Introduction to Computers and Their Applications
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Fill Your Boots: Enhanced Embedded Bootloader Exploits Via Fault Injection and Binary Analysis
IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems ISSN 2569-2925, Vol. 2021, No. 1, pp. 56–81. DOI:10.46586/tches.v2021.i1.56-81 Fill your Boots: Enhanced Embedded Bootloader Exploits via Fault Injection and Binary Analysis Jan Van den Herrewegen1, David Oswald1, Flavio D. Garcia1 and Qais Temeiza2 1 School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK, {jxv572,d.f.oswald,f.garcia}@cs.bham.ac.uk 2 Independent Researcher, [email protected] Abstract. The bootloader of an embedded microcontroller is responsible for guarding the device’s internal (flash) memory, enforcing read/write protection mechanisms. Fault injection techniques such as voltage or clock glitching have been proven successful in bypassing such protection for specific microcontrollers, but this often requires expensive equipment and/or exhaustive search of the fault parameters. When multiple glitches are required (e.g., when countermeasures are in place) this search becomes of exponential complexity and thus infeasible. Another challenge which makes embedded bootloaders notoriously hard to analyse is their lack of debugging capabilities. This paper proposes a grey-box approach that leverages binary analysis and advanced software exploitation techniques combined with voltage glitching to develop a powerful attack methodology against embedded bootloaders. We showcase our techniques with three real-world microcontrollers as case studies: 1) we combine static and on-chip dynamic analysis to enable a Return-Oriented Programming exploit on the bootloader of the NXP LPC microcontrollers; 2) we leverage on-chip dynamic analysis on the bootloader of the popular STM8 microcontrollers to constrain the glitch parameter search, achieving the first fully-documented multi-glitch attack on a real-world target; 3) we apply symbolic execution to precisely aim voltage glitches at target instructions based on the execution path in the bootloader of the Renesas 78K0 automotive microcontroller. -
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Computer Arithmetic: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) • Part of the computer that actually performs arithmetic and logical operations on data • All of the other elements of the computer system are there mainly to bring data into the ALU for it to process and then to take the results back out • Based on the use of simple digital logic devices that can store binary digits and perform simple Boolean logic operations ALU Inputs and Outputs Integer Representations • In the binary number system arbitrary numbers can be represented with: – The digits zero and one – The minus sign (for negative numbers) – The period, or radix point (for numbers with a fractional component) – For purposes of computer storage and processing we do not have the benefit of special symbols for the minus sign and radix point – Only binary digits (0,1) may be used to represent numbers Integer Representations • There are 4 commonly known (1 not common) integer representations. • All have been used at various times for various reasons. 1. Unsigned 2. Sign Magnitude 3. One’s Complement 4. Two’s Complement 5. Biased (not commonly known) 1. Unsigned • The standard binary encoding already given. • Only positive value. • Range: 0 to ((2 to the power of N bits) – 1) • Example: 4 bits; (2ˆ4)-1 = 16-1 = values 0 to 15 Semester II 2014/2015 8 1. Unsigned (Cont’d.) Semester II 2014/2015 9 2. Sign-Magnitude • All of these alternatives involve treating the There are several alternative most significant (leftmost) bit in the word as conventions used to -
FUNDAMENTALS of COMPUTING (2019-20) COURSE CODE: 5023 502800CH (Grade 7 for ½ High School Credit) 502900CH (Grade 8 for ½ High School Credit)
EXPLORING COMPUTER SCIENCE NEW NAME: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING (2019-20) COURSE CODE: 5023 502800CH (grade 7 for ½ high school credit) 502900CH (grade 8 for ½ high school credit) COURSE DESCRIPTION: Fundamentals of Computing is designed to introduce students to the field of computer science through an exploration of engaging and accessible topics. Through creativity and innovation, students will use critical thinking and problem solving skills to implement projects that are relevant to students’ lives. They will create a variety of computing artifacts while collaborating in teams. Students will gain a fundamental understanding of the history and operation of computers, programming, and web design. Students will also be introduced to computing careers and will examine societal and ethical issues of computing. OBJECTIVE: Given the necessary equipment, software, supplies, and facilities, the student will be able to successfully complete the following core standards for courses that grant one unit of credit. RECOMMENDED GRADE LEVELS: 9-12 (Preference 9-10) COURSE CREDIT: 1 unit (120 hours) COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS: One computer per student with Internet access RESOURCES: See attached Resource List A. SAFETY Effective professionals know the academic subject matter, including safety as required for proficiency within their area. They will use this knowledge as needed in their role. The following accountability criteria are considered essential for students in any program of study. 1. Review school safety policies and procedures. 2. Review classroom safety rules and procedures. 3. Review safety procedures for using equipment in the classroom. 4. Identify major causes of work-related accidents in office environments. 5. Demonstrate safety skills in an office/work environment. -
