DOCSLIB.ORG

Northern American Nectar Sources for Honey Bees

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A honey bee collecting nectar from an rosaceous flower. The nectar resource in a given area depends on the kinds of flowering plants present and their blooming periods. Which kinds grow in an area depends on soil texture, soil pH, soil drainage, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, extreme minimum winter temperature, and growing degree days. The plants listed below grow in USDA Hardiness zone 5. A good predictor for when a plant will bloom and produce nectar is a calculation of the growing degree days. Hopkins' Bioclimatic Law states that in North America east of the Rockies, a 130 m (400-foot) increase in elevation, a 4° change in latitude north (444.48 km), or a 10° change in longitude east (two thirds of a time zone) will cause a biological event to occur four days later in the spring or four days earlier in the fall. In botany, the term phenology refers to the timing of flower emergence, sequence of bloom, fruiting, and leaf drop in autumn. The classification in major or minor nectar source is very dependent on the agricultural use of the land. An agricultural crop such as canola or alfalfa may be a major or minor source depending on local plantings. Generally, the more diverse a forage area is, the better for a stationary apiary. Urban, suburban and areas not under cultivation provide more consistent warm-season nectar forage than areas that are heavily cultivated with only a few agricultural crops. The nectar sources from large cultivated fields of blooming apples, cherries, canola, melons, sunflowers, clover etc. benefit a bee keeper who is willing to travel with his hives throughout the season. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 1 of 20 Honeydew sources are not included in this listing. Trees and shrubs Source for Begin End honey bees Plant Nonscientific Scientific Monofloral Bloom Bloom Availability / pounds of type name name honey Month Month honey per acre major but temperature T Maple Acer 2 4 no feral usually too cold major but temperature T Red Maple[1] Acer rubrum 2 4 no feral usually too cold for bees to fly Ohio Buckeye Aesculus T 4 5 no feral minor [2] glabra Amelanchier S Shadbush 4 5 no feral minor arborea Devils- S, T Aralia spinosa 7 8 no feral minor walkingstick Aronia Red arbutifolia , S 5 6 no feral minor Chokeberry Photinia pyrifolia S Black Aronia 5 6 no feral minor https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 2 of 20 Chokeberry[3] melanocarpa Catalpa, Catalpa feral, T Indian Bean 6 7 no minor speciosa ornamental [2][3][4] Common Celtis S 4 5 no feral minor Hackberry occidentalis Honey is light in Cephalanthus S Buttonbush [2] 7 8 color and feral occidentalis mild in flavor. minor - 50 - S Hawthorn Crataegus 4 5 no feral 100 pounds/acre Honeysuckle Diervilla S 6 8 minor [2] lonicera Gleditsia T Honey Locust 5 6 no feral minor triancanthos minor, American important in S Ilex opaca 4 6 no feral Holly southeastern US major in yes, see southern Liriodendron T Tulip-tree[5] 5 6 Monofloral feral Appalachians tulipifera honey and Piedmont No, the nectar is https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 3 of 20 mostly used for spring Malus brood T Apple[3] 4 5 cultivated minor domestica raising and not stored for surplus. see Monofloral honey[4] Malus sylvestris ; T Crab Apple 3 6 no ornamental minor Malus coronaria [2] feral, T Cherry [2][3] Prunus cerasus 4 5 no minor cultivated Pyrus T Pear 4 5 no cultivated minor communis feral, T Black Cherry Prunus serotina 4 5 no minor cultivated feral, T Plum Prunus 4 5 no minor cultivated Common Rhamnus S 5 6 no feral minor Buckthorn cathartica mixed with T Sumac[2] Rhus glabra 6 7 other feral major honeys major - 800 - 1200 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 4 of 20 yes, see pounds/; Black Robinia T 5 6 Monofloral feral short bloom locust[3][4] pseudoacacia honey period of about 10 days yes, see feral, major in S Raspberry Rubus 5 6 Monofloral cultivated some areas honey yes, see feral, major in S Blackberry Rubus spp. 5 6 Monofloral cultivated some areas honey [2] major but outside temperatures are usually too cold for feral, bees to fly. T Willow Salix 2 4 no ornamental 100 - 150 pounds honey per acre; 1,500 pounds pollen major but temperature feral, T Pussy Willow Salix discolor 3 4 no usually too ornamental cold for bees to fly T Bee bee tree Tetradium 7 9 ornamental major https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 5 of 20 feral, ornamental Produces a yes, short high flow up to volume of 14 days; honey on a major 800 - Tilia Honey cycle of 1,100 T Basswood[3][4] americana , 6 7 white; every five pounds Tilia cordata aromatic [2] to eight honey see years, with Monofloral lower honey volume of nectar other years. Ulmus T American Elm 2 4 no feral minor americana minor in Vaccinium most areas. corymbosum, no. Honey Strong Vaccinium amber and colonies may S Blueberry 5 6 cultivated angustifolium, of good store 50-90 Vaccinium flavor. pounds of pennsylvanicum surplus from it.