FAMILY Synbranchidae Bonaparte, 1835 - swamp [=Catremia, Synbranchini, Ophicardides, Pneumobranchoidei [Pneumabranchoidei], Amphipnoina, Monopteridae, Flutidae, Typhlosynbranchinae, Cuchiidae, Cuchiidae, Macrotreminae] Notes: Catremia Rafinesque, 1815:93 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) ? [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Synbranchini Bonaparte, 1835:[22] [ref. 32242] (subfamily) Synbranchus [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; stem changed to Symbranch- by Günther 1870:12 [ref. 1995] based on Symbranchus; senior objective synonym of Flutidae Jordan, 1923] Ophicardides McClelland, 1844:155, 159 [ref. 2928] (no family-group name) Pneumobranchoidei [Pneumabranchoidei] Bleeker, 1859d:XXXII [ref. 371] (family) Pneumabranchus Amphipnoina Günther, 1870:12, 13 [ref. 1995] (group) Amphipnous [senior objective synonym of Cuchiidae McAllister, 1968] Monopteridae Cope, 1871:455 [ref. 920] (family) Flutidae Jordan, 1923a:129 [ref. 2421] (family) Fluta [junior objective synonym of Synbranchini Bonaparte, 1835, invalid, Article 61.3.2] Typhlosynbranchinae Pellegrin, 1923:215 [ref. 3403] (subfamily) Typhlosynbranchus Cuchiidae ‘Norman’, 1957:604 [ref. 31890] (family) Cuchia [hand written correction by ??; not available] Cuchiidae McAllister, 1968:159 [ref. 26854] (family) Cuchia [name only, but bibliographic reference to the description by Day 1878:656 [ref. 1080] Article 13.1.2; junior objective synonym of Amphipnoina Günther, 1870, invalid, Article 61.3.2] Macrotreminae Rosen & Greenwood, 1976:49 [ref. 7094] (subfamily) Macrotrema [emended to Macrotrematinae by Bailey & Gans 1998:2 [ref. 23296]]

GENUS Macrotrema Regan, 1912 - swamp eels [=Macrotrema Regan [C. T.], 1912:390] Notes: [ref. 3645]. Neut. Symbranchus caligans Cantor, 1849. Type by monotypy. Correct spelling for genus of type is Synbranchus. •Valid as Macrotrema Regan, 1912 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:50 [ref. 7094], Kottelat 1989:16 [ref. 13605], Bailey & Gans 1998:4 [ref. 23296], Kottelat 2013:307 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Macrotrema Regan, 1912. Synbranchidae.

Species Macrotrema caligans (Cantor, 1849) - Malaysian swamp [=Symbranchus caligans Cantor [T. E.], 1849:1316 [334], Pl. 7 (fig. 1-3)] Notes: [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 18 (pt 2); ref. 715] Penang, Malaysia. Current status: Valid as Macrotrema caligans (Cantor, 1849). Synbranchidae. Distribution: Southeastern Asia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

GENUS Monopterus Lacepede, 1800 - swamp eels [=Monopterus Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1800:138, Amphipnous Müller [J.], 1840:117, Apterigia Basilewsky [S.], 1855:247, Cryptophthalmus Franz [V.], 1910:15, Fluta Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:565, Ophicardia McClelland [J.], 1844:175, 191, 218, Swainson [W.], 1839:196, 336, 445, Pneumabranchus McClelland [J.], 1844:411, Typhlosynbranchus Pellegrin [J.], 1922:884, Unagius Jordan [D. S.], 1919:343] Notes: [ref. 2709]. Masc. Monopterus javanensis Lacepède, 1800. Type by monotypy. Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 give Muraena alba Zuiew as the type of Monopterus (not an originally included species; Lacepède included only one species, javanensis, and it is the type by monotypy). •Valid as Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094] and Jayaram 1981:309 [ref. 6497] with wrong type, Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:366 [ref. 6441], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Paxton et al. 1989:436 [ref. 12442], Kottelat 1989:16 [ref. 13605], Roberts 1989:183 [ref. 6439], Ataur Rahman 1989:50 [ref. 24860], Liu in Pan et al. 1991:357 [ref. 