The Central Processing Unit(CPU). the Brain of Any Computer System Is the CPU
Computer Fundamentals 1'stage Lec. (8 ) College of Computer Technology Dept.Information Networks The central processing unit(CPU). The brain of any computer system is the CPU. It controls the functioning of the other units and process the data. The CPU is sometimes called the processor, or in the personal computer field called “microprocessor”. It is a single integrated circuit that contains all the electronics needed to execute a program. The processor calculates (add, multiplies and so on), performs logical operations (compares numbers and make decisions), and controls the transfer of data among devices. The processor acts as the controller of all actions or services provided by the system. Processor actions are synchronized to its clock input. A clock signal consists of clock cycles. The time to complete a clock cycle is called the clock period. Normally, we use the clock frequency, which is the inverse of the clock period, to specify the clock. The clock frequency is measured in Hertz, which represents one cycle/second. Hertz is abbreviated as Hz. Usually, we use mega Hertz (MHz) and giga Hertz (GHz) as in 1.8 GHz Pentium. The processor can be thought of as executing the following cycle forever: 1. Fetch an instruction from the memory, 2. Decode the instruction (i.e., determine the instruction type), 3. Execute the instruction (i.e., perform the action specified by the instruction). Execution of an instruction involves fetching any required operands, performing the specified operation, and writing the results back. This process is often referred to as the fetch- execute cycle, or simply the execution cycle. -
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance Ninth Edition
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE NINTH EDITION William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Manager, Rights and Permissions: Mike Joyce Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Text Permission Coordinator: Jen Roach Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Cover Art: Charles Bowman/Robert Harding Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Lead Media Project Manager: Daniel Sandin Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Full-Service Project Management: Shiny Rajesh/ Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Composition: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Production Project Manager: Kayla Smith-Tarbox Printer/Binder: Edward Brothers Production Editor: Pat Brown Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Text Font: Times Ten-Roman Creative Director: Jayne Conte Credits: Figure 2.14: reprinted with permission from The Computer Language Company, Inc. Figure 17.10: Buyya, Rajkumar, High-Performance Cluster Computing: Architectures and Systems, Vol I, 1st edition, ©1999. Reprinted and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Figure 17.11: Reprinted with permission from Ethernet Alliance. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. -
ARM Instruction Set
4 ARM Instruction Set This chapter describes the ARM instruction set. 4.1 Instruction Set Summary 4-2 4.2 The Condition Field 4-5 4.3 Branch and Exchange (BX) 4-6 4.4 Branch and Branch with Link (B, BL) 4-8 4.5 Data Processing 4-10 4.6 PSR Transfer (MRS, MSR) 4-17 4.7 Multiply and Multiply-Accumulate (MUL, MLA) 4-22 4.8 Multiply Long and Multiply-Accumulate Long (MULL,MLAL) 4-24 4.9 Single Data Transfer (LDR, STR) 4-26 4.10 Halfword and Signed Data Transfer 4-32 4.11 Block Data Transfer (LDM, STM) 4-37 4.12 Single Data Swap (SWP) 4-43 4.13 Software Interrupt (SWI) 4-45 4.14 Coprocessor Data Operations (CDP) 4-47 4.15 Coprocessor Data Transfers (LDC, STC) 4-49 4.16 Coprocessor Register Transfers (MRC, MCR) 4-53 4.17 Undefined Instruction 4-55 4.18 Instruction Set Examples 4-56 ARM7TDMI-S Data Sheet 4-1 ARM DDI 0084D Final - Open Access ARM Instruction Set 4.1 Instruction Set Summary 4.1.1 Format summary The ARM instruction set formats are shown below. 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9876543210 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Cond 0 0 I Opcode S Rn Rd Operand 2 Data Processing / PSR Transfer Cond 0 0 0 0 0 0 A S Rd Rn Rs 1 0 0 1 Rm Multiply Cond 0 0 0 0 1 U A S RdHi RdLo Rn 1 0 0 1 Rm Multiply Long Cond 0 0 0 1 0 B 0 0 Rn Rd 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Rm Single Data Swap Cond 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Rn Branch and Exchange Cond 0 0 0 P U 0 W L Rn Rd 0 0 0 0 1 S H 1 Rm Halfword Data Transfer: register offset Cond 0 0 0 P U 1 W L Rn Rd Offset 1 S H 1 Offset Halfword Data Transfer: immediate offset Cond 0 -