[2] Viburnum S Black haw[3] 5 6 prunifolium cultivated, T Redbud 4 4 no minor ornamental https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 6 of 20 Flowers, crops, herbs and grasses Begin End Plant Common Monofloral Source for Latin name Bloom Bloom Availability type name honey honey bees Month Month Agstache F Anise hyssop[3] 7 10 no feral minor foeniculum Blue bugle, Bugleherb, Bugleweed, F Ajuga reptans 5 5 Carpetweed, Common bugle[3] Allium F Chives [3] 5 9 no cultivated minor schoenoprasum C, F Garlic chives Allium tuberosa 8 9 no cultivated minor Amorpha F Leadwort 6 7 no feral minor fruticosa feral All species are major 120 - great for 250 pounds honeybees. honey, Nectar is so depending on soil and if Asclepias abundant that F Milkweed [4][5] 7 8 good spp. 55 species it is possible to shake the fertilization blossom and Asclepias actually see syriaca has the nectar the highest https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 7 of 20 fall. honey yield. Butterfly Asclepias F 7 8 no feral minor Weed[3] tuberosa Asparagus C Asparagus 5 6 no cultivated minor officinalis F Milk Vetch Astragalus spp. 5 6 no feral minor usually mixed with feral, F Aster Aster spp. 8 10 major[3] goldenrod ornamental [2] minor, but can be major on cultivated area 200 Borago feral, F Borage[3] 6 10 no pounds officinalis ornamental honey per acre; 60-160 pounds pollen Brassica arvenisi (L.); C, F Mustard[5] 4 5 no? cultivated minor? Brassica campestris Brassica napus yes, see Oilseed Rape C L., Brassica 5 6 Monofloral cultivated major (Canola) [3] rapa honey Calendula F Marigold 6 9 no ornamental minor officinalis https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 8 of 20 Carduus light honey F Canada thistle arvensis of good quality [2] Centaurea F Thistle 7 9 no feral minor spp. Centaurea F Mountain Bluet Montana 5 5 no?? feral major (Knapweed) feral (invasive F Creeping thistle Cirsium arvense 7 9 in North America) Sweet Autumn Clematis F 9 9 ornamental minor Clematis terniflora Clethra Clethra F Summersweet 7 8 no feral minor alnifolia [3] no; Honey is pale yellow or C, F Cucumber 6 9 cultivated minor amber with strong flavor.[2] C Melon 6 10 no cultivated minor Cucurbita C Pumpkin 6 10 no cultivated minor pepo Daucus C, F Wild Carrot 8 9 no feral minor carota Doronicum F Leopardsbane 4 5 no feral minor cordatum https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 9 of 20 Iberis F Candytuft[3] 5 5 sempervirens feral In California, spring blooming plant with repeat bloom. Fall bloom provides nectar for bees for overwintering. The most unusual feature of Echium vulgare is the protection of the nectar inside the flower from vaporization (when it’s hot) or flushing away (when it rains). It is why almost for 2 months this plant is a https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 10 of 20 stable source of nectar for bees. Additionally this plant Echium major 300 - produces vulgare 1,000 pounds nectar Echium vulgare honey/acre Viper's Bugloss, throughout is most widely depending on F Blue thistle, 6 8 no the day unlike known, though soil. 500- Blue weed [3] most plants there are about 2000 lbs of which 60 additional dark blue produce species. pollen. nectar for a short period of time. If the bees have a good access to Echium they can collect between 12- 20 lbs of nectar a day. The concentration of sugars in the nectar vary 22.6- 48.3% depending on the quality of https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_American_nectar_sources_for_honey_bees 7/21/16, 10:40 PM Page 11 of 20 the soil, and not on the amount of rain. The honey is light amber in color and very fragrant with a pleasant taste, and does not crystallize for 9–15 months.[6] F Globe Thistle Echinops ritro 8 8 feral major Epilobium F Fireweed 6 9 yes feral major angustifolium Erica vulgaris, see 100 - 200 F Heather though many Monofloral pounds varieties honey honey Eutrochium spp.
Recommended publications
  • Plant List ~ 28Th Edition

