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Vikings of the Midwest: Place, Culture, and Ethnicity in Norwegian-American Literature, 1870-1940

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Vikings of the Midwest: Place, Culture, and Ethnicity in Norwegian-American Literature, 1870-1940 VIKINGS OF THE MIDWEST: PLACE, CULTURE, AND ETHNICITY IN NORWEGIAN-AMERICAN LITERATURE, 1870-1940 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kristin Ann Risley, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2003 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Steven Fink, Adviser Professor Georgina Dodge _________________________ Adviser Professor Susan Williams Department of English Copyright by Kristin Ann Risley 2003 ABSTRACT Although immigration is one of the defining elements of American history and ideology, texts written in the United States in languages other than English have been overlooked within American literary studies, as have the related categories of immigrant, ethnic, and regional writing and publishing. My project addresses the need for studies in multilingual American literature by examining the concept of home or Vesterheimen (literally, “the western home”) in Norwegian-American literature. I argue that ethnic writers use the notion of home to claim and/or criticize American values and to narrate individual and collective identities—in essence, to write themselves into American literature and culture. Hence these “hyphenated” American authors are united in the common imaginative project of creating a home and history in the United States. My project locates and examines Vesterheimen in three main contexts: place, community, and culture. The first part of the dissertation focuses on Norwegian- American print culture as a dynamic force in shaping and promoting ethnic consciousness. The first and second chapters provide case studies on Augsburg Publishing House and one of its feature publications, the Christmas annual Jul i Vesterheimen. I reveal the ways in which Augsburg connects reading practices to class, culture, and citizenship and contend that such messages are important in illuminating the particular literary activities of Vesterheimen as well as larger aspirations and conflicts ii surrounding the production of ethnic literature. I also contend that Augsburg and Jul i Vesterheimen attempt to construct ethnic identity, create an historical legacy, and write Norwegian-Americans into the nation as Americans of distinction. The second part of the dissertation examines some of the major themes and issues introduced in the early chapters, especially literary portrayals of place and community in Vesterheimen, via close readings of selected works of Norwegian-American literature. The third chapter considers notions of rootedness and displacement. I argue that place forms a center of meaning in the texts as writers use literature to convey place identity and articulate their attachment to homelands in Norway and America. The fourth chapter considers the struggle between cultural preservation and assimilation in the Norwegian- American community. Ultimately, I explore the dynamic and sometimes conflicted work of Norwegian-American literature as writers negotiate, strategically and skillfully, a home in America. iii For my grandparents, who instilled in me a love of stories, a respect for the past, and a sense of place. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the spirit of Emily Dickinson, who wrote “This is my letter to the World,” I proclaim this to be my thank you note to the world, for without the support of many others, this work would not have been possible. Indeed, the most rewarding part of the project has been the people and places that I have encountered along the way. I wish to express my deepest thanks to my adviser, Steve Fink, for his steadfast support and encouragement, as well as his patience, good humor, and wisdom. His early enthusiasm and guidance during independent studies in Norwegian-American literature and Midwestern literature helped inspire this project, and his contributions to the dissertation have been invaluable. I have also benefited on numerous occasions from Steve’s insightful readings and responses, as well as his high standards as a scholar and person. The fact that he is also a native of Minnesota has been an added bonus. Susan Williams was one of the first people to welcome me to Ohio State, serving as my adviser during the Master’s program and later as Director of Graduate Studies for the Department of English. In both capacities, she helped me to plot a well-conceived program of study and ushered me through major events in my graduate career with kindness and dignity. I have also benefited from Susan’s brilliance and integrity, both as her research assistant and as a student in her seminar on American realism. And I have v Susan to thank for my early forays into bibliography, print culture and the history of the book, all of which have greatly influenced the archival sources and theoretical framework employed in this dissertation. I wish to thank Georgina Dodge for enriching my life as a