Chilo of Sparta
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The Roles of Solon in Plato's Dialogues
The Roles of Solon in Plato’s Dialogues Dissertation Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Samuel Ortencio Flores, M.A. Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Bruce Heiden, Advisor Anthony Kaldellis Richard Fletcher Greg Anderson Copyrighy by Samuel Ortencio Flores 2013 Abstract This dissertation is a study of Plato’s use and adaptation of an earlier model and tradition of wisdom based on the thought and legacy of the sixth-century archon, legislator, and poet Solon. Solon is cited and/or quoted thirty-four times in Plato’s dialogues, and alluded to many more times. My study shows that these references and allusions have deeper meaning when contextualized within the reception of Solon in the classical period. For Plato, Solon is a rhetorically powerful figure in advancing the relatively new practice of philosophy in Athens. While Solon himself did not adequately establish justice in the city, his legacy provided a model upon which Platonic philosophy could improve. Chapter One surveys the passing references to Solon in the dialogues as an introduction to my chapters on the dialogues in which Solon is a very prominent figure, Timaeus- Critias, Republic, and Laws. Chapter Two examines Critias’ use of his ancestor Solon to establish his own philosophic credentials. Chapter Three suggests that Socrates re- appropriates the aims and themes of Solon’s political poetry for Socratic philosophy. Chapter Four suggests that Solon provides a legislative model which Plato reconstructs in the Laws for the philosopher to supplant the role of legislator in Greek thought. -
Herakleitos (121.6Kb)
The Reign of the Whirlwind 122 Chapter 7 Herakleitos ----------- 1. Life and book We have very little reliable information about the life of Herakleitos son of Bloson, of Ephesos. It is clear from the biographical accounts that survive, that the Alexandrian scholars could find little, even though they were not fussy about reliability. They made up anecdotes to fit some of the more striking sayings of this paradox-loving writer; and as a result, “Herakleitos the Dark” became even more obscure. We have to guess, first, at his dates. He knows something about Pythagoras and Xenophanes; and Parmenides seems to know something about him. We can hazard the conjecture that his book was written by 500 BCE (when Xenophanes had still the last quarter of his long life to live, and Pythagoras was in his last years). This would make 545 BCE a reasonable guess for his birth date. He probably died before 480.i Herakleitos belonged to the ancient royal clan of Ephesos. He is said to have deposited his book in the great temple of Artemis for which his native city was famous (22 A 1).ii We can fairly suppose that it was in his eyes the worthy trophy of a greater victory than any triumph in arms. Whether he was actually melancholic (“the weeping philosopher” as he came to be called)iii we cannot say. He was certainly both an angry man, and an intellectual aristocrat. There are some The Reign of the Whirlwind 123 “sayings” of his that were not in the book. In one plausible story, he “upbraids the Ephesians . -
Waiting for Solon: Audience Expectations in Herodotus ∗
Histos () – WAITING FOR SOLON: AUDIENCE EXPECTATIONS IN HERODOTUS ∗ Abstract: In this article, I focus not so much on what Solon actually says and does in his conversation with Croesus, but on what Herodotus’ readers, as well as Croesus himself, think Solon might say or do. I argue that Herodotus uses analogous episodes, those of Gyges, Candaules, and Candaules’ wife, of Arion and Periander, and of Bias/Pittacus and Croesus, to shape readers’ expectations of Solon’s conversation with Croesus, but he then subverts many of those expectations within the conversation itself. In so doing, Herodotus emphasises the programmatic function for the Histories of much of what Solon tells Croesus. Keywords: Herodotus, Arion, artistic patronage, audience expectations, Candaules, Croesus, Seven Sages, Solon cholars have long recognised the programmatic quality that the encounter between Solon and Croesus (.– ) has for Herodotus’ S Histories .1 Croesus’ importance alone for Herodotus’ work cannot be underestimated. In a sense, Herodotus begins the Histories with Croesus; he follows the story of Croesus and the Lydian Mermnad dynasty from its beginning with Gyges’ murder of Candaules all the way to its conclusion with Croesus’ defeat by the Persian king Cyrus. Croesus also occupies a primary position in the Histories as the first in the line of great eastern imperialists that culminates with the Persian Xerxes. On the one hand, the Solon–Croesus episode foreshadows Croesus’ impending downfall. On the other hand, the episode reflects many of Herodotus’ chief thematic concerns: the conflict between East and West and the clash between different cultures in general; the mutability of human fortune and the gods’ jealousy of human excess; the wise advisor motif and the challenge of acquiring knowledge. -
