DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath PHD Phytochemistry of norditerpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum and Delphinium Ahmed, Mai Award date: 2016 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 Phytochemistry of norditerpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum and Delphinium Mai Abdelhadi Mohamed Ahmed A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2015 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author. This thesis may be made available for consultation within the University Library and may be photocopied or lent to other libraries for the purposes of consultation. Signed on behalf of the Faculty of Science. Signed: ………………………………… Date: ….…………………….. Abstract Aconitum and Delphinium genera are important rich sources of toxic C19- diterpenoid alkaloids. The alkaloidal content of A. napellus and D. elatum seeds have been investigated in detail. After maceration, crude alkaloidal extracts were obtained and then purified by repeated column chromatography (over silica and alumina gels) to sample homogeneity yielding five known C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from A. napellus, aconitine, neoline, 14-O-acetyltalatisamine, 14-O-benzoylaconine, and taurenine, and two others from D. elatum, delpheline (also including its X-ray single crystal analysis) and methyllycaconitine (MLA). These examples showed that mass spectrometry hyphenated with HPLC or other chromatography can be used as a tool for rapid alkaloid content screening of different extracts. NMR spectroscopic (using a variety of techniques and nuclei) data are presented in support of the first report of iminodelsemine A/B as an imino-alkaloid artefact from D. elatum. A detailed chromatographic study across different pH ranges, and over different solid supports, of aconitine and its main degradation product, 14-O-benzoyl-8-O-methylaconine, together with its semi-synthesis and that of its deuterated analogue are reported within studies to minimize artefact formation during the storage or extraction of A. napellus norditerpenoid alkaloids. Likewise, from D. elatum seeds, as a model source of Delphinium alkaloids, we compared the alkaloid yield using different extraction techniques and conventional chromatographic separations. The structures were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. An NMR spectroscopic approach for the pKa determination of some C19-diterpenoid alkaloids has been developed. A modified calculation method for fatty acid composition quantification has also been developed using 1H- NMR spectroscopic methods. 2 This Thesis is dedicated to my parents 3 Acknowledgements My special appreciation goes to my supervisors Dr Ian S. Blagbrough and Dr Michael G. Rowan for their support, patience, valuable constructive suggestions, and encouragement during the planning and development of this research work. I express my thanks to Dr Tim Woodman for assistance with NMR spectroscopic experiments, Mr Chris Rehbein and Dr Anneke Lubben for mass spectrometry, and Dr Gabriele Kociok-Kohn for the X-ray crystallography. A special thanks goes to Don Perry for his valuable technical support, Kevin Smith and all the technical staff in the Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, for their help. I am also grateful to all of my colleagues in laboratory 5W3.14 for their help and friendship. I gratefully thank the Egyptian Government for granting me a PhD scholarship. Finally, my greatest gratitude goes to my dear parents for their care, support, and continuous encouragement throughout my studies without which this work would not have been possible. 4 Abbreviations ̊C degree Celsius Å Angstrom Ac acetyl Aq aqueous As anisoyl Bz benzoyl COSY correlated spectroscopy CV column volumes 2D two dimensional Da Dalton DAD diode array detector DCM dichloromethane DDA di-ester diterpenoid alkaloid DEPT distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer ED50 median effective dose ent enantiomer ESI electrospray ionisation h hour H2BC heteronuclear 2-bond correlation HMBC heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation HMQC heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence HSQC heteronuclear single quantum coherence HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HP-TLC high performance thin layer chromatography HRMS high resolution mass spectrometry Hz hertz ibut isobutyl IR infrared J coupling constant kg kilo-gram