FEDERAL SEED SCHOOL
SEED PURITY AND IDENTIFICATION HANDOUTS
August 5 – 7, 2013
USDA, AMS, LPS Seed Regulatory and Testing Division 801 Summit Crossing Place, Suite C Gastonia, North Carolina 28054 704-810-8870; fax 704-852-4189 http://www.ams.usda.gov/seed
FEDERAL SEED SCHOOL August 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page USDA, AMS Seed Regulatory and Testing Division – Personnel and Areas of Responsibility .... 1 USDA Publications and Helpful Internet Sites ...... 2-3 PURITY AND SEED IDENTIFICATION Some possible sources of non-uniformity in test results ...... 4-5 Grass Family Structural Features ...... 6 Grass Seed Structures ...... 7-9 Seed Terms and Shapes ...... 10 References in Federal Seed Act Regulations regarding seed units and pure seed in grasses ...... 11 Understanding Grass Family Seed Units, by D.J. Meyer ...... 12-22 Agropyron spp. Nomenclature Changes ...... 23-24 Wheatgrasses and Quackgrass Comparison of Seed Characteristics ...... 25-31 Wildrye Nomenclature and Seed Characteristics ...... 32-35 Agrostis Seed Characteristics ...... 36-39 Alopecurus Spikelet Characteristics ...... 40-41 Andropogon, Bluestem, Seed Key ...... 42-43 Avena, Seed Characteristics ...... 44 Bouteloua, Gramagrass, Seed Key ...... 45-46 Bromus Seed Characteristics ...... 47-56 Cynodon Seed Characteristics ...... 57-63 Echinochloa Seed Characteristics ...... 64 Festuca and Lolium Seed Characteristics ...... 65-66 Paspalum Key and Seed Characteristics ...... 67-71 Poa Seed Characteristics ...... 72-77 Setaria Nomenclature and Seed Characteristics ...... 78-81 Sorghum Nomenclature and Seed Characteristics ...... 82 Urochloa Nomenclature and Seed Characteristics ...... 83-86 Polygonum, Rumex, and Persicaria Seed Characteristics ...... 87-89 Silene Seed Characteristics ...... 90-92 REVISED JULY 2013
Brassica and Sinapis Nomeclature and Seed Characteristics ...... 93-96 Lespedeza Seed Characteristics ...... 97-99 Some small-seeded legumes identification (including Medicago, Melilotus, Trifolium) ...... 100-102 Lathyrus, Pisum, and Vicia identification ...... 103-107 Solanaceae identification ...... 108-109 Carduus, Centaurea, and Cirsium Seed Characteristics ...... 110-113 Answer keys for study sets ...... 114-134
REVISED JULY 2013
STAFF DIRECTORY USDA, AMS, LPS, Seed Regulatory and Testing Division 801 Summit Crossing Place, Suite C Gastonia, North Carolina 28054 Regulatory Section Phone: (704) 810-8871; Fax: (704) 852-4109 Testing Section Phone: (704) 810-8870; Fax: (704) 852-4189 Testing Section e-mail: [email protected] Web Site Address: www.ams.usda.gov/seed Director Fawad S. Shah, (704) 810-8884, [email protected]
Laboratory Supervisor/Deputy Director Ernest L. Allen, (704) 810-8877, [email protected]
Administrative Support Staff Marshalle Tina Jackson, Management Analyst, (704) 810-8882, [email protected] Carolyn Camidge, Office Automation Assistant, (704) 810-8870, [email protected]
Agronomist Vacant
Biological Science Laboratory Technicians Vacant
Botanists Charlene Burton, (704) 810-8880, [email protected] Todd Erickson, (704) 810-7266, [email protected] Pattsy Jackson, (704) 810-8881, [email protected] Elizabeth Tatum, (704) 810-8873, [email protected] Anitra Walker, (704) 810-7269, [email protected]
Plant Pathologist Sandra Walker, (704) 810-7268, [email protected]
Plant Physiologist Yujia Wu, (704) 810-7267, [email protected]
Seed Marketing Specialist (International) Vacant
Seed Marketing Specialists (Regulatory) Roger Burton, (704) 810-7265, [email protected] Kevin Robinson, (704) 810-7264, [email protected] Linda Vanderhoof, (704) 810-8879, [email protected] Vacant Vacamt
REVISED JULY 2013
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AVAILABILITY OF USDA PUBLICATIONS
Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules of the U.S., Edition 2 Cost: Free Amanda Redford, Identification Technology Program USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST [email protected] 2301 Research Blvd., Suite 108 Fort Collins, CO 80526 Published by USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST Author(s): Julia Scher and Deena Walters [email protected] Released April 2010
Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 450, By C.S. Schopmeyer, reprinted 1989. Currently out of print – but available on-line at: http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/wpsm/index.html
Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds USDA AMS Agriculture Handbook No. 219, by Albina F. Musil, reprinted 1978. Out of print; remaining copies available upon request from:
USDA, AMS, L&S Program Seed Regulatory and Testing Division 801 Summit Crossing Place, Suite C Gastonia, NC 28054 (704) 810-8870
34-Plate set from Agriculture Handbook No. 30 (8x10 black and white glossy prints) Negative Nos. 19806 through 19839 The National Archives, Ed McCarter (Telephone No. 301-837-1956) E-mail: [email protected]
REVISED JULY 2011
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HELPFUL INTERNET SITES
U.S. Department of Agriculture home page http://www.usda.gov/
USDA AMS L&S Seed Regulatory and Testing Division (Federal Seed Lab), Gastonia, NC http://www.ams.usda.gov/Seed
Publications available from Seed Regulatory and Testing Division There is Web link for publications on http://www.ams.usda.gov/Seed
USDA ARS Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN) nomenclature and taxonomy http://www.ars-grin.gov/ and http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/searchgrin.html
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service home page http://www.aphis.usda.gov/
USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) and Noxious Weeds home page http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/index.shtml
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/index.shtml
USDA APHIS Import-Export Directory http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/index.shtml
USDA AMS Plant Variety Protection Office http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/PVPO
There is a Web link on the above site which will take you to the USDA AMS Plant Variety Protection Office
USDA Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) http://www.itis.gov/
AOSA – Association of Official Seed Analysts http://www.aosaseed.com
ISTA – International Seed Testing Association http://www.seedtest.org
SCST – Society of Commercial Seed Technologists http://www.seedtechnology.net/ http://www.seedtest.com/
REVISED JULY 2011
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SOME POSSIBLE SOURCES OF NON-UNIFORMITY IN TEST RESULTS PURITY
Samples not equivalent Improper sampling of the lot Non-uniformity of the lot Improper mixing and dividing of the sample in the laboratory Differences in interpretation of purity rules, especially in regard to broken seed, empty florets, multiple units, insect-damaged seed, etc. Misidentification of species Differences in classification of crop and weed seeds Improper operation of blower Variation due to moisture content of seed versus relative humidity, especially in grasses subject to blowing Errors in weighing purity separations Errors in calculation Malfunctioning equipment such as dividers, blowers, balances Use of personalized methods not in accordance with Rules
GERMINATION
Differences in purity tests Pure seed for planting not randomly selected Failure to plant pure seed such as when samples are submitted for germination only Different storage conditions prior to planting Damage to seed during shipping Time of comparative tests—after-ripening, dormancy, bio-rhythms, deterioration, disease infection, etc. affected by time in storage and storage conditions Differences in germination conditions – choice of conditions in Rules Temperature Light—source, intensity, duration Substrata—differences in moisture availability Moistening agents—water vs. KNO3, pH of water, contaminants in water Moisture-oxygen relationships—drastic change in moisture levels when re-watering Prechilling Malfunctioning equipment Use of unauthorized methods Exposure of seeds or seedlings to toxic substances—during storage, from toxic substrata, from contaminants in germinators Differences in seedling evaluation Errors in counting seedlings—one seedling per seed unit for multiple units and spikelets in grasses, schizocarps in Umbelliferae, multigerm beets, etc. Differences in dormancy determination
All of the above constitute experimental error which can be virtually eliminated in carefully conducted tests. Tolerances allow for differences that result from the expected statistical randomness of distribution, not for differences due to experimental error.
REVISED JULY 2005
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REFERENCES
Delouche, James C. 1986. Bio-rhythms. Seedsmen’s Digest 37(5):24.
Isely, Duane. 1951. Variations between analyses. p. 45-53. In Seed Analysis. Iowa State College, Ames.
Leggatt, C.W. 1942. Sources of variation in purity analysis. Handbook on Seed Testing, Contribution No. 20. AOSA.