MINEOLA BIBLE INSTITUTE and SEMINARY Philosophy II Radically
MINEOLA BIBLE INSTITUTE AND SEMINARY Page | 1 Philosophy II Radically, Biblical, Apostolic, Christianity Bishop D.R. Vestal, PhD Larry L Yates, ThD, DMin “Excellence in Apostolic Education since 1991” 1 Copyright © 2019 Mineola Bible Institute Page | 2 All Rights Reserved This lesson material may not be used in any manner for reproduction in any language or use without the written permission of Mineola Bible Institute. 2 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7 Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) ........................................................................................... 8 Philip II of Macedonia (382-336 B.C.) ....................................................................................... 12 Page | 3 “Olympias the mother of Alexander was an evil woman. .......................................... 13 Philip II (of Macedonia) (382-336 BC) .............................................................................. 13 Aristotle (384-322 BC) ............................................................................................................... 15 Works .................................................................................................................................... 16 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 17 Doctrines ............................................................................................................................ -
The Seven Sages.Pdf
Document belonging to the Greek Mythology Link, a web site created by Carlos Parada, author of Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology Characters • Places • Topics • Images • Bibliography • PDF Editions About • Copyright © 1997 Carlos Parada and Maicar Förlag. The Seven Sages of Greece Search the GML advanced Sections in this Page Introduction: The Labyrinth of Wisdom The Seven Sages of Greece Thales Solon Chilon Pittacus Bias "… wisdom is a form of goodness, and is not scientific knowledge but Cleobulus another kind of cognition." (Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics 1246b, 35). Periander Anacharsis Myson Epimenides Pherecydes Table: Lists of the Seven Sages Notes and Sources of Quotations Introduction: The Labyrinth of Wisdom For a god wisdom is perhaps a divine meal to be swallowed at one gulp without need of mastication, and that would be the end of the story. The deities are known for their simplicity. The matter of human wisdom, however, could fill all archives on earth without ever exhausting itself. Humanity is notorious for its complexity. And men proudly say "Good things are difficult." But is wisdom a labyrinth, or "thinking makes it so"? And when did the saga of human wisdom begin and with whom? The Poet When humans contemplated Dawn for the first time, wisdom was the treasure of the poet alone. Of all men he was the wisest, for the gods had chosen his soul as receptacle of their confidences. Thus filled with inspiration divine, the poet knew better than any other man the secrets of the world. And since Apollo found more pleasure in leading the Muses than in warming his tripod, neither the inspiration of the Pythia nor that of seers could match the poet's wisdom. -
Pausanias' Description of Greece
BONN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY. PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF GREECE. PAUSANIAS' TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH \VITTI NOTES AXD IXDEX BY ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, M.A., Soiiii'tinie Scholar of Trinity L'olltge, Cambridge. VOLUME IT. " ni <le Fnusnnias cst un homme (jui ne mnnquo ni de bon sens inoins a st-s tlioux." hnniie t'oi. inais i}iii rn>it ou au voudrait croire ( 'HAMTAiiNT. : ftEOROE BELL AND SONS. YOUK STIIKKT. COVKNT (iAKDKX. 188t). CHISWICK PRESS \ C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCEKV LANE. fA LC >. iV \Q V.2- CONTEXTS. PAGE Book VII. ACHAIA 1 VIII. ARCADIA .61 IX. BtEOTIA 151 -'19 X. PHOCIS . ERRATA. " " " Volume I. Page 8, line 37, for Atte read Attes." As vii. 17. 2<i. (Catullus' Aft is.) ' " Page 150, line '22, for Auxesias" read Anxesia." A.-> ii. 32. " " Page 165, lines 12, 17, 24, for Philhammon read " Philanimon.'' " " '' Page 191, line 4, for Tamagra read Tanagra." " " Pa ire 215, linu 35, for Ye now enter" read Enter ye now." ' " li I'aijf -J27, line 5, for the Little Iliad read The Little Iliad.'- " " " Page ^S9, line 18, for the Babylonians read Babylon.'' " 7 ' Volume II. Page 61, last line, for earth' read Earth." " Page 1)5, line 9, tor "Can-lira'" read Camirus." ' ; " " v 1'age 1 69, line 1 , for and read for. line 2, for "other kinds of flutes "read "other thites.'' ;< " " Page 201, line 9. for Lacenian read Laeonian." " " " line 10, for Chilon read Cliilo." As iii. 1H. Pago 264, " " ' Page 2G8, Note, for I iad read Iliad." PAUSANIAS. BOOK VII. ACIIAIA. -