3.2 the CORDIC Algorithm
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Improved VLSI architecture for attitude determination computations Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jf926fv Author Arrigo, Jeanette Fay Freauf Publication Date 2006 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Improved VLSI Architecture for Attitude Determination Computations A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering (Electronic Circuits and Systems) by Jeanette Fay Freauf Arrigo Committee in charge: Professor Paul M. Chau, Chair Professor C.K. Cheng Professor Sujit Dey Professor Lawrence Larson Professor Alan Schneider 2006 2 Copyright Jeanette Fay Freauf Arrigo, 2006 All rights reserved. iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my husband Dale Arrigo for his encouragement, support and model of perseverance, and to my father Eugene Freauf for his patience during my pursuit. In memory of my mother Fay Freauf and grandmother Fay Linton Thoreson, incredible mentors and great advocates of the quest for knowledge. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page...............................................................................................................iii Dedication … ................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................v -
Shiffman 120, 122, 123, 125, 201, 202, 217 Classroom Instructions
Shiffman 120, 122, 123, 125, 201, 202, 217 (TEC classrooms – level B) No Access Codes Needed. These rooms utilize ceiling-mounted projectors, focused on wall-mounted pull down screens. Displaying Video or Computer Sources 1. At the Instructor Station. Push DOWN on the black system controller to access controls. Touch the screen to begin. 2. Press the PC (or any source) button to turn on the display system. The projector will take over a minute to warm up. No controls will function during warm up. 3. After the warm up, you can select another source using the appropriate buttons. (Buttons illuminate when active.) It’s recommended to wait a few seconds between input selections. • PC will display the installed Instructor PC. There are courtesy USB ports on the front of the PC. • LAPTOP will open another page, where you can select the VGA cable w/audio or the Digital HDMI cable as your laptop source. These cables are provided at the instructor station. Beyond the buttons, the system will attempt to auto-detect, and switch to a laptop when properly connected. Users must provide their MAC & DisplayPort adapters. • DVD selects the DVD player, stored at the Instructor Station. A disc control page will appear on the touch panel allowing you to control the player. • If a VHS player exists in your room, a VCR button will appear as a source on the touch panel. Press VCR to select. If there is no VHS player, contact Media Technology Services (MTS: 781- 736-4632) to request a temporary unit. Legacy VHS stock is declining, and this is based on inventory availability. -
Understanding Performance Numbers in Integrated Circuit Design Oprecomp Summer School 2019, Perugia Italy 5 September 2019
Understanding performance numbers in Integrated Circuit Design Oprecomp summer school 2019, Perugia Italy 5 September 2019 Frank K. G¨urkaynak [email protected] Integrated Systems Laboratory Introduction Cost Design Flow Area Speed Area/Speed Trade-offs Power Conclusions 2/74 Who Am I? Born in Istanbul, Turkey Studied and worked at: Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA, USA Since 2008: Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich Director, Microelectronics Design Center Senior Scientist, group of Prof. Luca Benini Interests: Digital Integrated Circuits Cryptographic Hardware Design Design Flows for Digital Design Processor Design Open Source Hardware Integrated Systems Laboratory Introduction Cost Design Flow Area Speed Area/Speed Trade-offs Power Conclusions 3/74 What Will We Discuss Today? Introduction Cost Structure of Integrated Circuits (ICs) Measuring performance of ICs Why is it difficult? EDA tools should give us a number Area How do people report area? Is that fair? Speed How fast does my circuit actually work? Power These days much more important, but also much harder to get right Integrated Systems Laboratory The performance establishes the solution space Finally the cost sets a limit to what is possible Introduction Cost Design Flow Area Speed Area/Speed Trade-offs Power Conclusions 4/74 System Design Requirements System Requirements Functionality Functionality determines what the system will do Integrated Systems Laboratory Finally the cost sets a limit -
Review Dell Latitude D430 Subnotebook - Notebookcheck.Net Reviews Page 1 of 5