Susan R. Maxon Federal Seed Laboratory Gastonia, NC
REVISED JULY 2005
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POACEAE – GRASS FAMILY STRUCTURAL FEATURES
SPIKELET: unit of the grass influorescence, consisting of a pair of glumes and one to several florets. GLUMES: a pair of bracts at the base of a spikelet. The bracts may be thin and chaffy as in bluegrass, or thickened and stiff as in sudangrass. FLORET: individual grass flower, consisting of lemma and palea with included pistil and stamens or mature ovary (the grain or caryopsis). LEMMA: the bract enclosing the caryopsis from the dorsal side. (The embryonic axis lies under the lemma side of the floret.) PALEA: the inner bract enclosing the caryopsis from the ventral side. RACHILLA: axis of a grass spikelet to which the florets are attached. Many species of grasses have a jointed rachilla that breaks apart at maturity, with a segment of the rachilla remaining attached to each floret. CALLUS: a thickened, hardened layer at the base of a floret where it separates from the rachilla or main axis of the inflorescence. KEEL: a sharp fold or angle along the midnerve of a lemma or along the two lateral nerves of the palea. SINUS: the space between the margins of the lemma at the base of the floret on the ventral side. The above structures may be modified to various degrees. For example, in Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass), the spikelets are unisexual, with glumes of the pistillate spikelets being very thick and hard, the lemma and palea thin and membranous. In the single-seeded spikelets of Panicum and Setaria, the lemma and palea are hard, rachillas lacking.
TYPES OF PUBESCENCE: GLABROUS: devoid of hairs. PUBESCENT: covered with hairs; usually refers to fine, short hairs. HISPID: pubescent with stiff or rigid hairs. SCABROUS: rough to the touch, covered with minute points or very short stiff hairs. VILLOUS: bearing long, soft hairs.
SHAPES OF SEEDS (as they appear in outline): LINEAR: several times longer than wide and of about the same width throughout. OBLONG: about 2 to 4 times as long as broad, the sides nearly parallel, the ends obtusely pointed, the points about equal. ELLIPTIC: broadest about the middle, the two ends equally tapered. OVAL: broadly elliptic. OVATE: egg-shaped, with the broader end at the base. OBOVATE: inverted egg shape, broader toward the apex. LANCEOLATE: several times longer than wide, the broadest width below the middle, tapering to a long- pointed apex. ORBICULAR: round or nearly so, scarcely tapering at base and apex.
APEX OF PALEA OR LEMMA ACUTE: ending in a short point. ACUMINATE: prolonged into a long, tapering point. OBTUSE: bluntly pointed or rounded. TRUNCATE: appears as if cut off crosswise. BIFID: two-cleft or two lobed.
Reference: Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 219.
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GRASS SEED STRUCTURE
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GRASS SEED STRUCTURE (continued)
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GRASS SEED STRUCTURE (continued
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REVISED APRIL 2008 Page | 10
REFERENCES IN Federal Seed Act Regulations* REGARDING SEED UNITS AND PURE SEED IN GRASSES
201.47a (b) (1) – (8) Seed units for the grass family (p. 22)
201.48 (a) – (g) Pure seed (in general) (p. 22)
201.48 (g) (1) – (4) Pure seed for grasses (pp. 22-23)
201.49 (a) (1) & (2) Other crop seed (when other kinds or varieties of grasses are found as contaminants) (p. 23)
201.51 (a) Inert matter from crop plants (p. 23) 201.51 (a) (2) Half-seed rule (pp. 23-24) 201.51 (a) (4) Glumes and empty florets (p. 24) 201.51 (a) (5) With protruding fungal bodies (e.g. ergot) or nematode galls (p. 24) 201.51 (a) (6) Visibly empty burs of buffalograss (p. 24)
201.51 (b) (2) (i) – (v) Inert matter from weedy grasses (p. 24)
201.51a (a) Uniform blowing procedure for certain grasses (pp. 24-25)
201.51a (b) Multiple unit procedure for certain grasses (p. 25)
201.52 Noxious-weed seeds based on number of individual noxious weeds present (p. 26)
NOTE: The AOSA Handbook contains sections corresponding to each of the above. As a student exercise, pencil in the related section numbers of the AOSA Rules.
