Pore Water Pressure in Rock Slopes and Rockfill Slopes Subject to Dynamic Loading
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Pore water pressure in rock slopes and rockfill slopes subject to dynamic loading Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Stevens, W. Richard(William Richard) Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 11:07:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191872 PORE WATER PRESSURE IN ROCK SLOPES AND ROCKFILL SLOPES SUBJECT TO DYNAMIC LOADING by William Richard Stevens A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1985 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: I? vt-PA-;, , . APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: C. E Glass Date ssociate Professor of Mining and Geological Engineering Head of the Department PREFACE Most dynamic slope stability analyses do not incorporate the dynamic response of the pore water, especially the water in rock joints. The purpose of this thesis is to encourage studies in the dynamic response of water in rock joints and the effects the water has on rockmass shear strengths. A method is proposed to simulate the pore water pressure in rock slopes under dynamic loading. Hopefully, this thesis will encourage performance of experimental studies on the subject. I would like to thank Dr. C. E. Glass, Dr. J. Daemen and Dr. Ian Farmer for their advice and counsel. In addition, I would like to thank my wife, Rose, for spending many long and late hours to complete the typing and illustrations for this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES viii ABSTRACT ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. SHEAR STRENGTH OF ROCK JOINTS AND ROCKFILLS 3 Roughness Component of Shear Strength (A in Equation 2.4) 4 Joint Roughness Coefficient 4 Equivalent Roughness for Rockf ill 8 Strength Component of Shear Strength (B in Equation 2.4) . 8 Joint Compressive Strength 8 Equivalent Strength for Rockf ill (S in Table 2.1) . 11 Frictional Component of Shear Strength (C in Equation 2.4) 12 Basic Friction Angle 12 Residual Friction Angle 15 Testing Conditions Versus Field Conditions 15 Rock Block Tilt Test 15 Pull Testing of Rock Blocks 18 Tilt Test for Rockfill 18 Extrapolating JRC from Lab Samples 19 Factors Affecting Shear Strength 19 3. A SIMPLIFIED DYNAMIC SLOPE STABILITY METHOD 22 Constitutive Relation for LADRS-MDF 23 Frictional Model 25 Procedure for Using LADRS-MDF 26 Block Displacement Analysis Used in LADRS-MDF 29 4. DYNAMIC PORE WATER PRESSURE ANALYSIS 31 The Experimental and Theoretical Basis for the Dynamic Pore Pressure Analysis 32 Water Material Parameters Influencing Dynamic Pore Pressure in Unconsolidated Material 33 Material Parameters Influencing Dynamic Water Pressure in a Rockmass 35 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Other Parameters Influencing Dynamic Pore Water Pressure 36 Dynamic Pore Pressure of Very Permeable Rockf ill Slopes 37 Dynamic Pore Pressure of Rockf ill Slopes 40 Dynamic Pore Pressure Prediction for Rock Slopes 42 LADRS-MDF Analysis of the Homestake Pitch Slope Failure 43 Concluding Remarks 57 APPENDIX A: INPUT DATA FOR THE HOMESTAKE PITCH LADRS-MDF ANALYSIS 59 Rock Block Data 60 Variable Input Data 61 APPENDIX B: A COMPARISON OF THE DISPLACEMENTS CALCULATED BY LADRS-MDF WHEN VARYING THE JRC AND WATER TABLE . 62 APPENDIX C: DISPLACEMENTS CALCULATED BY LADRS-MDF WITH BLAST WAVES 68 REFERENCES 74 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 2.1 Joint Roughness Profile Showing the Typical Range of JRC Values Associated with Each One 7 2.2 Method of Estimating Roughness Based on Porosity of Rockf ill, Origin of Materials and Degree of Roundedness and Smoothness of Particles 9 2.3 Method of Estimating Equivalent Strength of Rockf ill Based on Uniaxial Compressive Strength and on d50 Particle Size 13 2.4 Schematic for a) Rock Block Tilt Test, b) Pull Test, and c) Rockfill Tilt Test 16 3.1 Geometry for LADRS-MDF 24 3.2 Freebody Diagram for LADRS-MDF Technique 28 4.1 a) Undrained Triaxial Test on Loose, Saturated Sand; b) Cyclic Triaxial Test for an Anisotropically Consolidated Specimen; and c) Pulsating Load Test on Dense Sand 41 4.2 Experimental and Predicted Data Showing the Size Dependant Dilation that Occurs During Shearing 44 4.3 Dilation Modeling for Shear Tests on Three Different Sample Sizes 45 4.4 Input Ground Motions a) Earthquake Wave, 5 Hertz; b) Blastwave, 50 Hertz 47 4.5 Homestake Pitch Slope Geometry and Water Table Delineation . 