LC-MS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LDA lipo-diterpenoid alkaloid 5 M molar MDA mono-ester diterpenoid alkaloid Me methyl MeCN acetonitrile MeOH methanol mg milli-gram µg micro-gram MH+ protonated molecular ion MHz mega-Hertz min minute mL milli-litre MLA methyllycaconitine mm milli-metre MS mass spectrometry MW relative molecular weight m/z mass over charge nAChR nicotinic acetylcholine receptors NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NOESY nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy ppm parts per million Pro propyl TLC thin layer chromatography UPLC ultra performance liquid chromatography UV ultraviolet v/v volume by volume w/v weight by volume 6 Contents Abstract 2 Dedication 3 Acknowledgements 4 Abbreviations 5 Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Overview of diterpenoid alkaloids 10 1.2. Classification of diterpenoid alkaloids 1.3. C19-Diterpenoid alkaloid distribution, numbering and ring names 1.4. Suggested biosynthetic pathways of diterpenoid alkaloids 1.5. Structure activity relationship of diterpenoid alkaloids 1.6. Toxicity of Aconitum alkaloids 1.7. Poisoning from Aconitum alkaloids 1.8. Pre-treatment techniques of Aconitum carmichaelii “Fuzi” 1.9. Pharmacological effects of Aconitum and Delphinium alkaloids 1.10. Aims Chapter 2. Review of the literature 2.1. Diterpenoid alkaloids isolated from Aconitum species 29 2.2. Diterpenoid alkaloids isolated from Delphinium species Chapter 3. Experimental 3.1. General techniques and instrumentation, chemicals, reagents, and solvents 59 3.2. Plant materials 3.3. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 3.4. Column chromatography 3.5. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 3.6. Spectroscopic analysis 3.7. X-ray crystallography 3.8. Extraction of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum napellus seeds using different solvents 3.9. Monitoring aconitine degradation product formation using HPLC/HRMS 7 3.9.1. Semi-synthesis of 14-O-benzoyl-8-O-methylaconine 3.9.2. Semi-synthesis of the deuterated aconitine artefact 3.10. Screening of diterpenoid alkaloids in A. napellus acetone extract 3.11. Extraction and identification of some C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum napellus seeds 3.11.1. Isolation of aconitine 3.11.2. Isolation of neoline 3.11.3. Isolation of 14-O-acetyltalatisamine 3.11.4. Isolation of 14-O-benzoylaconine 3.11.5. Isolation of taurenine 3.12. Extraction of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum carmichaelii seeds 3.13. Extraction of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum lycoctonum seeds 3.14. Extraction of diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium elatum seeds 3.15. Isolation of some C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium elatum seeds 3.15.1. Isolation of delpheline 3.15.2. Isolation of methyllycaconitine 3.15.3. Isolation of iminodelsemine A/B 3.15.4. Effect of different bases on Iminodelsemine A/B 3.16. HPLC method optimisation of aged aconitine sample 3.16.1. Monitoring aged aconitine sample on different stationary phases 3.16.2. Investigating different mobile phase polarities 3.16.3. The influence of the eluent pH on the chromatographic separation of aconitine and 14-O-benzoyl-8-O-methylaconine 3.17. pKa determination by NMR spectroscopy 3.18. Determination of fatty acids composition 3.18.1. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry GC/MS 3.18.2. Using NMR spectroscopy Chapter 4. Phytochemical study on norditerpenoid alkaloids 4.1. Extraction 84 4.2. Stability of aconitine in different organic solvents 4.2.1. Monitoring aconitine degradation products using HPLC/HRMS 4.2.2. Possible synchronous fragmentation of aconitine 8 4.2.3. Isolation and identification of aconitine artefact 4.2.4. Semi-synthesis of the deuterated aconitine artefact 4.3. Screening of A. napellus acetone extract by HRMS 4.4. Alkaloids extracted from Aconitum lycoctonum seeds 4.5. Extraction of Delphinium elatum seeds 4.5.1. Methyllycaconitine 4.5.2. Delpheline 4.5.3. Iminodelsemine A/B Chapter 5. Analysis of aged aconitine using different HPLC methods 5.1. Method development 152 5.2. Reversed-phase
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Per Leggere L'intero Articolo Sfoglia Il Numero 411 • Novembre-Dicembre