    Plant List ~ 28Th Edition

    Plant List ~ 28th Edition Key to Plant Characteristics This plant list is purely a guide to species cultivated and does not indicate the A Australian native availability of plants at any one time. a West Australian native B Tree Plant heights and widths are based on C Shrub average Perth growing conditions and may D Dense foliage vary based on soil conditions and aspect. E Ground cover F Climber Nursery Trading Hours G Suitable for pots or baskets Everyday 9am to 5.30pm H Low water requirements Closed Christmas Day I Attracts birds J Fast growing 155 Watsonia Road K Fragrant Maida Vale, WA 6057 L Grows in sandy soils Australia M Will grow in heavy clay soils N Some shade required Phone: (08) 9454 6260 O Suitable for damp conditions Fax: (08) 9454 4540 P Will tolerate some salt in soil Q Tolerates coastal alkaline soils www.zanthorrea.com R Will grow in shade S Can be difficult to grow T Local plant to the Perth region Rewarding, reliable, recommended! ß Butterfly attracting © Cockatoo feeding ƒ Frog feed and habitat Bush Tucker Plant Name Code Height Flower Flower Other information & Width Colour Time & common names Acacia “Wattle” acuminata aBHLMß 5m Yellow Aug.-Sept. Jam wattle alata aCHLMRT 1m Pale yellow May.-Sept. Winged wattle aphylla aCHJM 1.5m Yellow Aug.-Sept. Rock wattle cardiophylla ACDJLMR 2-3m Yellow Aug.-Oct. Wyalong wattle celastrifolia aCDHJLMR 3-4m Yellow June-Nov. cognata ACDJLMOR 5m Light yellow Aug.-Dec. River wattle coriacea aBHLM 5m Lemon June-July cyclops aCDHLPQß 2-3m Yellow Oct.-Nov.
  • Beekeeping: Florida Bee Botany1 Malcolm T

    Beekeeping: Florida Bee Botany1 Malcolm T

    CIR 686 Beekeeping: Florida Bee Botany1 Malcolm T. Sanford2 This publication seeks to list and describe the immune from these, and it behooves policy makers to most important bee plants found in the state of consider the possible impact on most Florida bee Florida, their approximate distribution and blooming plants, which are feral in nature, when implementing date. With this information, beekeepers should be policy. A specific case in point is gallberry, present in able to better manage their colonies and/or move vast blankets within low-lying swampy areas in the them to maximize production. Finding good locations past, but continuously declining due to forest for colonies, based on proximity to good honey flora, management procedures, agriculture and is both and art and science; it takes a good deal of urbanization, all of which seek to drain the land and care and often several years of experience at one lower the water table. location to determine suitability. In this regard, the beekeeper must learn to become a careful Although many plants produce pollen for the experimenter and observer. bees, it is usually nectar-producing species that are of most interest to beekeepers. Few plants, in fact, Plants that profusely produce nectar and/or anywhere, are capable of secreting the vast amount of pollen in one location may not in another for a nectar honey bees need to produce a honey crop. In number of reasons including differences soil Florida, for example, perhaps less than ten species moisture, pH, profile and fertility. These factors are account of over ninety percent of the state's honey also affected overall by climatic considerations: crop, and only one, citrus, is cultivated.
  • Honey and Pollen Flora Suitable for Planting in SE