Review Dell Latitude D430 Subnotebook - Notebookcheck.net Reviews Page 1 of 5 Home News Reviews FAQ / Tips / Technics Purchase Consultation Library Search Jobs Contact Review Dell Latitude D430 Subnotebook Road Warrior. The Dell Latitude D430 proves to be an exemplary companion in our review. The up to now smallest no the Latitude series is quiet, compact, light, and its workmanship is good. The runtime of the small 42 Wh is due to special energy-saving components up to 6 hours. Despite being equipped with low-energy com the frugal Core 2 Duo processor with 1.2 GHz clock rate combined with very fast SSD hard disk is suffic powerful for daily business. Reviewed: Dell Latitude D430 Subnotebook Notebook specifications Dell Latitude D430 :: Processor Intel Core 2 Duo U7600 1.2 GHz (Intel Core 2 Duo) Working for Notebookcheck :: Mainboard Are you a loyal reader of notebookcheck? Are you the one Intel 945GMS all your friends turn to when they want to buy a laptop or :: Memory tablet-PC? Are you a techie who knows how to write? 1024 MB, PC2-4200, 266 MHz Case Then join our Team! :: Graphics adapter The 12 inch Dell Latitude D430 by Dell, an American direct shipper, is up to now the smallest notebook Intel Graphics Media Accelerator Especially wanted: Latitude series. It was especially designed for business customers. So, the choice of forms and colou (GMA) 950 Senior Editor - Details here German-English-Translator - Details here business-like too. Bright grey and black dominate the look of this light portable computer, which weigh :: Display 1.5 kg. -
Computer Monitor and Television Recycling
Computer Monitor and Television Recycling What is the problem? Televisions and computer monitors can no longer be discarded in the normal household containers or commercial dumpsters, effective April 10, 2001. Televisions and computer monitors may contain picture tubes called cathode ray tubes (CRT’s). CRT’s can contain lead, cadmium and/or mercury. When disposed of in a landfill, these metals contaminate soil and groundwater. Some larger television sets may contain as much as 15 pounds of lead. A typical 15‐inch CRT computer monitor contains 1.5 pounds of lead. The State Department of Toxic Substances Control has determined that televisions and computer monitors can no longer be disposed with typical household trash, or recycled with typical household recyclables. They are considered universal waste that needs to be disposed of through alternate ways. CRTs should be stored in a safe manner that prevents the CRT from being broken and the subsequent release of hazardous waste into the environment. Locations that will accept televisions, computers, and other electronic waste (e‐waste): If the product still works, trying to find someone that can still use it (donating) is the best option before properly disposing of an electronic product. Non‐profit organizations, foster homes, schools, and places like St. Vincent de Paul may be possible examples of places that will accept usable products. Or view the E‐waste Recycling List at http://www.mercedrecycles.com/pdf's/EwasteRecycling.pdf Where can businesses take computer monitors, televisions, and other electronics? Businesses located within Merced County must register as a Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG) prior to the delivery of monitors and televisions to the Highway 59 Landfill. -
Securing and Managing Wearables in the Enterprise
White Paper: Securing and Managing Wearables in the Enterprise Streamline deployment and protect smartwatch data with Samsung Knox Configure White Paper: Securing and Managing Wearables in the Enterprise 2 Introduction: Smartwatches in the Enterprise As the wearable device market heats up, wrist-worn devices Industries as varied as healthcare, such as smartwatches are leading the pack. According to CCS Insight, forecasts for global sales of smart wearable devices finance, energy, transportation, will grow strongly over the next five years, with the global public safety, retail and hospitality market reaching nearly $30 billion by 2023.1 are deploying smartwatches for While smartwatches for fitness and activity tracking are popular, consumer demand is only part of the equation. added business value. Enterprises are also seeing business value in wearable devices. In a report by Robert Half Technology, 81 percent of CIOs surveyed expect wearable devices like smartwatches to Samsung has been working to address these concerns and become common tools in the workplace.2 has developed the tools to make its Galaxy and Galaxy Active smartwatches customizable, easily manageable and highly secure for enterprise users. This white paper will look at how these tools address key wearable security and manageability challenges, as well as considerations for smartwatch 81% deployments. of CIOs surveyed expect wearable devices like smartwatches to become common tools in the workplace. Industries as varied as healthcare, finance, energy, transportation, public safety, retail and hospitality are deploying smartwatches for added business value, such as hands-free communication for maintenance workers, task management, as well as physical monitoring of field workers in dangerous or remote locations.