opraševalce, čebele pa za razvoj svoje družine potrebujejo cvetni prah in medičino. Prilagoditve in skupni razvoj je šel celo tako daleč, da v zgodnji pomladi cvetijo rastline z veliko cvetnega prahu, saj je ta pomemben za razvoj čebelje zalege v pozni zimi in zgodnji pomladi. Hkrati pa imajo nekatere izmed njih nektarije kjer že proizvajajo tudi prvo medičino. Tako so na primer najbolj zgodnji cvetovi telohov (Helleborus L.), ki so svoje čašne liste tekom evolucije razvili v navidezne venčne, medtem ko so nekdanje venčne liste razvili v dokaj velike nektarije, ki se skrivajo v ozadju številnih prašnikov. Čebele v težnji za nabiranjem nektarja tako prenesejo cvetni prah na brazdo cveta in ga oprašijo. Mnoge zgodnje vetrocvetke, kot je na primer leska (Corylus avellana L.) pa so v dneh, ko ni preveč vetra zelo atraktivne za čebele. Čebele so razvile poseben način nabiranja cvetnega prahu na leski, po moški mačici plezajo navzgor in navzdol. Ko letajo iz ene mačice na drugo, pa se lahko ob tem dotaknejo tudi zelo neuglednih ženskih cvetov in tako spet prenesejo cvetni prah. Dokler smo dobro razumeli
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