    Honey and Pollen Flora Suitable for Planting in SE

    Honey & pollen flora suitable for planting in south-eastern NSW Agnote DAI-115 Second edition, Revised April 2002 Doug Somerville District Livestock Officer (Apiculture) Goulburn Trees and shrubs are planted for a number of species that have a flowering time different from reasons — as windbreaks, for shade or shelter, and that of the crops. for aesthetic reasons. By carefully selecting the • Avoid selecting winter flowering species for the species you may also produce an environment Tablelands. The temperature is often too low for attractive to native birds and bees. bees to work these sources efficiently. If they It is doubtful whether enough flowering shrubs do, health problems in the bee colony may and trees can be planted on a farm or recreational result. activity area to be a major benefit to commercial • When planting near drains, sewers and beekeeping. But there is good reason to believe buildings, consider whether the plantings may they can benefit small static apiaries. A cause damage in the future. commercial stocking rate for beehives is about one • Select salt tolerant species in areas where this hive per 4–12 ha. This figure varies with the honey is, or may be, a problem. and pollen yielding capacity of the flora. • Windbreaks should be planted three to four Consider these points before selecting species plants wide. Consider an extra one or two rows on the basis of honey and pollen yielding capacity: chosen for honey and pollen production, and to • Multiple plantings of a range of species are increase the aesthetic appeal of the plantings. more desirable than two or three plants of many species.
  • Trees and Plants for Bees and Beekeepers in the Upper Mara Basin

    Trees and Plants for Bees and Beekeepers in the Upper Mara Basin

    Trees and plants for bees and beekeepers in the Upper Mara Basin Guide to useful melliferous trees and crops for beekeepers December 2017 Contents Who is this guide for? .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to the MaMaSe Project .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Market driven forest conservation initiatives in the Upper Mara basin ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Water, apiculture, forests, trees and livelihoods ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Types of bees ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 How this
  • Protecting and Enhancing Pollinators in Urban Landscapes for the US

    Protecting and Enhancing Pollinators in Urban Landscapes for the US

    Rebecca Finneran, MSU Extension MSU Extension bulletin E3314 By David Smitley, Michigan State University Department of Entomology; Diane Brown and Erwin Elsner, Michigan State University Extension; Joy N. Landis, Michigan State University IPM; Paula M. Shrewsbury, University of Maryland Department of Entomology; and Daniel A. Herms, The Ohio State University Department of Entomology Introduction For the past 30 years or more, most tree care pro- natural defenses (resistance) to invasive pests from fessionals, landscapers, urban foresters and many Europe or Asia, and (2) invasive pests populations informed property owners have been managing may build rapidly because we do not have the right destructive insects by minimizing pesticide use and predators and parasitoids to control them as in their encouraging predators and parasites that naturally native habitat. keep pests under control. This approach is referred to as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and it includes Emerald ash borer, Japanese beetle and hemlock using Best Management Practices (BMP) for preserv- wooly adelgid are currently some of our most destruc- ing benefcial insects. In most states, landscape pro- tive invasive insects. Homeowners, business property fessionals must attend educational classes on pesti- owners and cities sometimes choose to use a pesti- cide safety and best management practices to receive cide to protect roses, ash, hemlock and other trees their pesticide applicator license, a requirement for and shrubs susceptible to invasive insects. However, purchasing restricted use pesticides. Minimizing when insecticides are used for invasive pests, they pesticide use along with implementing other IPM prac- may impact pollinators and other benefcial insects tices protects water resources from pesticide runoff, and mites, including predators and parasitoids that minimizes the exposure of people, pets and wildlife to keep plant pests under control.
  • Tabebuia Roseo-Alba

