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1957 01 0030.Pdf INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. la/30 The Use of the Unified Soil Classification System by the Bureau of Réclamation L’emploi du Système Uniforme de Classification des Sols par le Bureau de Réclamation by A. A. W agner , Assistant Chief, Earth Laboratory Branch, Bureau of Réclamation, Denver Fédéral Centre, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. Sununary Sommaire The Unified Soil Classification System was adopted jointly by the L’emploi du système uniforme de classification des sols a été adopté Bureau of Réclamation and Corps of Engineers in 1952. conjointment par le Bureau de Réclamation et le Corps des Ingénieurs This paper présents a brief discussion of the development, the basic de l’Armée en 1952. principles and procédures for classifying soils by this system, and the Cette communication présente une briève discussion de la méthode, application and use by the Bureau of Réclamation. des principes de base et des méthodes pour la classification des sols, ainsi que son emploi par le Bureau de Réclamation. Introduction Modem soil mechanics considers soil as a material of con­ (1) The system is related to the physical properties inhérent struction having engineering properties which can be used in in the soil and not a particular use. Thus, it may be used for design. Soils are a heterogeneous accumulation of minerai ail varieties of engineering problems involving soils. grains and occasionally organic material uncemented or (2) The system is based on soil behaviour which in turn cemented together, and because of the uncontrolled natural reflects the physical properties. conditions under which they are formed, there is an infinité (3) The system recognizes that soil behaviour is a function variety of natural soils, each with slightly différent physical of the amounts and the distribution of the basic constituents properties. Other materials such as concrete, Steel, or iron are common to ail soils; these are: closely controlled during fabrication to provide a limited range (a) Soil components. This is a term given to the solid in the magnitude of their properties. minerai grains which range in size from bulky equidimensional The engineer engaged in the design and construction of grains at least 12 in. in diameter to colloidal size fiake or plate- foundations and earthworks has recognized this peculiarity of like particles. Because of this broad size range, intermediate soils. To reach a practical and economical solution to this size ranges have been established using well-known, common problem, it became apparent that some method of identifying language terms to define each range; i.e. boulders, cobbles, soils and grouping them into classes, which have similar gravel, sand, silt and clay. These are called components physical properties and which exhibit similar général behaviour (Report of Committee VII on Foundation and Soil Mechanics, characteristics, was necessary. Numerous systems have been 1947), see Table 2. The maximum size, distribution of the developed for classifying soils for engineering purposes. Some intermediate sizes, shape and minerai composition (particularly are based on modifications of existing systems such as those of the fine-grained component) affect the behaviour of the soil. used in agriculture, geology or pedology, which were developed (b) Moisture. This includes the amount of free water in the to describe and catalogue soils according to a particular, non- voids and combined moisture present in the soil grains or other engineering property of their mode of déposition and occur­ substances. rence on the earth. New systems were set up for specialized (c) Other substances. This includes ail other substances, fields of engineering stressing a particular use which in some such as organic material, gases, and minerais which coat the cases applied only to certain limited fractions of the soil. Some grains or act as cementing agents. systems used uncommon, unrelated, locally-coined words and (4) The system establishes 15 soil groups. These groups, phrases to describe soil properties. each of which have distinct engineering properties, are typical In 1946 the Bureau of Réclamation adopted with some of ail soils found in nature. modifications the Airfield Classification which was developed It is recognized that many soils have property characteristics by Professor A. Casagrande for the Corps of Engineers and of two groups if they are close to the border line between the published by them in 1942. Acting on a recommendation by groups. Therefore, for this substantial number of soils, Casagrande, the Bureau of Réclamation in 1952 initiated dis­ boundary classifications between the typical soil groups are cussions with the Corps of Engineers for the purpose of adopting provided. a system satisfactory to both organizations. With A. Casa­ This provides a broad scheme of classification, in keeping grande as consultant, they reached agreement on a modification with this variable type of material, rather than a précisé one of the Airfield Classification which they named the Unified Soil which attempts to define the properties of a soil by différences Classification System (1953a, b). of one or two percentage points as determined from a particular test. The Unified Soil Classification System (5) The system provides two methods for determining the The features of the Unified Soil Classification System which amount and type of the basic components in the soil: a simple make it desirable and advantageous for categorizing soils visual and manual method or a laboratory method which uses according to their engineering properties are discussed below : well-known, widely used tests (Book of ASTM Standards, 1955), 125 U c < ;sc u e; 1 1 s 1 ° £ i 3 8.3 *0 - . 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