scholar, teacher, and friend. Her warmth and sparkle, coupled with her seemingly boundless commitment to my work and well-being, have inspired and sustained me. I am also grateful to Georgina for serving as my teaching mentor in the graduate program; I could not have had a better role model. Georgina’s scholarly expertise in immigrant, migrant, and ethnic literatures has informed and challenged my own work, and I have been the beneficiary of her many personal and professional talents. I thank all of my committee members for the many letters of recommendation and other forms of personal and professional support that have been so crucial to this dissertation and my career in general. I am indebted to a number of faculty members in the Department of English—too many to name here—but a few individuals merit special mention. I thank Chad Allen for serving on my candidacy exam committee and for his continued advice and support. I am grateful to Debra Moddelmog for her thoughtful suggestions in our dissertation seminar, for her work as Director of Graduate Studies, and for her advocacy on behalf of graduate students. I thank Jim Bracken for being the best kind of librarian and for encouraging and aiding me in my research efforts at Ohio State and beyond. I have also appreciated his regional humor and Scandinavian jokes on more than one occasion. I am extremely grateful to the Department of English for awarding several fellowships that provided valuable time and space for research and writing. vi I have been blessed with many good friends and colleagues during my time at Ohio State and thank them all for making my time in graduate school professionally and personally rewarding. I thank the members of my dissertation reading groups—Janet Badia, Katarina Gephardt, Melissa Ianetta, Emma Loss, Tara Pauliny, and Lisa Tatonetti—for their contributions to my work and for their delightful company. I am especially grateful for the community of “scribbling women” that has nurtured me, particularly Jennifer Cognard-Black, Melissa Goldthwaite, Cheryl Gunness, Gianna Marsella, Melissa Nicolas, and Becky Taylor. Special thanks are due Nels Highberg and Gary Garrison for being my family and home away from home in Columbus. I thank my colleagues at the Ohio State Center for the Study and Teaching of Writing (CSTW) for many rewarding years and for the lectureship that supported me as I completed the dissertation. I am especially grateful to Kathleen Wallace for sharing her interest and expertise in environmental literature and regionalism; her responses to my work in this area have been especially encouraging and rewarding. For Beverly Moss, one of my earliest and best mentors, I extend a thousand thanks. From my first days in the graduate program and the composition classroom, to the Writing Center and CSTW, Beverly has encouraged and guided me every step of the way. I am grateful to Beverly for helping me to pursue excellence in the field of Rhetoric and Composition, and I cherish her as a valued colleague and friend. I wish to express my thanks to the Graduate School at Ohio State for the Presidential Fellowship, which allowed me to devote a full academic year to my dissertation, and for the Graduate Student Alumni Research Award that enabled me to vii travel to Minnesota for archival research. I am also indebted to the OSU Council of Graduate Students for two professional development grants, and the Ohio State chapter of the Association of Faculty and Professional Women for a scholarship. I thank the American-Scandinavian Foundation in New York for a grant from the Crown Princess Märtha Friendship Fund that supported a month’s research trip to Norway. Dina Tolfsby of the National Library and Ingeborg Kongslien of the University of Oslo assisted with this grant and my work in various Oslo libraries during my stay. I am grateful to them for their help and expertise. I also want to thank Dorothy Skårdal for her encouragement and feedback on my work during our meetings at the University of Oslo and at her home, as well as for strawberries and cream as they can only taste at midsummer in Norway. I am deeply indebted to the Norwegian-American Historical Association (NAHA) in Northfield, Minnesota for providing me with a scholarly “home” and tradition, and for honoring me with the Einar and Eva Lund Haugen Memorial Dissertation Scholarship. This award enabled me to dedicate a summer to my dissertation and to make research trips to Norway and the Upper Midwest. In particular, I want to thank Forrest Brown, Kim Holland, Todd Nichol, and Solveig Zempel for their assistance and encouragement during my visits to the NAHA archives at St. Olaf College. I am especially grateful to Kim Holland for her unwavering support and friendship. I thank Lloyd and Ester Hustvedt for having me to tea and discussing my work (and many other compelling topics) while I was in Northfield. Solveig Zempel and Orm Øverland have been exceedingly generous in welcoming me into the field of Norwegian-American studies and in supporting my work (including my Presidential Fellowship nomination).
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