    Tabebuia Roseo-Alba

    Tabebuia roseo-alba Tabebuia roseo-alba, known as white ipê, ipê-branco or lapacho blanco, is a Tabebuia roseo-alba tree native to Cerrado and Pantanal vegetation in Brazil, but also appears in Argentina (especially in the "Esteros del Ibera" wetlands) and more rarely in Paraguay. This plant is frequently used as an ornamental plant and honey plant in Brazil and Argentina.[2] On the other hand, its flowers seem to be less popular with many hummingbirds than those of other Tabebuia, being visited mostly by the occasional generalist species like the Gilded Sapphire (Hylocharis chrysura).[3] See also List of honey plants List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil List of plants of Pantanal vegetation of Brazil Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae References Clade: Tracheophytes 1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species" (http://www.th Clade: Angiosperms eplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-319304). Retrieved June 3, 2014. 2. Pott & Pott (1994) Clade: Eudicots 3. Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005) Clade: Asterids BAZA MENDONÇA, LUCIANA & DOS ANJOS, LUIZ (2005): Beija-flores Order: Lamiales (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their Family: Bignoniaceae flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22(1): 51–59. Genus: Tabebuia doi:10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007 (https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0101-8 1752005000100007) PDF fulltext (http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v22 Species: T. roseo-alba n1/a07v22n1.pdf) Binomial name POTT, A. & POTT, V.J. (1994): Plantas do Pantanal [Plants of Pantanal].
  • Honey Bee Suite © Rusty Burlew 2015 Master Plant List by Scientific Name United States

    Honey Bee Suite © Rusty Burlew 2015 Master Plant List by Scientific Name United States

    Honey Bee Suite Master Plant List by Scientific Name United States © Rusty Burlew 2015 Scientific name Common Name Type of plant Zone Full Link for more information Abelia grandiflora Glossy abelia Shrub 6-9 http://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/abelia-x-grandiflora/ Acacia Acacia Thorntree Tree 3-8 http://www.2020site.org/trees/acacia.html Acer circinatum Vine maple Tree 7-8 http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/ace_cir.html Acer macrophyllum Bigleaf maple Tree 5-9 http://treesandshrubs.about.com/od/commontrees/p/Big-Leaf-Maple-Acer-macrophyllum.htm Acer negundo L. Box elder Tree 2-10 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a841 Acer rubrum Red maple Tree 3-9 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275374&isprofile=1&basic=Acer%20rubrum Acer rubrum Swamp maple Tree 3-9 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275374&isprofile=1&basic=Acer%20rubrum Acer saccharinum Silver maple Tree 3-9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_saccharinum Acer spp. Maple Tree 3-8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple Achillea millefolium Yarrow Perennial 3-9 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b282 Aesclepias tuberosa Butterfly weed Perennial 3-9 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b490 Aesculus glabra Buckeye Tree 3-7 http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281045&isprofile=1&basic=buckeye
  • Genetics and Breeding Help Build a Better, Stronger Bee</Italic>

    Genetics and Breeding Help Build a Better, Stronger Bee</Italic>

    Research news Genetics and breeding help build a better, stronger bee usan Cobey, a bee breeder-geneticist at UC Davis, is out to build a better bee — lock, Sstock and beehive. “With the increasing challenges of beekeeping today, the selection of honey bee stocks that are Garvey Kathy Keatley productive, gentle and show some resistance to pests and diseases is critical to the future health of the beekeeping industry, agriculture and our food supply,” says Cobey, an international authority on queen-bee rearing and instrumental insemination. Developed in the 1920s and perfected in the 1940s and 1950s, instrumental insemination pro- vides “a method of complete control of honey bee mating,” Cobey says. Cobey, manager of the Harry H. Laidlaw Jr. Honey Bee Research Facility, trained under the late Laidlaw (1907-2003), considered the father of honey bee genetics. Her current work involves increasing genetic diversity in the general bee population and more UC Davis bee breeder Sue Cobey shows a honey bee frame to students. specifically in her New World Carniolan closed breeding population, which she established in 1981. this year helped develop a protocol for the interna- “Major advances in agriculture are due to stock tional importation of honey bee germplasm. improvement and this also applies to honey bees,” Since the early 1980s, Cobey has taught special- Cobey says. In nature, a queen bee mates with 10 to ized classes in queen rearing and instrumental 20 drones in flight over several days and returns to insemination, drawing researchers and beekeepers her hive to lay eggs for the rest of her life.
  • Native PA Species Shrubs and Trees Eligible for Stormwater Credits in Crawford County

