Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro Biomédico Instituto De Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes

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Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro Biomédico Instituto De Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro Biomédico Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes Milena Gomes Simão Osteologia de Synbranchus marmoratus (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae) Rio de Janeiro 2012 Milena Gomes Simão Osteologia de Synbranchus marmoratus (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae) Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre, ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Marques Machado Brito Rio de Janeiro 2012 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/REDE SIRIUS/BIBLIOTECA CB-A S588 Simão, Milena Gomes. Osteologia de Synbranchus marmoratus (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae) / Milena Gomes Simão. – 2012. 83 f. Orientador: Paulo Marques Machado Brito. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes. Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências. 1. Osteologia. 2. Synbranchus marmoratus – Teses. 3. Peixe de água doce – Teses. I. Brito, Paulo Marques Machado. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes. III. Título. CDU 597.591 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação, desde que citada a fonte. ____________________________________________ _______________________ Assinatura Data Milena Gomes Simão Osteologia de Synbranchus marmoratus (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae) Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre, ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Aprovada em 28 de março de 2012. Orientador: _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Marques Machado Brito Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes - UERJ Banca Examinadora: _____________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Andréa Espínola de Siqueira Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes - UERJ _____________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Maria Eduarda de Castro Leal Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes - UERJ _____________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcelo Ribeiro de Britto Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ Rio de Janeiro 2012 DEDICATÓRIA A João Antonio Vinhosa Simão e Arminda Gomes Simão, por todo amor e dedicação a mim destinados. AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer ao meu orientador, prof. Dr. Paulo Marques Machado Brito, a oportunidade e a confiança a mim proporcionadas, ao ter me recebido gentilmente em seu grupo de trabalho. Sou especialmente grata à profª Dra Andréa Espínola de Siqueira, sempre solícita e paciente, pela revisão da dissertação. Sem a ajuda dela, não seria possível finalizar esse trabalho. Gostaria de agradecer aos participantes da banca, Prof.ª Dra. Andréa Espínola de Siqueira, Prof.ª Dra. Maria Eduarda de Castro Leal, Prof. Dr. Marcelo Ribeiro de Britto, Prof. Dr. Ulisses Leite Gomes e Prof. Dr. José Ricardo Miras Mermudes. A toda equipe do laboratório e colaboradores, Lúcio Paulo Machado, Diogo Mayrinck, Ney Mello, Giselle Machado, Léo Galvão e Jesus Alvarado, pela ajuda e pelos bons momentos que desfrutamos. Agradeço, sobretudo, ao Iván Jara pelos espécimes coletados no Paraguai, a Cesar Amaral e Kleyton Magno por terem dado palpites importantes para a minha pesquisa e me ajudado esclarecendo algumas dúvidas, à Camila Cupello por sua ternura intrínseca e pelas palavras de força e estímulo e ao Bouziane Khalloufi, pela correção do “Résumé”. Ao prof. Dr. Marcelo Brito por ter emprestado gentilmente o material da Coleção Ictiológica do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Agradeço enormemente a Jean Miranda e Maíra Moraes do Laboratório de Ecologia de Peixes da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, pelas contribuições de material para a realização deste estudo. Sou especialmente grata a Sr. Assis e sua família e ao Teppey Ochi pelo auxílio nas coletas e tentativas de coletas, muitas vezes desastrosas. Agradeço imensamente ao Fabio Pupo pela ajuda e paciência ao me ensinar as técnicas de diafanização. Agradeço infinitamente aos meus pais, João Antonio Vinhosa Simão e Arminda Gomes Simão, por acreditarem em mim e dedicarem uma grande parte das suas vidas ao meu desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional. Meus pais, além de não parecerem irritados pelo fato de eu ainda morar com eles aos vinte e seis anos, mostram-se incondicionalmente compreensivos e amorosos, me apoiando em todas as minhas decisões. Meu irmão, por sua vez, merece os meus agradecimentos pelos bons conselhos, que serão (e já estão sendo) fielmente seguidos. Agradeço especialmente a Bruno Fragoso e toda sua família, por terem me recebido com tanta