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JANET LAIDLA Ajalookirjutust Mõjutanud Tegurid Varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- Ja Kuramaal

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JANET LAIDLA Ajalookirjutust Mõjutanud Tegurid Varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- Ja Kuramaal JANET LAIDLA JANET DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 44 Ajalookirjutust mõjutanud tegurid varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- ja Kuramaal Liivi- ja Eesti-, tegurid varauusaegsel Ajalookirjutust mõjutanud JANET LAIDLA Ajalookirjutust mõjutanud tegurid varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- ja Kuramaal Tartu 2017 1 ISSN 1406-443X ISBN 978-9949-77-586-6 DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 44 DISSERTATIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 44 JANET LAIDLA Ajalookirjutust mõjutanud tegurid varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- ja Kuramaal Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond, Tartu Ülikool Käesolev väitekiri on lubatud kaitsmisele 19. septembril 2017 toimunud Huma- nitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkonna ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituudi nõukogu koosoleku otsusega. Juhendajad: prof. emer. ajal. kand. Tiit Rosenberg, dots. PhD Enn Küng Oponent: prof., Dr. Jürgen Heyde (Martin-Luther-Universitet Halle-Wittenberg) Kaitsmine: 17. november 2017 kell 16.15, TÜ senati saal Ülikooli 18–204. ISSN 1406-443X ISBN 978-9949-77-586-6 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-77-587-3 (pdf) Autoriõigus: Janet Laidla, 2017 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee SISUKORD ILMUNUD ARTIKLID ................................................................................. 6 EESSÕNA ...................................................................................................... 7 SISSEJUHATUS ............................................................................................ 9 Väitekirja eesmärk ja ülesehitus ................................................................ 11 Metoodilised ja teoreetilised lähtekohad ................................................... 13 Ülevaade töö allikatest .............................................................................. 17 Allikate ajaline ja geograafiline piiritlemine ..................................... 22 Käsikirjalised ja trükitud allikad ........................................................ 24 Eesti-, Liivi- ja Kuramaa varauusaegse ajalookirjutuse uurimisseis ........ 30 VARAUUSAEGSE AJALOOKIRJUTUSE MILJÖÖ .................................. 45 Sõja mõju ajalookirjutusele ....................................................................... 49 Trükikunsti levik ....................................................................................... 49 Renessanss ja humanistlik ajalookirjutus .................................................. 51 Humanismi levik üle Alpide ..................................................................... 54 Qua voce alia nisi oratoris… .................................................................... 56 Lux veritatis ............................................................................................... 57 Historia magistra vitae ............................................................................. 60 Reformatsioon ja ajalookirjutus ................................................................ 61 Maadeavastused ........................................................................................ 64 Antikvaarne suund .................................................................................... 66 Gootitsismi levik Eestimaal ...................................................................... 68 Liivimaa ajalookirjutajate allikad.............................................................. 69 Uue ajalookirjutuse omaksvõtt .................................................................. 72 ARTIKLID ..................................................................................................... 77 KOKKUVÕTE ............................................................................................... 264 ALLIKAD ...................................................................................................... 270 Arhiiviallikad ............................................................................................ 270 Trükitud allikad ......................................................................................... 270 Töös kasutatud Balti vanem ajalookirjutus: olulisemad ja kasutatud väljaanded .......................................................................................... 271 Töös kasutatud Euroopa ajalookirjutus ..................................................... 278 BIBLIOGRAAFIA ......................................................................................... 280 Leksikonid ja teatmeteosed ....................................................................... 297 SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 299 ELULOOKIRJELDUS ................................................................................... 