52 4.6 Pore Water Response in the Rock Joint of Mass Number 8, with JRC = 6, Earthquake Wave Input and with a Low Water Table 53 4.7 Distribution of Excess Pore Water Pressure Along a 300 foot Long Horizontal Drainage Path 54 vi vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Figure Page 4.8 Total Displacements of Mass Number 8 with JRC = 6, Earthquake Wave Input and with a Low Water Table . 56 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Shear Strength Estimation for Rock Joints, Rockf ill and Rock Interfaces 5 2.2 Estimating JCS Using Rockmass Density, Joint Wall Density and the Uniaxial Compressive Strength 10 2.3 Basic Friction Angles of Various Unweathered Rocks Obtained From Flat and Residual Surfaces 14 3.1 Suggested Values for the Scaling Factor T 26 4.1 Final Block Displacements for JRC = 6 and a Low Water Table with Variable Input Motions 48 4.2 Final Block Displacements for JRC = 6 and an Earthquake Input Motion 49 4.3 Final Block Displacements for JRC = 15 and an Earthquake Input Motion 50 viii ABSTRACT A simplified method for simulating the response of rockf ill and rock slopes subject to a dynamic load is presented. A pore pressure analysis is incorporated into a dynamic slope stability computer program, the Linear Acceleration Dynamic Response of Slopes -- Multiple Degrees of Freedom (LADRS-MDF), developed by Dr. C.E. Glass of the University of Arizona. LADRS-MDF is based on Barton's empirical shear strength criteria and uses the entire acceleration time history. The dynamic water pressure analysis depends on the slope conditions. Only the transient water pressure is present in material where the excess pore pressure dissipation exceeds the excess pore pressure generation. When excess pore pressure generation is greater than the dissipation, a water pressure buildup is present along with the transient pore water pressure. ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Accurate predictions of dynamic slope stability depends upon laboratory and field testing in determining the actual in situ conditions. Many engineering problems have to be solved with a limited amount of data because of economics or other reasons. For these kinds of problems, a few simple and reproducible tests are needed that can be used to approximate the dynamic slope behaviour. Barton's method for determining shear strength and Glass' slope stability analysis are quick and easy procedures for estimating the dynamic stability for slopes. The pore water response in a slope subject to dynamic forces has been studied for slopes composed of uniform small particles (sands, clays and some rockfill). A literature search reveals, however, that dynamic pore pressures in media with non-uniform particles (i.e., waste dumps) and dynamic water pressure in jointed rock masses has not been investigated. Because of this, a dynamic pore water pressure analysis that can be incorporated into a simplified slope stability method will be developed. The next chapter will familiarize the reader with Barton's empirical work on the shear strength of rock joints. Chapter 3 will briefly explain the Linear Acceleration Dynamic Response of Slopes - Multiple Degrees of Freedom (LADRS-MDF) analysis, which uses Barton's 1 2 shear strength criteria. Chapter 4 discusses the processes and parameters critical to dynamic pore water pressure analysis. A dynamic water pressure simulation is then developed and is used to analyse the Homestake Pitch slope failure. Throughout this paper, the term "rockfill slope" will denote any slope composed of unconsolidated particles, and "rock slope" defines a massive, jointed rock slope. Pore water pressure, water pressure and pore pressure is used interchangeably and refers to any water pressure that affects the stability of slopes. CHAPTER 2 SHEAR STRENGTH OF ROCK JOINTS AND ROCKFILLS Many engineering problems have been solved using the Coulomb criterion, T = C a'tan* , 2.1 a linear relationship between the shear strength (T) and the effective stress (0'). If one considers the shear strength of rock joints or rock fills, the cohesion (c) is most likely equal to zero. The linear relationship between T and a' may be a good approximation for small intervals of stress, but is poor for large ranges of stress.