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Feinverbreitung, Ökologie Und Gesellschaftsanschluß Reliktischer Gefäßpflanzen Der Niederen Tauern Östlich Des Sölkpasses (Steiermark, Österreich)

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Feinverbreitung, Ökologie Und Gesellschaftsanschluß Reliktischer Gefäßpflanzen Der Niederen Tauern Östlich Des Sölkpasses (Steiermark, Österreich) © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at ISSN 0252-192X Feinverbreitung, Ökologie und Gesellschaftsanschluß reliktischer Gefäßpflanzen der Niederen Tauern östlich des Sölkpasses (Steiermark, Österreich) Gerald M. SCHNEEWEISS & Peter SCHÖNSWETTER Stapfia 61 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Feinverbreitung, Ökologie und Gesellschaftsanschluß reliktischer Gefäßpflanzen der Niederen Tauern östlich des Sölkpasses (Steiermark, Österreich) Gerald M. SCHNEEWEISS & Peter SCHÖNSWETTER Stapfia 61 ausgeliefert am 9.6.1999 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Stapfia 61 1-242 9. Juni 1999 Feinverbreitung, Ökologie und Gesellschaftsanschluß reliktischer Gefäßpflanzen der Niederen Tauern östlich des Sölkpasses (Steiermark, Osterreich) GERALD M. SCHNEEWEISS & PETER SCHÖNSWETTER Abstract: Fine scale distribution, ecology and phytosociology of relictic vascular plant taxa in the Niedere Tauern east of Sölkpass (Austria, Steiermark). The eastern parts of the Niedere Tauern (i. e. Wölzer, Rottenmanner and Triebener Tauern and Seckauer Alpen) are characterized by an accumulation of relictic and disjunctly distri- buted species. Therefore the area has gained the interest of many botanists over the deca- des. Nevertheless, distribution and ecology of most of these species is rather poorly known due to the fact that most collectors just visited the few botanically famous mountains in this region, e. g. Seckauer Zinken (Seckauer Alpen) or Hohenwart (Wölzer Tauern). This inve- stigation tries to fill the gaps in the knowledge about distribution, ecology and phytosocio- logical behavior of some of these species. The following species are investigated: Androsace wulfeniana, Anthemis carpatica, Arabis sudetica, Carex foetida, C. norvegica, C. vaginata, Cerastium eriophorum, Cochlearia ex- celsa, Gentiana frigida, Pedicularis oederi, Primula villosa, Ranunculus crenatus, Saxifra- ga carpatica, S. hieraciifolia, S. retusa, Tephroseris capitata, Thalictrum alpinum and Viola lutea subsp. sudetica. For some of the species numerous new localities were found. In some cases old records could be verified. The distribution of each species in the investigated area is shown on a map(c. 1:300000). Ecology and phytosociological behavior of each species are documented in more than 200 relev^s. There is strong evidence that some syntaxa previously not known from the Austri- an Alps occur at least in the eastern parts of the Central Alps (e. g. Silenetum noricae, Dryado-Salicetum reticulatae). Some of the investigated taxa are very stenoecious (e. g. Cochlearia excelsa, Carex foeti- da), while others are euryoecious and inhabit many different plant communities (e. g. Tha- lictrum alpinum, Cerastium eriophorum, Pedicularis oederi). The synthesis of distributional and phytosociological data shows that the recent distribution of the investigated taxa is highly determined by the fact that in the last glacial period (Wiirm) the easternmost parts of the Niedere Tauern (Seckauer Alpen, Triebener Tauern and the southeastern parts of the Wölzer Tauern) were situated outside the ice shield, and only locally glaciated. Therefore at least some of the species are supposed to have survived the last ice age in this refugial area or nearby. This has to be the explanation for the restric- tion of species with such different habitats as northexposed wet rocks {Cochlearia excelsa) versus southexposed dry and steep grass communities {Anthemis carpatica) to the same area (Seckauer Alpen). On a more detailed scale the pattern of distribution can be ex- plained by the ecology of the species (e. g. the lack of basiphilic species in the south- westernmost parts of Rottenmanner Tauem). Key words: Steiermark, Niedere Tauem, relictic species, ice-age, ecology, phytoso- ciology, fine scale distribution. © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 6 2 Erforschungsgeschichte und Literaturüberblick 7 3 Bedeutung des Gebietes in phytogeographischer Hinsicht 8 3.1 Phytogeographische Gliederung 8 3.1.1 Die Ostalpengliederung von Vierhapper und Handel-Mazzetti 9 3.1.2 Der „Norische Gau" Hayeks 9 3.1.3 Die Gliederung der Steiermark nach Koegeler 10 3.2 Phytogeographische Beziehungen der östlichen Niederen Tauern 10 3.2.1 Endemismus und Subendemismus 10 3.2.2 Ostalpisch-karpatisch^balkanische) Arten 10 3.2.3 Disjunkt verbreitete Arten europäischer Gebirge 11 3.2.4 Arktisch-alpine, in den Alpen (sehr) seltene Arten 11 3.3 Typische Verbreitungsmuster der im Gebiet vorkommenden Arten 11 4 Das Arbeitsgebiet 12 4.1 Geographie 12 4.2 Geomorphologie der Gebirgsgruppen der östlichen Niederen Tauern 13 4.3 Klima .