compreensão e carinho durante essa jornada. Agradeço ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e à CAPES, pela oportunidade e pelo suporte para a realização do trabalho. Aos meus amigos e familiares pelo afeto e pela força, que me encorajaram a seguir em frente. Por fim, agradeço a todos que compartilharam os prazeres e dificuldades desta jornada, a todos que me deram seus votos de confiança, apoiando-me em cada passo na organização dessa dissertação, e às pessoas que, direta ou indiretamente, me auxiliaram na concretização deste projeto. Os bons e os maus resultados dos nossos ditos e obras vão-se distribuindo, supõe-se que de uma maneira bastante uniforme e equilibrada, por todos os dias do futuro, incluindo aqueles, infindáveis, em que já cá não estaremos para poder comprová-lo, para congratularmo-nos ou para pedir perdão, aliás, há quem diga que é isto a imortalidade de que tanto se fala. José Saramago RESUMO SIMÃO, Milena. Osteologia de Synbranchus marmoratus (Synbranchiformes: Synbranchidae). 2012. 83f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biociências) - Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2012. O gênero Synbranchus, principal grupo representante da família Synbranchidae no Brasil é composto por três espécies: Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795, com distribuição do Norte da Argentina até o México; Synbranchus madeirae Rosen e Rumney, 1972, encontrado no Rio Madeira, Bacia Amazônica; e Synbranchus lampreia Favorito et al., 2005, encontrada no Rio Goiapi, Ilha de Marajó. Após a descrição de S. marmoratus (primeira espécie descrita para o gênero) outras doze espécies foram descritas para o grupo até o início do século XX. Em função da imprecisão das descrições e/ou ausência de holótipos conhecidos, Günther (1870) e Ringuelet (1967) colocaram-as em sinonímia com S. marmoratus. Incrédulos da distribuição geográfica tão ampla da espécie – Norte da Argentina até o México – e fundamentados na imprecisão das descrições, trabalhos posteriores verificaram a presença de outras espécies sobrepondo certos sítios de distribuição da espécie Synbranchus marmoratus. Como resultado, foram descritas as espécies Synbranchus madeirae e Synbranchus lampreia, além de uma nova espécie para o gênero Ophisternon, O. aenigmaticum Rosen e Greenwood, 1976. Ainda hoje, acredita-se que a espécie Synbranchus marmoratus seja, na realidade, formada por um complexo de espécies (ROSEN e GREENWOOD, 1976). Em função da escassez de estudos osteológicos completos e de caracteres diagnósticos bem definidos, as espécies do gênero Synbranchus são difíceis de serem distinguidas e a espécie S. marmoratus é frequentemente confundida com a espécie O. aenigmaticum. Além disso, trabalhos anteriores (FAVORITO-AMORIM, 1992, 1998) revelaram a existência de espécimes do gênero Synbranchus que não possuem algumas características diagnósticas para esse gênero. O presente estudo apresentou, pela primeira vez, a osteologia completa da espécie Synbranchus marmoratus, comparou exemplares dessa espécie oriundos de diferentes localidades e examinou alguns dos caracteres diagnósticos definidos para o gênero Synbranchus e suas espécies. Não foi possível encontrar diferenças significativas entre os espécimes provenientes de diferentes localidades, que justificasse a separação destes em espécies distintas. O resultado mostrou que alguns dos caracteres diagnósticos para o gênero Synbranchus não são exclusivos para esse grupo ou são extremamente variáveis entre os espécimes, reiterando a necessidade de uma rediagnose para esse gênero, anteriormente proposta por Favorito-Amorim (1992,1998) e Favorito et al. (2005). O resultado do exame dos caracteres diagnósticos das espécies do gênero Synbranchus apresentou um resultado semelhante, revelando que diversas características utilizadas para a distinção das espécies são, na realidade compartilhadas ou sobrepõem-se. Os resultados sugerem que a descrição completa da osteologia se S. marmoratus revelou-se uma importante ferramenta taxonômica e mostrou que faz-se necessária a realização de estudos osteológicos envolvendo as demais espécies do gênero Synbranchus. Palavras-chave: Synbranchus. Synbranchus marmoratus. Osteologia. RÉSUMÉ Le genre Synbranchus est le principal représentant de la famille des Synbranchidae au Brésil. Ce genre est composé aujourd’hui de trois espèces : Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch 1795, retrouvée du nord de l'Argentine au Mexique ; Synbranchus madeirae Rosen & Rumney 1972, connue du fleuve Madeira au Bassin de l'Amazone et Synbranchus lampreia Favorito et al. 2005, connue du fleuve Goiapi à l’Île de Marajó. Après la description de l’espèce S. marmoratus (la première espèce décrite du genre), douze espèces de Synbranchus ont été décrites jusqu'au début du XXe siècle. Toutefois, en raison de l'imprécision des descriptions et/ou de l’absence
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