23876], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:659 [ref. 21590], Bailey & Gans 1998:2 [ref. 23296], Yang in Chen 1998:320 [ref. 23556], Gopi 2002:139 [ref. 27553], Ataur Rahman 2003:65 [ref. 31338], Proudlove 2006:186 [ref. 28992], Hoese & Gates 2006:860 [ref. 28997], Scharpf 2007:36 [ref. 30398], Britz et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31404], Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Amphipnous) [ref. 12523]. Masc. Unibranchapertura cuchia Hamilton, 1822. Type by original designation. Also in Müller 1841:246 [ref. 32989]. •Objective synonym of Cuchia Hamilton, 1831. •Status uncertain -- (Bailey & Gans 1998:2 [ref. 23296]). •Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Britz et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31404], Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Apterigia) [ref. 200]. Fem. Apterigia saccogularis Basilewsky, 1855. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan 1919:263 [ref. 2410]. •Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Cryptophthalmus) [ref. 1481]. Masc. Cryptophthalmus robustus Franz, 1910. Type by monotypy. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Cryptophthalmus Rafinesque, 1814 in Crustacea and Ehrenberg 1831 in Mollusca; replaced by Unagius Jordan, 1919. •Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (McCosker et al. 2011:272 [ref. 31452], Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Fluta) [ref. 471]. Fem. Monopterus javanensis Lacepède, 1800. Type by monotype. Monopterus not preoccupied by Monopteros Volta, 1796. •Objective synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094] but with wrong type for Monopterus, Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Roberts 1989:183 [ref. 6439], Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Ophicardia) [ref. 2928]. Fem. Ophicardia phayriana McClelland, 1844. Type by monotypy. Species apparently misspelled phyariana in main entry (p. 191); named after Capt. Phayre (mentioned twice on p. 191-192) and spelled phayriana on p. 204 (legend to Pl. 12) and on p. 218. •Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094] but as Ophiocardia, species as phyariana, Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Ophichthys) [ref. 4303]. Masc. Ophichthys punctatus Swainson, 1839 (= Unibranchapertura cuchia Hamilton, 1822). Type by monotypy. As Ophicthys on p. 196 and 441 (index). Swainson's O. punctatus is an unneeded substitute for U. cuchia. Objective synonym of Cuchia Hamilton (in Taylor), 1831; also predates Amphipnous Müller, 1841 with same type. Ophichthys is also a misspelling of in some early literature. •Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203]. Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Pneumabranchus) [ref. 2927]. Masc. Pneumabranchus cinereus McClelland, 1844. Type by monotypy. Usually attributed to McClelland 1844 [1845]:175, 192 [ref. 2928] with type as P. striatus, but appeared first in McClelland 1844 as above with only one included species. •Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Typhlosynbranchus) [ref. 3402]. Masc. Typhlosynbranchus boueti Pellegrin, 1922. Type by monotypy. Typhlosymbranchus is a misspelling. •Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Kottelat 2013:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (Unagius) [ref. 2413]. Masc. Cryptophthalmus robustus Franz, 1910. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Cryptophthalmus Franz, 1910, preoccupied by Cryptophthalmus Rafinesque, 1814 in Crustacea and Ehrenberg 1831 in Mollusca. •Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800 -- (Kottelat 213:308 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Monopterus Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae.