    Native PA Species Shrubs and Trees Eligible for Stormwater Credits in Crawford County

    Native PA Species Shrubs and Trees Eligible for Stormwater Credits in Crawford County. Compiled by: Judy Acker, French Creek Outreach Coordinator, Audubon Pennsylvania 1 Native PA Species Shrubs Eligible for Stormwater Credits in Crawford County. Red Chokeberry-- Aronia arbutifolia / Photinia pyrifoliea —E, J Native habitat: swamps, bogs, moist woods. A colonial shrub species, grows from 3’ to 15’ tall, prefers full sun, low drought tolerance, blooms from April to July, white flowers, produces pear shaped red fruit that per- sists into winter. Moist rich acidic soils. Fall foliage red to red orange. A source of wildlife cover and fall food. Black Chokeberry-- Aronia melanocarpa /Photina — E Native habitat: swamps, bogs, wet or dry woods. Shrub grows to 12’ tall, somewhat shade tolerant, moderate drought tolerance, blooms from March to June, white flowers produce black fruit that persists into winter. Prefers part shade and moist acidic soils. Good source for wildlife cover and fall food. Kinnikinik/Silky Dogwood—Cornus amonmum— E Native habitat—Moist fields, meadows, swamps, moist woods Part Shade to Shade in Clay, Loam, or Sandy soil. A shrub that grows to 10’ tall, moderate shade tolerance, low drought tolerance, blooms from May to July with attractive white, greenish whitish or yellow flowers clusters in spring, produces blue and white fruit in the fall. The thick low vegetation provides excellent habitat for a variety of wild life and produces abundant fruit that is eaten by many birds. Red-osier Dogwood—Cornus sericea—E, J Native Habitat: swamps, stream banks, moist fields, thickets Prefers part shade and moist, well drained soils but is adaptable to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions.
  • Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and Their Regions of Diversity Second Edition Revised Of: A.C

    Dictionary of Cultivated Plants and Their Regions of Diversity Second Edition Revised Of: A.C

    Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Second edition revised of: A.C. Zeven and P.M. Zhukovsky, 1975, Dictionary of cultivated plants and their centres of diversity 'N -'\:K 1~ Li Dictionary of cultivated plants and their regions of diversity Excluding most ornamentals, forest trees and lower plants A.C. Zeven andJ.M.J, de Wet K pudoc Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen - 1982 ~T—^/-/- /+<>?- •/ CIP-GEGEVENS Zeven, A.C. Dictionary ofcultivate d plants andthei rregion so f diversity: excluding mostornamentals ,fores t treesan d lowerplant s/ A.C .Zeve n andJ.M.J ,d eWet .- Wageninge n : Pudoc. -11 1 Herz,uitg . van:Dictionar y of cultivatedplant s andthei r centreso fdiversit y /A.C .Zeve n andP.M . Zhukovsky, 1975.- Me t index,lit .opg . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 SISO63 2UD C63 3 Trefw.:plantenteelt . ISBN 90-220-0785-5 ©Centre forAgricultura l Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen,1982 . Nopar t of thisboo k mayb e reproduced andpublishe d in any form,b y print, photoprint,microfil m or any othermean swithou t written permission from thepublisher . Contents Preface 7 History of thewor k 8 Origins of agriculture anddomesticatio n ofplant s Cradles of agriculture and regions of diversity 21 1 Chinese-Japanese Region 32 2 Indochinese-IndonesianRegio n 48 3 Australian Region 65 4 Hindustani Region 70 5 Central AsianRegio n 81 6 NearEaster n Region 87 7 Mediterranean Region 103 8 African Region 121 9 European-Siberian Region 148 10 South American Region 164 11 CentralAmerica n andMexica n Region 185 12 NorthAmerica n Region 199 Specieswithou t an identified region 207 References 209 Indexo fbotanica l names 228 Preface The aimo f thiswor k ist ogiv e thereade r quick reference toth e regionso f diversity ofcultivate d plants.Fo r important crops,region so fdiversit y of related wild species areals opresented .Wil d species areofte nusefu l sources of genes to improve thevalu eo fcrops .
  • Northern American Nectar Sources for Honey Bees