    ERBORISTERdomanIA•i ISSN 1127-6320 Bimestrale. Poste Italiane s.p.a. - Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale D.L. 353/2003 (convertito in Legge 27/02/2004 n° 46) art. 1, comma 1, LO/MI La rivista è online 411 Nov/Dic 2018 Ricerca, filiere, progetti europei: punti di incontro Dossier speciale in collaborazione con SIF, Società Italiana di Fitochimica cosmesi bio europa farmacologia storie officinali La digitalizzazione e il L’arte di formulare una Principi attivi vegetali contro Aconito, lo splendido fi ore mercato del naturale domanda di fi nanziamento le malattie tropicali neglette sospeso tra il bene e il male p.16 p.40 p.52 p.88 Cover3_Ante.indd 1 05/12/18 15:40 EDOM-NODOL CURC nov_dic.pdf 1 25/09/18 08:46 411 Erboristeria Domani Nov/Dic 2018 Se la logistica ha grandi radici, il business cresce meglio. Una logistica dinamica dà più slancio alla bellezza. Dossier ricerca, fi liere, progetti europei • ricerca, fi C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Fitoterapia malattie tropicali • Storie offi cinali offi l’aconito Una grande logistica non s’improvvisa. La nostra storia affonda le sue radici nel 1979 quando il Cavaliere Silvano Chiapparoli Con Silvano Chiapparoli Logistica il mondo della cosmesi scopre il bello di velocizzare i processi, migliorare l’efficienza ha un’idea: creare un’azienda di logistica che unisca alla qualità del servizio, il valore di un rapporto umano fatto di ascolto e e ottimizzare i costi. I nostri clienti possono contare sulla tracciabilità di lotti e scadenze, su una preparazione accurata collaborazione. Anno dopo anno, la passione per la logistica ha dato i suoi frutti e oggi la Silvano Chiapparoli vanta cinque sedi e degli ordini e sull’allestimento personalizzato dei pack per la spedizione.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research
    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH How to cite this article : PAUDEL R, PALAIAN S, RAVI SHANKAR P, PAUDEL B, , BHATTARAI S. ACONITE POISONING: A CLINICAL REVIEW OF THE FIRST FOUR CASES FROM NEPAL Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research [serial online] 2008 February [cited: 2008 February 4]; 2:651-655. Available from http://www.jcdr.net/back_issues.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2008&month= February &volume=2&issue=1&page=651-655 &id=137 PAUDEL R et al.: Aconite Poisoning: A Clinical Review Of The First Four Cases From Nepal CASE REPORT Aconite Poisoning: A Clinical Review Of The First Four Cases From Nepal PAUDEL R1, PALAIAN S2,3, RAVI SHANKAR P3, PAUDEL B1, BHATTARAI S1 ABSTRACT Aconite tubers are one of the most toxic plant products. They are taken as medication, and are occasionally confused with some other similar plants which are commonly used as medications. This manuscript describes four cases of aconite poisoning that were managed in the Manipal Teaching Hospital. The patients presented with classical symptoms of aconite poisoning such as perioral paraesthesia, generalized burning sensation, and cardiac manifestations such as hypotension and ventricular tachycardia. Since Aconite is a dangerous life threatening herb, one should be aware of this poison. We report four patients who presented with aconite poisoning after mistakenly ingesting aconite, thinking it to be related to medicinal plants. Keywords: Aconite poisoning, Cardiotoxicity, Nepal 1. Department of Medicine, Manipal Teaching Hospital public. The annual incidence of aconitine / Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal poisoning showed a marked decrease from 0.49 to 2 Department of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Next-Generation Sequencing Identification and Characterization
    Next-generation sequencing identification and characterization of microsatellite markers in Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz., an endemic and endangered medicinal plant of Korea Y.-E. Yun, J.-N. Yu, G.H. Nam, S.-A. Ryu, S. Kim, K. Oh and C.E. Lim National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Incheon, Korea Corresponding author: C.E. Lim E-mail: [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 14 (2): 4812-4817 (2015) Received June 11, 2014 Accepted October 29, 2014 Published May 11, 2015 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.May.11.13 ABSTRACT. We used next-generation sequencing to develop 9 novel microsatellite markers in Aconitum austrokoreense, an endemic and endangered medicinal plant in Korea. Owing to its very limited distribution, over-harvesting for traditional medicinal purposes, and habitat loss, the natural populations are dramatically declining in Korea. All novel microsatellite markers were successfully genotyped using 64 samples from two populations (Mt. Choejeong, Gyeongsangbuk- do and Ungseokbong, Gyeongsangnam-do) of Gyeongsang Province. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 7 per locus in each population. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.031 to 0.938 and from 0.031 to 0.697, respectively. The novel markers will be valuable tools for assessing the genetic diversity of A. austrokoreense and for germplasm conservation of this endangered species. Key words: Aconitum austrokoreense; Microsatellite marker; Endemic and endangered medicinal plant, Next-generation sequencing; Genetic diversity Genetics and Molecular Research 14 (2): 4812-4817 (2015) ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Novel microsatellite markers in A. austrokoreense 4813 INTRODUCTION Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Aconitine in Body Fluids by Lc/Ms/Ms
    [ A APPLICATIONPPLICATION NOTENOTE ] DETERMINATION OF ACONITINE IN BODY FLUIDS BY LC/MS/MS Justus Beike1, Lara Frommherz1, Michelle Wood2, Bernd Brinkmann1 and Helga Köhler1 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstrasse, Münster, Germany 2 Clinical Applications Group, Waters Corporation, Simonsway, Manchester M22 5PP, UK. INTRODUCTION The method was fully validated for the determination of aconitine from whole blood samples and applied in two cases of fatal poisoning. Plants of the genus Aconitum L (family of Ranunculaceae) are known to be among the most toxic plants of the Northern Hemisphere and are widespread across Europe, Northern Asia and North America. Two plants from this genus are of particular importance: the blue-blooded Aconitum napellus L. (monkshood) which is cultivated as an ornamental plant in Europe and the yellow-blooded Aconitum vulparia Reich. (wolfsbane) which is commonly used in Asian herbal medicine1 (Figure 1). Many of the traditional Asian medicine preparations utilise both the aconite tubers and their processed products for their pharmaceutical properties, which include anti-inflammatory, analgesic and cardio- Figure 1: Aconitum napellus (monkshood) (A) and tonic effects2-4. These effects can be attributed to the presence of Aconitum vulparia (wolfsbane) (B). the alkaloids; the principal alkaloids are aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine. The use of the alkaloids as a homicidal agent has been known for METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION more than 2000 years. Although intoxications by aconitine are rare in the Western Hemisphere, in traditional Chinese medicine, the Sample preparation use of aconite-based preparations is common and poisoning has Biological samples were prepared for LC/MS/MS by means of a been frequently reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Leaf Perennial Catalog.Pdf
    Green Leaf Plants® A Division of Aris Horticulture, Inc. Perennials & Herbs 2013/2014 Visit us @ Green Leaf Plants® GLplants.com Green Leaf Plants® Perennial Management Teams Green Leaf Plants® Lancaster, Pennsylvania Green Leaf Plants® Bogotá, Colombia (Pictured Left to Right) Rich Hollenbach, Grower Manager and Production Planning/Inventory Control (Pictured Left to Right) Silvia Guzman, Farm Manager I Isabel Naranjo, Lab Manager I Juan Camilo Manager I Andrew Bishop, Managing Director I Sara Bushong, Customer Service Manager and Herrera, Manager of Latin American Operations & Sales Logistics Manager Cindy Myers, Human Resources and Administration Manager I Nancy Parr, Product Manager Customer Service Glenda Bradley Emma Bishop Jenny Cady Wendy Fromm Janis Miller Diane Lemke Yvonne McCauley [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ext. 229 Ext. 227 Ext. 245 Ext. 223 Ext. 221 Ext. 231 Ext. 237 Management, Tech Support and New Product Development Brad Smith Sarah Rasch Sara Bushong, Nancy Parr, Product Mgr. Julie Knauer, Prod. Mgr. Asst Susan Shelly, Tech Support Melanie Neff, New Product Development [email protected] [email protected] C.S. Mgr. & Logistics Mgr. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ext. 228 800.232.9557 Ext. 5007 [email protected] Ext. 270 Ext. 288 Ext. 238 Ext. 273 Ext. 250 Varieties Pictured: Arctotis Peachy Mango™ Aster Blue Autumn® Colocasia Royal Hawaiian® DID YOU KNOW? ‘Blue Hawaii’ Customer service means more than answering the phone and Delphinium ‘Diamonds Blue’ Echinacea ‘Supreme Elegance’ taking orders.