* Federal Seed Act Regulations, Part 201, Printing date March 2000.
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PLEASE NOTE: Stipa viridula is now Nassella viridula and Oryzopsis hymenoides is now Achnatherum hymenoides
Reference the Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds, Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook on Seed Testing, current version
NOMENCLATURE REVISION APRIL 2008
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PLEASE NOTE: Brachiaria ramosa is now Urochloa ramosa.
Reference the Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds, Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook on Seed Testing, current version.
NOMENCLATURE REVISION APRIL 2008
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PLEASE NOTE: Buchloe dactyloides is now Bouteloua dactyloides.
Reference the Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds, Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook on Seed Testing, current version.
NOMENCLATURE REVISION APRIL 2008
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PLEASE NOTE: Hilaria jamesii is now Pleuraphis jamesii
Reference the Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds, Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook on Seed Testing, current version.
NOMENCLATURE REVISION APRIL 2008
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NOMENCLATURE CHANGES OF AGROPYRON SPP. – PAGE 1 OF 2
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME
Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner Fairway crested wheatgrass
A. desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes Standard crested wheatgrass
A. fragile (Roth) Candargy subsp. sibiricum (Willd.) Meld. (A. sibiricum (Willd.) P. Beauv.) Siberian wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus subsp. lanceolatus
Elymus lanceolatus (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Gould subsp. lanceolatus Streambank wheatgrass (Agropyron riparium Scribner & J.G. Smith)
Elymus lanceolatus (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Gould subsp. Thickspike wheatgrass lanceolatus Northern wheatgrass (in Canada) (Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribner)
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinn. subsp. subsecundus (Link) Gould Bearded wheatgrass (Elymus subsecundus (Link) A. Love & D. Love) (Agropyron subsecundum (Link) Hitchc.)
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinn. subsp. trachycaulus (Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex H.F. Lewis) Slender wheatgrass (Agropyron tenerum Vasey)
Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski Tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum (Host) P. Beauv.)
Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. intermedia (Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. barbulata (Schur) A. Love) Pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) P. Beauv. var. trichophorum (Link) Halacsy) (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt.)
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NOMENCLATURE CHANGES OF AGROPYRON SPP. – PAGE 2 OF 2
Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski subsp. intermedia Intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium( (Host) P. Beauv. var. intermedium)
Elymus repens (L.) Gould subsp. repens Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski) Couchgrass (in Canada) (Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv.) Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love (Elytrigia spicata (Pursh) Dewey forma inerme) Beardless wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum forma inerme (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Beetle) (Agropyron inerme (Scribn. & Sm.) Rydb.) Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love (Elytrigia spicata (Pursh) Dewey forma spicata) Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribner & J.G. Smith forma spicatum) Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love (Elymus smithii (Rydb.) Gould) Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.)
REFERENCES: Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 1997. Canadian Methods and Procedures for Testing Seed.
Henry, H.H. 1927. The seeds of quack grass and certain wheat grasses compared. Journal of Agricultural Research 35(6):537-546.
Meyer, D. J. L. and J. H. Wiersema. 2004. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook on Seed Testing.
Terrell, E.E. et al. 1986. A Checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance. USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 505 (revised).