- 15 4.4 Geologie 16 4.4.1 Das mittelostalpine Deckenstockwerk der östlichen Niederen Tauern... 16 4.4.2 Das oberostalpine Deckenstockwerk der östlichen Niederen Tauern 20 4.5 Vergletscherung während der Wurm-Eiszeit 20 5 Die untersuchten Arten: Taxonomie und Verbreitung 22 5.1 Androsace wulfeniana 22 5.2 Anthemis carpatica 22 5.3 Arabis sudetica 23 5.4 Carex foetida 23 5.5 Carex norvegica „subsp. pusteriana" 24 5.6 Carex vaginata 25 5.7 Cerastium eriophorum 26 5.8 Cochleaha excelsa 26 5.9 Gentiana frigida 27 5.10 Pedicularis oederi 28 5.11 Primula villosa 29 5.12 Ranunculus crenatus 30 5.13 Saxifraga carpatica 30 5.14 Saxifraga hieraciifolia 31 5.15 Saxifraga retusa 31 5.16 Tephroseris capitata 32 5.17 Thalictrum alpinum 33 5.18 Viola lutea subsp. sudetica 34 6 Methodik 34 6.1 Erhebung der Feinverbreitung 34 2 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 6.1.1 Geländearbeit 34 6.1.2 Literatur- und Herbarauswertung 35 6.1.3 Darstellung der Feinverbreitung 35 6.2 Standortsökologie und Gesellschaftsanschluß 36 6.2.1 Auswahl der Aufnahmeflächen 36 6.2.2 Aufnahmemethodik 36 6.2.3 Auswertemethodik 37 6.2.4 Der Gesellschaftsanschluß in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 37 6.2.5 Bodenproben 38 6.2.6 Wuchsformenanalysen und Bemerkungen zum Populationsaufbau 38 6.3 Taxonomie und Nomenklatur 38 7 Taxonomische Bemerkungen zu kritischen Taxa 38 8 Feinverbreitung und Ökologie der untersuchten Arten 41 8.1 Androsace wulfeniana 41 8.1.1 Feinverbreitung 41 8.1.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 41 8.1.3 Abiotische Parameter 41 8.1.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 43 8.1.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 44 8.2 Anthemis carpatica 46 8.2.1 Feinverbreitung 46 8.2.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 46 8.2.3 Abiotische Parameter 46 8.2.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 46 8.2.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 49 8.3 Arabis sudetica 51 8.3.1 Feinverbreitung 51 8.3.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 51 8.3.3 Abiotische Parameter 51 8.3.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 54 8.3.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 55 8.4 Carexfoetida 57 8.4.1 Feinverbreitung 57 8.4.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 57 8.4.3 Abiotische Parameter 57 8.4.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 59 8.4.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 60 8.5 Carex norvegica 61 8.5.1 Feinverbreitung 61 8.5.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 61 8.5.3 Abiotische Parameter 61 8.5.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 63 8.5.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 65 8.6 Carex vaginata 67 3 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 8.6.1 Feinverbreitung 67 8.6.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 67 8.6.3 Abiotische Parameter 67 8.6.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 70 8.6.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 71 8.7 Cerastium eriophorum 74 8.7.1 Feinverbreitung 74 8.7.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 76 8.7.3 Abiotische Parameter 76 8.7.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 77 8.7.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 80 8.8 Cochlearia excelsa 83 8.8.1 Feinverbreitung 83 8.8.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 83 8.8.3 Abiotische Parameter 83 8.8.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 85 8.9 Gentiana frigida 87 8.9.1 Feinverbreitung 87 8.9.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 87 8.9.3 Abiotische Parameter 87 8.9.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 89 8.9.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 92 8.10 Pedicularis oederi 92 8.10.1 Feinverbreitung 92 8.10.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 94 8.10.3 Abiotische Parameter 95 8.10.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 96 8.10.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 105 8.11 Primula villosa 108 8.11.1 Feinverbreitung 108 8.11.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 108 8.11.3 Abiotische Parameter 108 8.11.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 108 8.11.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 111 8.12 Ranunculus crenatus 112 8.12.1 Feinverbreitung 112 8.12.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 112 8.12.3 Abiotische Parameter 112 8.12.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 114 8.12.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 115 8.13 Saxifraga carpatica 118 8.13.1 Feinverbreitung 118 8.13.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 118 8.13.3 Abiotische Parameter 118 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 8.13.4 Gesellschaftsanschluß 118 8.13.5 Verhalten in anderen Teilen des Gesamtareals 118 8.14 Saxifraga hieraciifolia 120 8.14.1 Feinverbreitung '. 120 8.14.2 Wuchsform, Reproduktionsstrategien, Populationsaufbau 120 8.14.3 Abiotische Parameter 122 8.14.4
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