    [Show full text]
  • Etude Sur L'origine Et L'évolution Des Variations Florales Chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) À Travers La Morphologie, L'anatomie Et La Tératologie
    Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie : 2019SACLS126 : NNT Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l'Université Paris-Sud ED n°567 : Sciences du végétal : du gène à l'écosystème (SDV) Spécialité de doctorat : Biologie Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris, le 29/05/2019, par Felipe Espinosa Moreno Composition du Jury : Bernard Riera Chargé de Recherche, CNRS (MECADEV) Rapporteur Julien Bachelier Professeur, Freie Universität Berlin (DCPS) Rapporteur Catherine Damerval Directrice de Recherche, CNRS (Génétique Quantitative et Evolution Le Moulon) Présidente Dario De Franceschi Maître de Conférences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (CR2P) Examinateur Sophie Nadot Professeure, Université Paris-Sud (ESE) Directrice de thèse Florian Jabbour Maître de conférences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (ISYEB) Invité Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie Remerciements Ce manuscrit présente le travail de doctorat que j'ai réalisé entre les années 2016 et 2019 au sein de l'Ecole doctorale Sciences du végétale: du gène à l'écosystème, à l'Université Paris-Saclay Paris-Sud et au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Même si sa réalisation a impliqué un investissement personnel énorme, celui-ci a eu tout son sens uniquement et grâce à l'encadrement, le soutien et l'accompagnement de nombreuses personnes que je remercie de la façon la plus sincère. Je remercie très spécialement Florian Jabbour et Sophie Nadot, mes directeurs de thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Median Lethal Dose and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Assessment of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus Amarus
    Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 26(4): 1-8, 2019; Article no.JPRI.26262 ISSN: 2456-9119 (Past name: British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Past ISSN: 2231-2919, NLM ID: 101631759) Evaluation of Median Lethal Dose and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Assessment of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus amarus O. E. Adolor1*, I. Onyesom1, A. O. Opajobi1 and J. C. Mordi1 1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author OEA wrote the first draft of the manuscript and performed the spectroscopy analysis. Author IO designed the study, wrote the protocol, managed the experimental process and vetted the draft manuscript. Author AOO managed literature searches and analysis of the study. Author JCM performed the statistical analysis and monitored plant authentication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2019/v26i430145 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Jinyong Peng, Professor, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. Reviewers: (1) Sandro Rostelato-Ferreira, Health Institute, Universidade Paulista, State of São Paulo, Brazil. (2) O. Imoru Joshua, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (3) Dr. O. Edet, Akpanyung, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/26262 Received 19 February 2016 Accepted 01 June 2016 Original Research Article Published 05 April 2019 ABSTRACT Aims: To determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of crude ethanolic leaf extract of Phyllanthus amarus and evaluate its sub-chronic oral toxicity in experimental mice (BALB/C strain). Study Design: One-factor, one-control, one-test group experimental design.