USDA, AMS, SEED BRANCH Revised April 2009
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COMPARISON OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEATGRASSES AND QUACKGRASS – Page 1 of 3
KIND SHAPE & SIZE LEMMA CALLUS AWN SINUS RACHILLA PALEA
Elymus repens Narrowly elliptic; Smooth and lustrous; Hairs Usually U-shaped Glabrous; base Smoothly concave or with quackgrass tapering to base; with pronounced bulge lacking, or short or fully exposed; raised longitudinal line in widest below above callus; pale straw short and lacking, or sides parallel; flat lower half; hairs on keels middle; 8-9 mm color, or brown or few at outer up to 10 mm against palea short, stout, widespread long, 1½ mm wide green-tinged ends long
Pascopyrum smithii Narrowly elliptic; Coarsely granular, dull; Hairs only Usually V-shaped Hirsute; sides Smoothly concave or western wheatgrass not tapering at some forms sparsely at outer short strongly grooved in lower half, base; widest about short-hispid; deeper ends divergent; not often folded at apex; entire the middle; 9-10 yellow than E. repens appressed to palea surface hirsute; hairs on mm long, 1½ mm keels coarse, but longer wide than E. repens
Elymus trachycaulus Narrowly elliptic; Smooth, with luster; Hairs Short or V-shaped Villous; sides Glabrous and lustrous, slender wheatgrass tapering at base; sparsely pubescent continuous lacking slightly divergent minutely pubescent toward asymmetrical; across tip, hairs very apex; hairs on keels fine, widest above the short and fine; rounded acute, close-spaced; middle; 8-10 mm or flattened on the back; pericarp more translucent long, 1¼-2 mm pale colored and paler yellow than E. wide repens and P. smithii when viewed over transmitted light
Pseudoroegneria Linear oblong; Smooth; rounded or Lustrous; Short or V-shaped or Glabrous or very Deeply concave; glabrous spicata 10-12 mm long, flattened on back; with wide lacking narrowly U- short-pubescent; and lustrous; hairs on keels beardless wheatgrass 1¼-1½ mm wide several fine nerves at vertically shaped long, slender short, close-spaced apex; strong ledge on (except on basal either side of callus florets); with fine brown line on rim of turgid apex
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COMPARISON OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEATGRASSES AND QUACKGRASS– Page 2 of 3
SHAPE & KIND SIZE LEMMA CALLUS AWN SINUS RACHILLA PALEA
Pseudoroegneria Linear oblong; Smooth; rounded or Lustrous; Stout, V-shaped or Glabrous or very Deeply concave; glabrous spicata 10-12 mm flattened on back; with wide strongly narrowly short-pubescent; and lustrous; hairs on keels bluebunch long, 1¼- several fine nerves at vertically divergent, U-shaped long, slender short, close-spaced wheatgrass 1½ mm wide apex; weak to strong 1-2 cm long (except on basal ledge on either side of florets); with fine callus brown line on rim of turgid apex
Elymus lanceolatus Lanceolate; Sparsely hispid or Hairs Short or V-shaped Hairs short, Minutely pubescent; keels subsp. lanceolatus 8-10 mm long; scabrous, villous on sides continuous lacking appressed, or inturned and flattened in streambank 1½ mm wide near base; margins do not across back villous lower half wheatgrass extend to keels of palea or only at in lower half outer ends
Elymus lanceolatus Lanceolate; Villous or pubescent; Hairs Short or U-shaped Villous Sparsely pubescent; keels subsp. lanceolatus 9-10 mm long; thin and papery; margins continuous lacking inturned and flattened in thickspike wheatgrass 1½-2 mm do not extend to keels of across back lower half wide palea or only at outer ends
Elytrigia elongata Broad, Dull; markedly Short hairs Awn tip or V-shaped or Short (about 1/5 Concavity broad and tall wheatgrass obtusely exceeding the tip and only at short awn narrowly length of palea), shallow or with only a pointed; 8-10 sides of the palea in outer ends, U-shaped thick, sides slight crease toward the or 12 mm upper third; ledge at each or lacking strongly divergent base; dull, scurfy and long; 1¾- side of callus; apex sparsely pubescent; hair on 2 mm wide flaired keels long, fine, close- spaced in upper portion; palea margin exceeded by lemma
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COMPARISON OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEATGRASSES AND QUACKGRASS – Page 3 of 3
SHAPE & KIND SIZE LEMMA CALLUS AWN SINUS RACHILLA PALEA
Elytrigia intermedia Broad, Smooth and lustrous or Hairs short Awn tip or U-shaped Longer and more Concavity deeply subsp. intermedia obtusely finely granular; slightly and sparse, short awn slender (about 1/3 V-shaped, especially intermediate pointed; 9-10 glazed and lustrous on or lacking length of palea) in lower portion; wheatgrass mm long; lower half; some with than E. elongata, lustrous and 1¾-2 mm long lax hairs toward the sides nearly translucent; glabrous wide apex and along the sides; parallel or weakly or minutely margins scarcely divergent pubescent; hairs on exceeding the tip and keels not as long and sides of the palea toward close-spaced as in apex; ledge at each side E. elongata; palea of callus; apex nerves margins exceeding often brown; apex lemma acuminate
Elytrigia intermedia Broad, Coarsely granular, dull, Slight Awnpoint U-shaped Sometimes hairy; Longitudinal crease subsp. intermedia obtusely with long lax hairs toward “neck” short and various lengths full length; darker pubescent wheatgrass pointed; 9-10 the apex and along the stout from short with than intermediate mm long; 1¾- sides, or sometimes wide, open apex wheatgrass; palea 2 mm wide glabrous; ledge at each to longer with margins exceeding side of callus; apex smaller apex lemma acuminate
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NOMENCLATURE of the WILDRYES
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME
Altai wildrye Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilger (Elymus angustus Trin.) basin wildrye Leymus cinereus (Scribn. and Merr.) A. Love (Elymus cinereus Scribn. and Merr.) beardless wildrye Leymus triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger (Elymus triticoides Buckl.) blue wildrye Elymus glaucus Buckl. bottlebrush-squirreltail Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey (Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J.G. Sm.) (Elymus sitanion J.A. Schultes)
Canada wildrye Elymus canadensis L. giant wildrye Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. Love (Elymus condensatus J. Presl) medusahead Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. caput-medusae medusahead-rye (Elymus caput-medusae L.) Taeniatherum caput-medusae subsp. asperum
Russian wildrye Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski (Elymus junceus Fisch.)