305 CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................ 307 5 ILMUNUD ARTIKLID I ‘Auväärsetele, lugupeetavatele, kõrgesti õpetatud härradele…’: võimu ja ajalookirjutuse suhetest varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- ja Kuramaal. – Kroonikast epitaafini. Eesti- ja Liivimaa varauusaegsest haridus- ja kultuurielust. Koostanud Katre Kaju. Tartu, Rahvusarhiiv, 2017. Lk 37– 65. II Sõja mõjust ajalookirjutusele varauusaegsel Eesti-, Liivi- ja Kuramaal. – Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo küsimusi XXXIX. Tartu, Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo muuseum, 2012. Lk 7–39. III The historian and the printing press in early modern Estland and Livland. – Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2014, 1. Lk 51–84. IV Gootitsismist Balti varauusaegses ajalookirjutuses. – Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2013, 3. Lk 299–320. V Ajalookirjutuse antikvaarsest suunast ja selle ilmingutest 17. sajandi Balti ajalookirjutuses. – Läänemere provintside arenguperspektiivid Rootsi suurriigis 16/17. sajandil. III. Koost. Enn Küng. Tartu, Eesti Ajalooarhiiv, 2009. Lk 96–117. VI The Methodology of History at the Academia Gustaviana. – Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2010, ¾. Lk 3–22. VII Christian Kelchi ‘Liivimaa ajaloo’ allikad. – Tuna, 2007, 4. Lk 29–37. 6 EESSÕNA Sattusin kroonikakirjutust uurima peaaegu juhuslikult. Olin proseminaritööd kirjutades ja allikatena antiikkirjandust kasutades avastanud, et töö allikatega on palju huvitavam kui ainult kirjanduse põhjal koostatud uurimistöö kirjutamine. Teiseks soovisin kasutada võimalust kirjutada seminaritöö just Eesti ajaloos emeriitprofessor Sulev Vahtrele, kes võttis sel ajal juhendada üldjuhul vaid neid töid, mille teema teda ennast huvitas. Istusime viisteist aastat tagasi professor Vahtrega Eesti ajaloo õppetoolis ning tal oli nimekiri võimalikest kroonikatest, millele uurimistöö pühendada. Kaalukausile jäid inglisekeelne Jutustus Liivimaast ning Thomas Hiärni kroo- nika. Kuigi minu saksa keel oli nõrgem kui inglise keel, paelus Hiärni kroonika sellevõrra rohkem, et otsustasin tema kasuks. See Rootsi juurtega ametnik võlus mind oma asjaliku stiili, kriitilise meele ja tohutu uudishimuga. Doktoriväitekirjast pidi tulema kõikehõlmav ülevaade 17. sajandi Balti vane- mast ajalookirjutusest, kuid töö käigus ilmnes, et esialgne probleemipüstitus oli liialt lai ja seetõttu otsustasime 2007. aastal lahkunud professor Vahtre asemel juhendaja kohused üle võtnud professor Tiit Rosenbergiga koguda väitekirjaks kokku Balti vanema ajalookirjutuse kohta ilmunud artiklid. Monograafia Balti varauusaegsest ajalookirjutusest ilmub edaspidi. Olen tänulik oma juhendajatele professor Tiit Rosenbergile ja Enn Küngile igakülgse toetuse ja abi eest ning ka Paul Arblasterile Leuveni Katoliiklikust Ülikoolist ja professor Laura Kolbele Helsingi Ülikoolist heade nõuannete ja inspireerivate vestluste eest. Tänan oma kolleege Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo ja arheo- loogia instituudist, kes on selle töö kirjutamisel näidanud üles suurt abi ja toetust. Samuti olen toetuse eest tänulik kolleegidele Tartu Ülikooli muuseumis, aga ka Tallinna Ülikoolis, Rahvusarhiivis, Tartu Ülikooli raamatukogus, Tal- linna Linnaarhiivis ja Eesti Rahvusraamatukogus, kes on eeskuju, nõuannete või viidete abil panustanud siin töös avaldatud artiklitesse, kuid keda siin nimeliselt mainimisest hoidun kartes kedagi kogemata unustada. Nimeliselt soovin siiski tänada Anu Leppa, kes abistas väitekirja trükiversiooni keelelise ja sisulise toimetamisega. Eriliselt sooviksin tänada Tartu Ülikooli raamatukogu käsikirjade ja haruldaste raamatute osakonna, raamatukogudevahelise laenutuse, Tallinna Ülikooli aka- deemilise raamatukogu Baltika saali, Leuveni Katoliikliku Ülikooli raamatu- kogu harulduste osakonna ja Rahvusarhiivi lugemissaali töötajaid, ilma kelleta jääksid ilmselt paljud uurimistööd kirjutamata. Ilma lähedaste, sõprade, kaaslaste, kaasteeliste, kaasvõitlejate, kolleegide ning õdedeta korporatsioonist Filiae Patriae oleks see olnud palju vähem seiklus- ja rõõmurikas teekond! Tartus, 2017 7 Dissertatsiooni valmimist on toetanud: 2007 Tartu Ülikooli Sihtasutuse Puhk-Mörneri stipendium 2009 DoRa stipendium õpinguteks Helsingi Ülikoolis 2010–2013 Projekt ETF8205 Vesimärgid ja paberi ajalugu varauusaegses Eestis 2016 Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst stipendium enesetäienduseks Göttingenis 8 SISSEJUHATUS „Kolmandal päeval tulid paganad suure hulgana tagasi ja tõid kristlastele oma lugupidamise märgiks kingitusi kaasa: mett, piima, kanu, mune, metslinde ja jäneseid. Siis kostitasid kristlased neid veel korra ja kinkisid kübaraid ja kübara- paelu, püksipaelu, peegleid, vöösid, punaseid paelu, nuge ja õmblusnõelu, mis sõprust aina süvendas, nii et paganad tulid neljandalgi päeval tagasi ja tõid kaasa lambaid, kalu, lihakiudu, mett, vaha, mune, metslinde, metsloomade karusnahku ja panid maha.“1 Selliselt kujutas Liivimaa kaupmees Franz Nyenstede 17. sajandi alguses ette saksa
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