    [Show full text]
  • Aconitum Napellus)
    Phil Rasmussen (M.Pharm., M.P.S., Dip. Herb. Med., M.N.H.A.A., M.N.I.M.H.(U.K.), M.N.Z.A.M.H.) Consultant Medical Herbalist 23 Covil Ave Te Atatu South Auckland New Zealand tel.(0064)09 378 9274 fax.(0064) 09 834 8870 email: [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________ Report on Appropriate Classification for Aconite (Aconitum napellus) Confidential May 9, 2001. Summary An assessment of safety considerations with respect to human usage of complementary medicine preparations made from the substance Aconite (any part of the plant Aconitum napella, otherwise known as Monkshood), has been undertaken. The available toxicological data was reviewed, and levels of intake of the known toxic constituents, the alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine and jesaconitine, known to be associated with adverse effects and possible fatality in humans, were determined. From this assessment, concentration levels of the known toxic alkaloids below which no toxic effects would normally be associated with their internal ingestion or use, was determined. Levels of ingestion of these toxic components which could normally be deemed as completely safe, were then ascertained. This assessment was then applied to an evaluation of homoeopathic Aconite-containing preparations available in the marketplace, to select ‘cut off points’ below which general sales classification is deemed appropriate. These calculations were based upon both concentration levels of the toxic alkaloids, as well as the maximum recommended pack size of preparations containing them. Aconite: an introduction Aconite (a preparation made from either the roots or herb of the European shrub Aconitum napellus, or other Aconitum species ), has long been used both as a traditional herbal medicine as well as a homoeopathic remedy.
    [Show full text]
  • De Novo RNA Sequencing and Expression Analysis of Aconitum Carmichaelii to Analyze Key Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Diterpene Alkaloids
    molecules Article De Novo RNA Sequencing and Expression Analysis of Aconitum carmichaelii to Analyze Key Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Diterpene Alkaloids Megha Rai 1, Amit Rai 1,* ID , Noriaki Kawano 2, Kayo Yoshimatsu 2, Hiroki Takahashi 3, Hideyuki Suzuki 4, Nobuo Kawahara 2, Kazuki Saito 1 ID and Mami Yamazaki 1,* ID 1 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (K.S.) 2 Tsukuba Division, Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba 305-0843, Japan; [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (K.Y.); [email protected] (N.K.) 3 Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan; [email protected] 4 Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (M.Y.); Tel.: +81-043-226-2933 (M.Y.) Received: 16 November 2017; Accepted: 1 December 2017; Published: 5 December 2017 Abstract: Aconitum carmichaelii is an important medicinal herb used widely in China, Japan, India, Korea, and other Asian countries. While extensive research on the characterization of metabolic extracts of A. carmichaelii has shown accumulation of numerous bioactive metabolites including aconitine and aconitine-type diterpene alkaloids, its biosynthetic pathway remains largely unknown. Biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites is tightly controlled and mostly occurs in a tissue-specific manner; therefore, transcriptome analysis across multiple tissues is an attractive method to identify the molecular components involved for further functional characterization.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plant Conservation
    MEDICINAL Medicinal Plant PLANT SPECIALIST GROUP Conservation Silphion Volume 11 Newsletter of the Medicinal Plant Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Chaired by Danna J. Leaman Chair’s note . 2 Sustainable sourcing of Arnica montana in the International Standard for Sustainable Wild Col- Apuseni Mountains (Romania): A field project lection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Wolfgang Kathe . 27 (ISSC-MAP) – Danna Leaman . 4 Rhodiola rosea L., from wild collection to field production – Bertalan Galambosi . 31 Regional File Conservation data sheet Ginseng – Dagmar Iracambi Medicinal Plants Project in Minas Gerais Lange . 