Siberian wildrye Elymus sibiricus L.
Virginia wildrye Elymus virginicus L.
REFERENCES: Meyer, D. J. L. and Wiersema, J.H. 2004. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook on Seed Testing.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?317718 (18 August 1998)
USDA, NRCS 1997. The PLANTS database. (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. USDA, AMS, SEED BRANCH REVISED JULY 2005 Page | 32
COMPARISON OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME WILDRYES - Page 1 of 2
KIND SHAPE & SIZE LEMMA CALLUS AWN RACHILLA PALEA
Elymus canadensis Narrowly elliptic; Dull, coarsely granular; Wide vertically; 10-30 mm Almost glabrous Keels mostly inturned and flattened Canada wildrye tapering gradually to sparsely long pubescent, dull; glabrous or long; down to near the apex; sparsely a narrow base; 12 especially along the short-pubescent divergent; pubescent; tapering to a narrow, mm long, 1½ mm sides; debearding causes on the ends scabrous notched apex wide lemma to fray
Elymus virginicus Elliptic; tapering Coarsely granular and Wide vertically; Up to 10 mm Glabrous Broad, smoothly concave or minutely Virginia wildrye abruptly to a long, dull; sometimes sparsely glabrous, or longer; pubescent at the apex; keels often narrow base; 8-9 mm scabrous across at the lustrous; glumes straight; inturned and flattened down in the long, 1½-2 mm wide apex but otherwise commonly scabrous lower portion; apex obtuse or with a glabrous; scabrous or persisting on shallow notch hirsute in some varieties; basal florets pale with a yellowish tinge
Leymus triticoides Elliptic; tapering to a Glazed and semi-glossy, Wide vertically; Short and Sparingly Glabrous or sparsely pubescent, beardless wildrye narrow base; 8-9 mm glabrous, margins glabrous, weak pubescent, scarcely concave, with a median long, 1½-2 mm wide extend to keels of palea lustrous; glumes occasional hairs groove or ridge below or nearly so; yellowish commonly fairly long brown or tawny persisting on basal florets
Taeniatherum caput-medusae linear-oblong; Stiff; minutely scabrous Wide vertically; 20-30 mm Threadlike Deeply V-shaped, narrow concavity; subsp. caput-medusae 7-8 mm long; and sparsely hispid long glossy; entire long; coarse; almost obscured by the strongly medusahead 1 mm wide the sides and toward the callus area straight or inrolled, but not flattened-down keels; apex; 3-nerved evident in flexuous flattened out at the narrow, notched tip; ventral view hairs on keels short, stubby, wide- spaced
Psathyrostachys juncea Lance-shaped; Scabrous and usually Not evident in Awnless or Stouter than in Concave, sunken appearance; almost Russian wildrye 8-10 mm long, copiously pubescent ventral view; with short, T. caput-medusae; obscured by the strongly inrolled, but 1-1½ mm wide with bristly hairs, squared off weak awn finely pubescent not flattened-down keels; densely hyaline margins extend pubescent and scurfy; hairs on keels to keels of palea or fine, wide-spaced nearly so; soft, papery texture
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COMPARISON OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME WILDRYES - Page 2 of 2 KIND SHAPE & SIZE LEMMA CALLUS AWN RACHILLA PALEA
Elymus glaucus Linear-oblong; Coarsely granular and Wide Weak, 6-8 mm Long, slender, Deeply concave, blue wildrye 8-10 mm long, sparsely scabrous, vertically, long about 1/3 length of exposed throughout; 1¼-1½ mm wide especially toward apex; dull palea dull, pubescent in upper sometimes purplish portion; hairs on keels short, wide-spaced