Natural Philosophy the Seven Sages
Natural Philosophy The Seven Sages: Thales of Miletus (624-547 BC.) Solon of Athens (c.624-560) Pittacus of Mitylene (650-570) Bias of Priene (flourit ca. 570) Chilon of Sparta (Ephor in 556) Cleobulus of Lindus (6th. cent.) Myson of Chen (6th. cent.) Or: Periander of Corinth (late 7th. Cent) Myson Pittacus Solon Bias Thales Chilon Cleobulus The Presocratics: Kosmos (order) Chaos (disorder) Nature (physis) Sought the origin (arche) of all things Milesians: Thales Anaximander Anaximenes Essence, Arché Thales Of Miletus A descendant of Cadmus 624 - 547 Learned Geometry in Egypt Five Theorems of Elementary Geometry Foretold of the eclipse of 28 May, 585 Water is the arche. Anaximander The earth floats free in space Celestial bodies circle the earth. Anaximenes Student of Anaximander B. ca. 526 BC Air is the ‘arche’ "Being made finer it [air] becomes fire, being made thicker it become wind, then cloud, then (when thicker still more) water, then earth, then stones; and the rest come into being through these" (Phys. 24. 26). Air is arche, ergo eternal, ergo divine Natural Philosophy Pythagoras of Samos 569 – 476 Captive in Babylon Philo (love) sophia (wisdom) Lovers of wisdom – but no man can be wise Harmonic ratios 2:1, 3:2 and 4:3 used in music. "Golden Mean" 1:1:2:3:5:8:13:21:34:55:89 Ration of 1 to 1.618 Earth rotates around the sun Transmigration of the soul b = 89 a = 55 a Chilon Ephor of Sparta 556 Engraved the three maxims at Delphi Know thyself Nothing overmuch A pledge, and ruin is nigh. -
Pavlides2011.Pdf
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Hero-Cult in Archaic and Classical Sparta: a Study of Local Religion Nicolette A. Pavlides PhD Thesis The University of Edinburgh Classics 2011 For my father ii Signed Declaration This thesis has been composed by the candidate, the work is the candidate‘s own and the work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. Signed: iii Abstract Hero-Cult in Archaic and Classical Sparta: a Study of Local Religion This dissertation examines the hero-cults in Sparta in the Archaic and Classical periods on the basis of the archaeological and literary sources. The aim is to explore the local idiosyncrasies of a pan-Hellenic phenomenon, which itself can help us understand the place and function of heroes in Greek religion. -
Thales of Miletus1
Thales of Miletus1 1 Thales – Life and Accomplishments LittleisknownofThales.Bornabout624BCinMiletus,AsiaMinor (now Turkey), he was the son of Examyes and Cleobuline. He died about 546 BC in Miletos, Turkey. The bust shown above is in the Capitoline Museum in Rome, but is not contemporary with Thales. Indeed, though there are statues and other images of significant people of the time, there is little assurance of their authenticity. Some impression and highlights of his life and work follow: 1 c 2000, G. Donald Allen ° Thales 2 Thales of Miletus was the first known Greek philosopher, scientist • and mathematician. Some consider him the teacher of Pythagoras, though it may be only be that he advised Pythagoras to travel to Egypt and Chaldea. From Eudemus of Rhodes (fl ca. 320 B.C) we know that he • studied in Egypt and brought these teachings to Greece. He is unanimously ascribed to have introduced the mathematical and astronomical sciences into Greece. He is unanimously regarded as having been unusally clever—by • general agreement the first of the Seven Wise Men2 , a pupil of the Egyptians and the Chaldeans. None of his writing survives and no contemporary sources exist; • thus, his achievements are difficult to assess, particularly his phi- losophy and mathematical discoveries. Indeed, many mathematical discoveries of this early period have been attributed to others, often centuries later. In addition one must consider the ancient practice of crediting particular discoveries to men with a reputation for wisdom. This is no doubt certainly true in Pythagoras’ case. There is, of course, the story, related by Aristotle, of his successful • speculation in olive oil presses after he had concluded there would be a bountiful harvest — as testament to his practical business acumen. -
Wisdom from the Seven Sages Ncient Greek Legend Has It That in the Sixth Century BCE, There Were Seven Sages in Greece Who Served the God Apollo