35 (Brazil) and the International Standard for Sus- tainable Wild Collection of Medicinal and Aro- Conferences and Meetings matic Plants (ISSC-MAP) – Eleanor Coming up – Natalie Hofbauer. 38 Gallia & Karen Franz . 6 CITES News – Uwe Schippmann . 38 Conservation aspects of Aconitum species in the Himalayas with special reference to Uttaran- Recent Events chal (India) – Niranjan Chandra Shah . 9 Conservation Assessment and Management Prior- Promoting the cultivation of medicinal plants in itisation (CAMP) for wild medicinal plants of Uttaranchal, India – Ghayur Alam & Petra North-East India – D.K. Ved, G.A. Kinhal, K. van de Kop . 15 Ravikumar, R. Vijaya Sankar & K. Haridasan . 40 Taxon File Notices of Publication . 45 Trade in East African Aloes – Sara Oldfield . 19 Towards a standardization of biological sustain- List of Members. 48 ability: Wildcrafting Rhatany (Krameria lap- pacea) in Peru – Maximilian
    [Show full text]
  • 92 Physiolog3~ Biochemistry and Pharmacology
    Reviews of 92 Physiolog3~ Biochemistry and Pharmacology Editors R. H. Adrian, Cambridge. H. zur Hausen, Freiburg E. Helmreich, Wiirzburg • H. Holzer, Freiburg R. Jung, Freiburg • O. Krayer, Boston R. J. Linden, Leeds. P. A. Miescher, Gen~ve J. Piiper, G6ttingen • H. Rasmussen, New Haven U. Trendelenburg, Wiirzburg • K. Ullrich, Frankfurt/M. W. Vogt, G6ttingen • A. Weber, Philadelphia With 13 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1982 ISBN 3-540-11105-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 0-387-11105-0 Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin Library of Congress-Catalog-Card Number 74-3674 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustra- tions, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and stor- age in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to 'Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort', Munich. @ by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1982 Printed in Germany. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro- tective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Offsetprinting and Binding: Konrad Triltsch, Wt~rzburg 2121/3130-543210 Contents Cardioactive Substances that Prolong the Open State of Sodium Channels. By P. HONERJAGER, Mfinchen/Federal Re- public of Germany. With 12 Figures .... Factors Influencing Renal Sodium Reabsorption in Volume Expansion. By F. G. KNOX and J.
    [Show full text]
  • Setting up of Herbal Gardens in Schools Under Prmotional Scheme of National Medicinal Plants Board (Nmpb), Government of India ======
    SETTING UP OF HERBAL GARDENS IN SCHOOLS UNDER PRMOTIONAL SCHEME OF NATIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS BOARD (NMPB), GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ============================================================ (I) Background :- Realising the resurgence of Indian traditional medicines across the world and corresponding increase in demand of medicinal plants, the Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare have set up a Medicinal Plants Board in November, 2000 under the Chairmanship of Union Health & Family Welfare Minister for overall development of this sector. The Board is responsible for co-ordination of all matters relating to medicinal plants, including drawing up policies and strategies for in-situ conservation, ex-situ/in-situ cultivation, proper harvesting, research and development, processing and marketing of raw material etc. in order to protect, sustain and develop this sector. The Board has been implementing Promotional and Commercial schemes and providing Central Assistance for such purposes. (II) Objective : In order to sensitize the students about conservation of the rich biodiversity and in particular the role of medicinal plants in providing a holistic health care both in traditional and modern systems of medicine, it is proposed to provide financial assistance for setting up herbal gardens in schools under the promotional scheme of the Board on a pilot basis. (III) Coverage : As decided in the 13th Standing Finance Committee (SFC) meeting held on 6/7/05, it is proposed to take 10 schools each in 50 districts initially. The project seeks to cover schools up to senior secondary/intermediate/10+2 level with preference being given to Kendriya Vidyalayas and Noarvodaya Vidyalayas. Based on the response and experience of implementation the project will be extended to other districts.
    [Show full text]