Leymus cinereus 8-10 mm long, Sparsely hispid and With short, Awnless or Slender, villous, Concave at the base and basin wildrye 1½ mm wide villous along the sides bristly hairs with short awn commonly with a flattening out toward the and at the base; fine brown line on apex; apex with deep V- sometimes purplish the rim of turgid notch; scurfy apex pubescence; keels exposed
Elymus elymoides Elliptic; 8-10 mm Smooth or scabrous to Glabrous or 10-20 mm or Slender; glabrous Concave; long-pointed, bottlebrush-squirreltail long, appressed pubescent, with short longer, or nearly so often bifid apex; scurfy 1-1½ mm wide sometimes glaucous; hairs mostly divergent; pubescence; keels usually 5-nerved at outer frequently exposed ends broken
REFERENCES: Faul, Karen. 1981. Seed Drawings and Descriptions of Six Species of Elymus. AOSA News Letter 55(1):41-43. Hitchcock, A.S. 1935. (2nd edition revised by Agnes Chase, 1950) Manual of the Grasses of the United States. USDA, Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. Hitchcock, C.L. et al. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 1: Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. Larsen, Arnold L. 1988. Study Guide to the Seeds of Colorado. Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30.
SUSAN R. MAXON USDA, AMS, Seed Branch REV. APRIL 1999
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CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORETS OF AGROSTIS SPECIES (Page 1 of 2)
KIND CARYOPSIS PALEA LEMMA AWN CALLUS
Agrostis gigantea Hard From one-half to Glossy, pale to deep Infrequent; if Thin vertically; (syn. A. alba) slightly exceeding gold color; silvery present, short, smoothly redtop the caryopsis; evenly translucent in straight, thin, curved. tapered from near the ‘Streaker’; oblong or arising above base, apex truncate lance-shaped, rounded middle. or with a broad or slightly flattened on shallow notch; apex the back. not notched in ‘Streaker’.
A. stolonifera var. Hard From one-half to Glossy, pale gold Infrequent; if Thick and palustris slightly exceeding color; sometimes present, short, obtusely (syn. A. palustris) the caryopsis; broad silvery; ovate, the straight, thin, angled. creeping toward the apex back humped up arising above bentgrass (shoulder-like), above the constricted middle. tapering abruptly to a base; tapered minutely notched or asymmetrically rounded apex. toward the base.
A. capillaris Hard From one-half to Grayish, dull, or Infrequent; if Basal hairs (syn. A. tenuis) slightly exceeding slightly lustrous; present, geniculate mostly lacking; colonial bentgrass the caryopsis; mostly smooth-textured; and twisted, arising if present, may cv. Highland long and loose; occasionally sparingly from near the base; be fairly long. evenly tapered from long pubescent; or thin and delicate the base to a sharp- elliptic. arising about or pointed, narrow and above the middle. deep V-notch.
A. capillaris Hard Relatively short, thin, Grayish, dull, porous Infrequent; if Basal hairs, (syn. A. tenuis) often wrinkled and textured; occasionally present, geniculate various or colonial bentgrass partially adherent to sparingly long and twisted, arising lacking. incl. cv. Astoria the grain; apex pubescent; lance- from near the base; variously notched, shaped. or thin and delicate the points blunt, not a arising about or deep V-notch. above the middle.