Species Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) - Asian [=Muraena alba Zuiew [B.] 1793:299, Pl. 7 (fig. 2), Pneumabranchus cinereus McClelland [J.] 1843:411, Pl. 25 (fig. 3), Symbranchus grammicus Cantor [T. E.] 1842:486, Apterigia immaculata Basilewsky [S.] 1855:248, Unibranchapertura laevis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:657, 658, Pl. 17 (fig. 3), Monopterus marmoratus Richardson [J.] (ex Temminck & Schlegel) 1846:315, Apterigia nigromaculata Basilewsky [S.] 1855:248, Pl. 2 (fig. 2), Cryptophthalmus robustus Franz [V.] 1910:15, Pl. 3 (fig. 11), Apterigia saccogularis Basilewsky [S.] 1855:247, Pl. 8 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae v. 7 (for 1789); ref. 17717] No locality stated [Suriname]. Syntypes: ZIL uncat. (Dhalberg Collection, whereabouts unknown). Originally from Suriname, not Asia of authors. Current status: Valid as Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Distribution: Asia; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (cinereus) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 2927] Chusan, China. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (grammicus) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (New Series) v. 9 (nos 58, 59, 60); ref. 17344] Chusan Island, China. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (immaculata) [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Northern China. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (laevis) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (marmoratus) [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Chusan, China. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (nigromaculata) [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Northern China. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (robustus) [Abhandlungen der math.-phys. Klasse der K. Bayer Akademie der Wissenschaften v. 4 (Suppl.) (no. 1); ref. 1481] Yokohama, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (saccogularis) [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Northern China. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Monopterus bicolor Nguyen & Nguyen, in Nguyen, 2005 - Nguyen's swamp eel [=Monopterus bicolor Nguyen [H. D.] & Nguyen [V. H.], in Nguyen, 2005:629, Fig. 1] Notes: [Freshwater of Vietnam v. 3; ref. 29809] Dien Khanh (Khanh Hoa), Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Monopterus bicolor Nguyen & Nguyen, 2005. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Dien Khanh, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus boueti (Pellegrin, 1922) - Liberian swamp eel [=Typhlosynbranchus boueti Pellegrin [J.], 1922:884, Fig.] Notes: [Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences v. 174; ref. 3402] Creek near Monrovia, Liberia. Current status: Valid as Monopterus boueti (Pellegrin, 1922). Synbranchidae. Distribution: West Africa. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton, 1822) - Gangetic swamp eel [=Unibranchapertura cuchia Hamilton [F.], 1822:16, 363, Pl. 16 (fig. 4), Pneumabranchus albinus McClelland [J.], 1844:196, 219, Pneumabranchus leprosus McClelland [J.], 1844:195, 219, Ophichthys punctatus Swainson [W.], 1839:336, Pneumabranchus striatus McClelland [J.], 1844:192, 204, 219, Pl. 13] Notes: [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Southeastern Bengal, . Current status: Valid as Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton, 1822). Synbranchidae. Distribution: Asia: Pakistan India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (albinus) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Bengal, India. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton, 1822). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (leprosus) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Bengal. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton, 1822). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (punctatus) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Current status: Synonym of Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton, 1822). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (striatus) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Current status: Synonym of Monopterus cuchia (Hamilton, 1822). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Monopterus desilvai Bailey & Gans, 1998 - Bailey's swamp eel [=Monopterus desilvai Bailey [R. M.] & Gans [C.], 1998:6, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan No. 726; ref. 23296] In rice paddy, village of Marawila, west.-central , 7°24.5'N, 79°50.45'E. Current status: Valid as Monopterus desilvai Bailey & Gans, 1998. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Sri Lanka. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus dienbienensis Nguyen & Nguyen, in Nguyen, 2005 - Dienbien swamp eel [=Monopterus dienbienensis Nguyen [V. H.] & Nguyen [H. D.], in Nguyen, 2005:631, Fig. 2] Notes: [Freshwater fishes of Vietnam v. 3; ref. 29809] Doi III, xa Thanh Luong, Dien Bien Province, Vietnam. Current status: Valid as Monopterus dienbienensis Nguyen & Nguyen, 2005. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Dien Bien Province, Vietnam. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus digressus Gopi, 2002 - Gopi's swamp eel [=Monopterus digressus Gopi [K. C.], 2002:137, Figs. 1-6; Pl. 1] Notes: [Records of the Zoological Survey of India v. 100 (pt 1-2); ref. 27553] Homestead well at Kuthiravattom, a suburban locality of Calicut, Kerala, India, elevation 40 meters. Current status: Valid as Monopterus digressus Gopi, 2002. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Kerala, India. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus eapeni Talwar, in Talwar & Jhingran, 1991 - Talwar's swamp eel [=Monopterus (Monopterus) eapeni Talwar [P. K.], in Talwar & Jhingran, 1991:779, Monopterus indicus Eapen [K. C.], 1963:129, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries v. 1-2; ref. 20764] Well at Kottayam, 9°30'N, 76°33'E, Kerala, southern India. Current status: Valid as Monopterus eapeni Talwar, 1991. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Kerala, India. Habitat: freshwater. (indicus) [Bulletin of the Department of Marine Biology Oceanogrphy, University of Kerala v. 1; ref. 1784] Well at Kottayam, Kerala, southern India. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus eapeni Talwar, 1991. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus fossorius (Nayar, 1951) - Malabar swamp eel [=Amphipnous fossorius Nayar [K. K.], 1951:311, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences v. 33 (sect. B); ref. 12904] Marshy area adjoining Karamanai River near Trivandrum, Travancore, India. Current status: Valid as Monopterus fossorius (Nayar, 1951). Synbranchidae. Distribution: India. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus hodgarti (Chaudhuri, 1913) - Indian swamp eel [=Moringua hodgarti Chaudhuri [B. L.], 1913:255, Pl. 9 (figs. 3, 3a-b)] Notes: [Records of the Indian Museum (Calcutta) v. 8 (pt 3); ref. 819] Upper Rotung, Abor Hills, Assam, India, elevation 2000 feet. Current status: Valid as Monopterus hodgarti (Chaudhuri, 1913). Synbranchidae. Distribution: India. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus ichthyophoides Britz et al., 2011 - Britz's swamp eel [=Monopterus ichthyophoides Britz [R.], Lalremsanga [H. T.], Lalrotluanga [no initials] & Lalramliana [no initial], 2011:52, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2936; ref. 31404] Sawleng River, a tributary of Tuirial River in the vicinity of Sawleng, 23°58'52"N, 92°55'14"E, Barak River drainage, Mizoram, India. Current status: Valid as Monopterus ichthyophoides Britz, Lalremsanga, Lalrotluanga & Lalramliana, 2011. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Barak River drainage, Mizoram, India. Habitat: freshwater. Species Monopterus indicus (Silas & Dawson, 1961) - Bombay swamp eel [=Amphipnous indicus Silas [E. G.] & Dawson [E.], 1961:367] Notes: [Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society v. 58 (pt 2); ref. 9380] Robbers Cave, Satara District, Maharashtra State, India. Current status: Valid as Monopterus indicus (Silas & Dawson, 1961). Synbranchidae. Distribution: India. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus javanensis Lacepede, 1800 - Javan swamp eel [=Monopterus javanensis Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1800:138, 139, Symbranchus eurychasma Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.], in Bleeker, 1852:60, Monopterus helvolus Richardson [J.], 1846:316, Ophicardia phayriana McClelland [J.], 1844:191, 204, 218, Pl. 12 (fig. 1), Synbranchus xanthognathus Richardson [J.], 1845:no p., Pl. 52 (fig. 7)] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 2; ref. 2709] Sunda Strait, Java, . Current status: Valid as Monopterus javanensis Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Indonesisa to China. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (eurychasma) [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Current status: Synonym of Monopterus javanensis Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. (helvolus) [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Canton, China. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus javanensis Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (phayriana) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Sandoway on the Arracan coast. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus javanensis Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (xanthognathus) [Ichthyology.--Part 2. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur; ref. 20574] Canton, China. Current status: Synonym of Monopterus javanensis Lacepède, 1800. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Monopterus luticolus Britz et al., 2016 - luticolus swamp eel [=Monopterus luticolus Britz [R.], Doherty-Bone [T. M.], Kouete [M. T.], Sykes [D.] & Gower [D. J.], 2016:312, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 4) for Dec.; ref. 34914] Mundame, along river Mungo, near Kumba, dug up from sandy soil in farmland with banana and cocoyam crops and tree ferns and palm trees, Cameroon, 4°33'N, 9°31'E, elevation 35-170 meters. Current status: Valid as Monopterus luticolus Britz, Doherty-Bone, Kouete, Sykes & Gower, 2016. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Mount Cameroon, Cameroon. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Monopterus roseni Bailey & Gans, 1998 - Rosen's swamp eel [=Monopterus roseni Bailey [R. M.] & Gans [C.], 1998:12, Figs. 5-7] Notes: [Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan No. 726; ref. 23296] From a well, Periyam village, 10°38'N, 76°22'E. northern Kerala state, India, elevation 50 meters. Current status: Valid as Monopterus roseni Bailey & Gans, 1998. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Kerula state, India. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS McClelland, 1844 - swamp eels [=Ophisternon McClelland [J.], 1844:175, 196, 220, Anommatophasma Mees [G. F.], 1962:27, Furmastix Whitley [G. P.], 1951:67, Pluto Hubbs [C. L.], 1938:291, Tetrabranchus Bleeker [P.], 1851:69] Notes: [ref. 2928]. Neut. Ophisternon bengalensis McClelland, 1844. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896:342 [ref. 2443]. •Valid as Ophisternon McClelland, 1844 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:50 [ref. 7094], Jayaram 1981:310 [ref. 6497], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Paxton et al. 1989:436 [ref. 12442], Kottelat 1989:16 [ref. 13605], Rahman 1989:51 [ref. 24860], Allen 1991:111 [ref. 21090], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:659 [ref. 21590], Bailey & Gans 1998:4 [ref. 23296], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061], Ataur Rahman 2003:66 [ref. 31338], Favorito et al. 2005:319 [ref. 28383], Perdices et al. 2005:460 [ref. 28418], Proudlove 2006:183 [ref. 28992], Hoese & Gates 2006:860 [ref. 28997], Scharpf 2007:37 [ref. 30398], Kottelat 2013:30 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Valid as Ophisternon McClelland, 1844. Synbranchidae. (Anommatophasma) [ref. 2966]. Neut. Anommatophasma candidum Mees, 1962. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Ophisternon McClelland, 1844 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:50 [ref. 7094] and Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203] but as Anomatophasma, Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061]). Synonym of Ophisternon McClelland, 1844 -- (Kottelat 2013:309 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Ophisternon McClelland, 1844. Synbranchidae. (Furmastix) [ref. 4711]. Fem. Pluto infernalis Hubbs, 1938. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Pluto Hubbs, 1938, preoccupied in Hymenoptera [details not researched]. •Synonym of Ophisternon McClelland, 1844 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:50 [ref. 7094], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Ophisternon McClelland, 1844. Synbranchidae. (Pluto) [ref. 2248]. Masc. Pluto infernalis Hubbs, 1938. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Preoccupied in Hymenoptera (sphecoid wasps) by Pluto Pate, 1937 [a replacement name for Psenia Malloch, 1933]; Pluto Hubbs was replaced by Furmastix Whitley, 1951. •Objective synonym of Furmastix Whitley, 1951. •Synonym of Ophisternon McClelland, 1844 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:50 [ref. 7094], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061], Kottelat 2013:309 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Ophisternon McClelland, 1844. Synbranchidae. (Tetrabranchus) [ref. 327]. Masc. Tetrabranchus microphthalmus Bleeker, 1851. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Ophisternon McClelland, 1844 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:50 [ref. 7094], Daget 1986:291 [ref. 6203], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061]. Kottelat 2013:309 [ef. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Ophisternon Mcclelland, 1844. Synbranchidae.

Species Ophisternon aenigmaticum Rosen & Greenwood, 1976 - obscure swamp eel [=Ophisternon aenigmaticum Rosen [D. E.] & Greenwood [P. H.], 1976:52, Figs. 23-24] Notes: [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 157 (art. 1); ref. 7094] About 13 kilometers southwest of Sebol, Alta Verapaz, Río Chajmaic, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Ophisternon aenigmaticum Rosen & Greenwood, 1976. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Central America and Caribbean islands: Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Saint Lucia (introduced), and Trinidad and Tobago. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ophisternon afrum (Boulenger, 1909) - Guinea swamp eel [=Symbranchus afer Boulenger [G. A.], 1909:430, Muraena cinerea Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Gronow), 1788:35] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 14366] Port Mansoa, Guinea-Bissau. Current status: Valid as Ophisternon afrum (Boulenger, 1909). Synbranchidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (cinerea) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Guinea. Current status: Synonym of Ophisternon afrum (Boulenger, 1909). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species McClelland, 1844 - Bengal swamp eel [=Ophisternon bengalensis McClelland [J.], 1844:197, 204, 220, Pl. 11 (fig. 1), Ophisternono hepaticus McClelland [J.], 1844:198, 204, 221, Pl. 11 (fig. 2), Tetrabranchus microphthalmus Bleeker [P.], 1851:69] Notes: [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Bengal, India. Current status: Valid as Ophisternon bengalense McClelland, 1844. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Asia and western Pacific countries. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (hepaticus) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Arrakan coast, Myanmar. Current status: Synonym of Ophisternon bengalense McClelland, 1844. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (microphthalmus) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 2; ref. 327] Bandjarmasin, Borneo, Indonesia. Current status: Synonym of Ophisternon bengalense McClelland, 1844. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Ophisternon candidum (Mees, 1962) - blind cave eel [=Anommatophasma candidum Mees [G. F.], 1962:27] Notes: [Journal of the Royal Society of Western v. 45 (pt 1); ref. 2966] Tantabiddi Well, Yardie Creek Station, North West Cape, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Ophisternon candidum (Mees, 1962). Synbranchidae. Distribution: Australia: North West Cape, Western Australia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ophisternon gutturale (Richardson, 1845) - Australian swamp eel [=Synbranchus gutturalis Richardson [J.], 1845:49, Pl. 30 (figs. 14-17)] Notes: [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. Current status: Valid as Ophisternon gutturale (Richardson, 1845). Synbranchidae. Distribution: Northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Ophisternon infernalis (Hubbs, 1938) - blind swamp eel [=Pluto infernalis Hubbs [C. L.], 1938:292, Pl. 4] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 491 (art. 21); ref. 2248] Hoctun Cave at Hoctun, between Merida and Chichen Itza, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Ophisternon infernale (Hubbs, 1938). Synbranchidae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope of Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Synbranchus Bloch, 1795 - swamp eels [=Synbranchus Bloch [M. E.], 1795:86, Falconeria Larrañaga [D. A.], 1923:381, Typhlobranchus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:537, Unibranchapertura Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:656, Unipertura Duméril [A. M. C.], 1856:201] Notes: [ref. 464]. Masc. Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Bleeker 1865:117 [ref. 4860]. Symbranchus is apparently a misspelling. •Valid as Synbranchus Bloch, 1795 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:53 [ref. 7094], Malabarba 1989:162 [ref. 14217], Bailey & Gans 1998:4 [ref. 23296], Britski et al. 1999:152 [ref. 24147], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061], Favorito et al. 2005:319 [ref. 28383], Perdices et al. 2005:460 [ref. 28418]). Current status: Valid as Synbranchus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. (Falconeria) [ref. 22561]. Fem. Two included species, no type designated. Also appeared in Devincenzi 1925:295 [ref. 20322] quoted from Larrañaga manuscript, but Devincenzi (p. 298, 321) equated with Symbranchus [Synbranchus] and did not treat genus as valid. •Synonym of Synbranchus Bloch, 1795 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. (Typhlobranchus) [ref. 471]. Masc. Typhlobranchus spurius Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Synbranchus Bloch, 1795 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:53 [ref. 7094], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. (Unibranchapertura) [ref. 4930]. Fem. Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1896:342 [ref. 2443]. Spelled Unibranchaperturus and Unibranchapterura in early literature; and as Unipertura by Duméril 1856:201 [ref. 1154]. •Synonym of Synbranchus Bloch, 1795 -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:53 [ref. 7094], Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. (Unipertura) [ref. 1154]. Fem. Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Type by being a replacement name. Unjustified emendation (abridgment) for Unibranchapertura Lacepède, 1803 and taking same type; analysis by Rosen & Greenwood 1976:50-51 [ref. 7094] apparently in error [type of Unipertura not U. laevis and not "designated" as such]. •Synonymy of Synbranchus Bloch, 1795 -- (Kullander in Reis et al. 2003:594 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae.