Wisdom from the Seven Sages ncient Greek legend has it that in the sixth century BCE, there were seven sages in Greece who served the God Apollo. According to the ancient tales, at least three of their Abest known sayings were inscribed at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, together with the enigmatic and still unexplained great letter E.1 Several other cultures, including India and China, also had stories of seven mythic sages,2 suggesting a universal and archetypal quality to these philosophers and their sayings. Scholars today suggest that from a kernel of mythic stories and sayings of sages from Asia Minor and Greece, the initiates of the mystery schools of Delphi and other centers used these legends to inspire pilgrims and students of the mysteries, probably well established by the fifth century BCE. All were in one way or another associated with Delphi.3 While over the centuries many names have been proposed, the following are the most common, gathered from the writings of Plato (fifth-fourth centuries BCE), Plutarch (first-second centuries CE), Pausanias (second century CE ), Diogenes Laertius (ca. third century CE), and Clement of Alexandria (third century CE). They are listed below, along with a wise saying often associated with them in antiquity.4 After all the centuries, these ideas are still worthy of meditation. “Love Wisdom Deeply.” Bias of Priene “Nothing in Excess.” Chilon of Sparta “Young Women should be educated as well as Young Men.” Cleobulus of Rhodes “Realities were not created to fit arguments; arguments were made to fit the realities.” Myson of Chenae “Mercy is better than Revenge.” Pittacus of Mytilene “Speech reflects Action.” Solon of Athens “Know Thyself, and Thou shalt know the Universe and the Gods.” Thales of Miletus Endnotes 1 “Seven Sages of Greece” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece. -
A Companion to Ancient Greek Government
A COMPANION TO ANCIENT GREEK GOVERNMENT BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises approximately twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. ANCIENT HISTORY A Companion to Greek Religion Edited by Daniel Ogden Published A Companion to the Roman Army A Companion to the Classical Tradition Edited by Paul Erdkamp Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf A Companion to the Roman Republic A Companion to Roman Rhetoric Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall Morstein-Marx A Companion to Greek Rhetoric A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by Ian Worthington Edited by David S. Potter A Companion to Ancient Epic A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by John Miles Foley Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to Greek Tragedy A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Justina Gregory Edited by Daniel C. Snell ACompaniontoLatinLiterature A Companion to the Hellenistic World Edited by Stephen Harrison Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought A Companion to Late Antiquity Edited by Ryan K. Balot Edited by Philip Rousseau ACompaniontoOvid A Companion to Ancient History Edited by Peter E. Knox Edited by Andrew Erskine A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language A Companion to Archaic Greece Edited by Egbert Bakker Edited by Kurt A. -
Thales' Theorem If One Side of a Triangle Inscribed in a Circle Forms a Diameter of the Circle Then It Is a Right Triangle
THEOREM OF THE DAY Thales' Theorem If one side of a triangle inscribed in a circle forms a diameter of the circle then it is a right triangle. Two inscribed right triangles are shown here, illustrating Thales’ theorem and its converse: that any right triangle inscribed in a circle forms a diameter. This may be used to locate the centre of a circle: place the corner of a book on the circumference and mark where its edges again intersect the circumference. Join these two points with a line. Now rotate the book and repeat to get a second line. The intersection of the two lines is the centre. Thales’ theorem generalises to arbitrary triangles inscribed in a circle with centre O as shown above right, using Euclid, Book III, Proposition 20: an angle at O subtending a chord AB is ∠ = ∠ τ/ − 1 ∠ τ = π twice any angle on the major arc of the chord and subtending it. Thus AOB 2 ADB. An angle in the minor arc is 2 2 AOB ( 2 ) because of Euclid, Book III, Proposition 22: opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to τ/2. We recover Thales by letting the length of chord AB approach two radii. Thales (c.624–547 BC) is said to have sacrificed an ox to mark his discovery of this theorem (a practice lost in modern mathematics). He was the first and perhaps the greatest of the Seven Sages: “Such were Thales of Miletus, and Pittacus of Mitylene, and Bias of Priene, and our own Solon, and Cleobulus the Lindian, and Myson the Chenian; and seventh in the catalogue of wise men was the Spartan Chilon.” (Plato, Protagoras).