    Northern American Nectar Sources for Honey Bees

    Northern American nectar sources for honey bees Huguenot Beekeepers Association Northern American nectar sources for honey bees • The nectar resource in a given area depends on the kinds of flowering plants present and their blooming periods. Which kinds grow in an area depends on soil texture, soil pH, soil drainage, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, extreme minimum winter temperature, and growing degree days. The plants listed below grow in USDA Hardiness zone 5. A good predictor for when a plant will bloom and produce nectar is a calculation of the growing degree days. Hopkins' Bioclimatic Law states that in North America east of the Rockies, a 130 m (400-foot) increase in elevation, a 4° change in latitude north (444.48 km), or a 10° change in longitude east (two thirds of a time zone) will cause a biological event to occur four days later in the spring or four days earlier in the fall. In botany, the term phenology refers to the timing of flower emergence, sequence of bloom, fruiting, and leaf drop in autumn. • The classification in major or minor nectar source is very dependent on the agricultural use of the land. An agricultural crop such as canola or alfalfa may be a major or minor source depending on local plantings. Generally, the more diverse a forage area is, the better for a stationary apiary. Urban, suburban and areas not under cultivation provide more consistent warm-season nectar forage than areas that are heavily cultivated with only a few agricultural crops. The nectar sources from large cultivated fields of blooming apples, cherries, canola, melons, sunflowers, clover etc.
  • Cover Cropping for Pollinators and Beneficial Insects

    Cover Cropping for Pollinators and Beneficial Insects

    Opportunities in Agriculture CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Cover Cropping for Pollinators BASIC POLLINATOR ECOLOGY 2 OTHER BENEFICIAL INSECTS 2 COVER CROPS ON YOUR and Beneficial Insects FARM 3 OppORTUNITIES TO USE COVER CROPS 4 PLANTING AND MANAGING YOUR COVER CROPS 5 PLANT SELECTION 6 COVER CROP COCKTAILS 7 COmmON AND SUGGESTED ROTATIONS 7 BALANCING INSECT CONSERVATION WITH USDA CROP INSURANCE RULES 9 TABLE: RELATIVE VALUE OF COVER CROP SpeCIES TO BeeS AND OTHER BENEFICIAL INSECTS 10 LIMITATIONS OF COVER CROPS 13 BEYOND COVER CROPS 13 INSECTICIDES AND INSECT CONSERVATION 14 Doug Crabtree uses many tools to make his Montana farm bee friendly. – Photo by Jennifer Hopwood; Phacelia is an attractive AVOIDING PEST INCREASES 14 pollinator cover crop. – Photo by John Hayden; Clover fixes nitrogen and provides bee forage. – Photo by Judson Reid REFERENCES 15 DOUG AND ANNA CRABTREE’S VILICUS FARM RESTS This commitment to cover cropping is having clear RESOURCES 16 on more than 2,000 acres in northern Montana, and and positive impacts. Flax, sunflower and safflower are it is a model of how cover crops can be a foundation just a few of the Crabtrees’ regular crops that either of pollinator and beneficial insect management. Like require or strongly benefit from insect pollination. And, Available at www.sare.org/ many farmers, their approach to cover cropping began because of their commitment to integrating habitat for cover-cropping-for-pollinators, with an interest in soil health and quickly grew to wild pollinators throughout their holdings, the Crabtrees or order free hard copies by encompass much broader goals as they recognized have never needed to bring honey bee hives onto the calling (301) 779-1007.