Species Synbranchus lampreia Favorito et al., 2005 - lampreia swamp eel [=Synbranchus lampreia Favorito [S. E.], Zanata [A. M.] & Assumpção [M. I.], 2005:ADD, ADD] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 3); ref. 28383] Rio Goiapi, tributary of rio Arari, Cachoeira do Arari (ca. 0°58'S, 48°57'), ilha de Marajó, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Synbranchus lampreia Favorito, Zanata & Assumpção, 2005. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Synbranchus madeirae Rosen & Rumney, 1972 - Madeira swamp eel [=Synbranchus madeirae Rosen [D. E.] & Rumney [A.], 1972:11, Figs. 15-16, 17B, 18B] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 2497; ref. 7640] Río Beni, Beni, Bolivia, 14°18'S, 67°23'W. Current status: Valid as Synbranchus madeirae Rosen & Rumney, 1972. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Madeira River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 - marbled swamp eel [=Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch [M. E.], 1795:87, Pl. 418, Falconeria aptera Larrañaga [D. A.], 1923:381, Symbranchus doeringii Weyenbergh [H.], 1877:15, Pl. 2, Synbranchus fuliginosus Ranzani [C.], 1839:75 [11], Pl. 11 (figs. 1a-b), Symbranchus hieronymi Weyenbergh [H.], 1877:14, Pl. 2, Synbranchus immaculatus Bloch [M. E.], 1795:87, Pl. 419 (fig. 1), Unibranchapertura lineata Lacepède [B. G. E.], 1803:656, 658, Synbranchus mercedarius Weyenbergh [H.], 1877:22, Pl. 4, Synbranchus pardalis Valenciennes [A.], 1836:no p., Pl. 13 (fig. 1), Falconeria pinnata Larrañaga [D. A.], 1923:381, Typhlobranchus spurius Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:537, Symbranchus tigrinus Weyenbergh [H.], 1877:16, Pl. 1, Synbranchus vittatus Castelnau [F. L.], 1855:84, Pl. 44 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Suriname. Current status: Valid as Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Distribution: Widespread in Central and South America; Mexico to northern Argentina. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (aptera) [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (doeringii) [Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas existente en la Universidad de Córdova, Buenos Aires. v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 14248] Lakes near Santa Fe, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (fuliginosus) [Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis v. 4 [1840]; ref. 18606] Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (hieronymi) [Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas existente en la Universidad de Córdova, Buenos Aires. v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 14248] Oran, Salta Province, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (immaculatus) [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Suriname; Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India [erroneous]. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (lineata) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepéde) v. 5; ref. 4930] Cayenne, French Guiana. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (mercedarius) [Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas existente en la Universidad de Córdova, Buenos Aires. v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 14248] Lakes along Río Primero, near Cordoba and Chacra de la Merced, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (pardalis) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (pinnata) [Escritos de Don Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga v. 2; ref. 22561] Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (spurius) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] American rivers [South America]. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (tigrinus) [Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas existente en la Universidad de Córdova, Buenos Aires. v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 14248] Lakes near Santa Fe, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (vittatus) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish

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Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Cuchia Hamilton [F.] in Taylor 1831:42 [Edinburgh Journal of Science (n. s.) v. 5 (no. 9); ref. 6560] Fem. Unibranchapertura cuchia Hamilton 1822. Type by monotypy (also by absolute tautonymy). Probably unavailable and a vernacular name not distinct from Unibranchapertura as used by Taylor (see discussion in Rosen & Greenwood 1976:56 [ref. 7094]); possibly as Cuchia for the species cuchia. •In the synonymy of Monopterus Lacepéde 1800. Current status: Uncertain as Monopterus Lacepède 1800. Synbranchidae.

(species) microphthalma, Muraena Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Gronow) 1792:152 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Guinea. No types known. Based on 'Muraena unicolor: maxilla superiore longiore ...' of Gronow 1763:39 [ref. 1910]. Description independent of Muraena cinerea Bonnaterre 1788. Not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of priority in favor of Symbranchus afer Boulenger 1909 is followed (Art. 23.9). •Possibly a synonym of Ophisternon afrum (Boulenger 1909) -- (P. Parenti, pers. comm.). Current status: Uncertain as Ophisternon afrum (Boulenger 1909). Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. ambigua, Muraena Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:152 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Flumina Americes sub linea aequinoctiali. •Possibly a synonym of Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch 1795 -- (Litz & Koerber 2014:32 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:54 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:74 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Uncertain as Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch 1795. Synbranchidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. cendre, Synbranchus McClelland [J.] 1844:220 [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Coast of Guinea. Appeared as Synbranchus cendre, Bon., but no species under this name has been located except as above. Synbranchidae. subterraneus, Symbranchus Poey [F.] 2000:762, Pl. 426 (figs.3-5) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Figured specimen listed as type. Genus should have been spelled Synbranchus. Synbranchidae. transversalis, Synbranchus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:524 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] "Guinea", West Africa. •Status uncertain -- (Rosen & Greenwood 1976:55 [ref. 7094]). Synbranchidae.