Soft or semi- Reduced to minute Dull, whitish, Long, geniculate Basal hairs at A. canina fluid transparent scales, transparent or and twisted, arising ends of callus, velvet bentgrass usually obscured by translucent; markedly about or below the short and the margins of longer than caryopsis, middle of lemma, stubby or falling in folds or 5-nerved and lacking. between 4 fine nerves awnless in certain at apex, nerves strains. scabrous; apex may be worn down closer to the caryopsis.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORETS OF AGROSTIS SPECIES (Page 2 of 2)
KIND CARYOPSIS PALEA LEMMA AWN CALLUS A. scabra Soft or semi- Reduced to minute Dull, whitish, Infrequent; if Basal hairs at ticklegrass fluid; exposed transparent scales. transparent or present, straight and ends of callus on ventral translucent, only delicate, arising long and side. slightly longer than above or about the copious; may the caryopsis; so middle. be rubbed off. finely granular as to appear smooth and semi-polished above the callus. A. hyemalis Soft or semi- Reduced to minute Dull, whitish, Lacking. Basal hairs winter bentgrass fluid. transparent scales, transparent or rare. usually obscured by translucent; granular; the margins of the equal to or shorter lemma. than the plump caryopsis. A. elliottiana Soft or semi- Reduced to minute Dull, whitish, Long, thread-like, Basal hairs 2 Elliott bentgrass fluid. transparent scales, transparent or arising about /3 long, encircle usually obscured by translucent; nerves above the base. the entire the margins of the whitish with coarse callus. lemma. granules, prominent to the base. A. exarata Soft or semi- Reduced to minute Dull, whitish or Awned or awnless. spike bentgrass fluid. transparent scales, silvery, opaque; If present, long, usually obscured by nerves not prominent geniculate and the margins of the to the base; margins twisted or only awn lemma. usually overlapping points arising above toward the apex on the the middle. ventral side. Awnless florets smooth, 1 ½ mm long and ½ mm wide. Awned florets coarsely granular and hispid on the nerves toward apex; 2 mm long and 2 ½- /3 mm wide.
REFERENCES: Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds, USDA, Agriculture Marketing Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. USDA, NRCS 1999. The PLANTS database (http://plants.usda.gov/plants). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874- 4490 USA. Young, Rodney W. Presentation at Federal Seed School, Tifton, Georgia. August 3, 1989.
Susan R. Maxon USDA AMS LS Seed Regulatory and Testing Branch MAY 2000
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REVISED APRIL 2008
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ALOPECURUS SPIKELET CHARACTERICS
NAME SIZE GLUMES AWN OF LEMMA CALLUS
A. aequalis 2 mm long Obtuse; usually shorter than lemma; long- Straight, frail; scarcely Small and inconspicuous. short-awn foxtail 1 mm wide ciliate on keel nerves and sparingly long- exceeding lemma. pubescent on lower half. A. arundinaceus 4 to 5 mm long Obtuse; about as long as the lemma; long- Twisted; usually Small, inconspicuous. creeping foxtail 1 1/2 mm wide ciliate on keel nerves and sparingly long- obscured by glumes. pubescent. A. carolinianus 2 mm long Obtuse; usually exceeding the lemma; long- Geniculate, the bend Small and inconspicuous. Carolina foxtail 1 mm wide ciliate on keel nerves and sparingly long- usually above the pubescent on lower half. glumes; about 2 mm longer than the glumes. A. geniculatus 3 mm long Obtuse; usually exceeding the lemma; long- Geniculate, the bend Small and inconspicuous. water foxtail 1 1/2 mm wide ciliate on keel nerves and sparingly long- usually obscured by the pubescent on lower half. glumes; about 3 mm longer than the glumes. A. myosuroides 5 to 6 mm long Pointed; stiff and granular; about as long as Geniculate and twisted; Large and prominent. slender foxtail 1 3/4 to 2 mm wide lemma; short-hispid on keel nerves above, about 5 to 7 mm longer sparingly long pubescent on all nerves at than glumes. base. A. pratensis 5 to 6 mm long Pointed; thin; long-ciliate on keel nerves Geniculate and twisted; Small and inconspicuous. meadow foxtail 1 3/4 to 2 mm wide and sparingly long-pubescent on lower half. about 5 to 7 mm longer than glumes.
REFERENCES: Hitchcock, A.S. (2nd edition revised by Agnes Chase). 1950. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. USDA, Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. Musil, A. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30.
USDA AMS Seed Branch APRIL 1999
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REFERENCES: Musil, A. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agricultural Handbook No. 30.
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NOTE: NOMENCLATURE CHANGE – SEE PAGE 45 REVISED APRIL 2008
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Illustrations from USDA AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 30, Plate II
25. Andropogon gerardii Vitman; big bluestem
26. Andropogon hallii Hackel; sand bluestem
27. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash, (A. scoparius); little bluestem
28. Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng, (A. ischaemum); yellow bluestem
29. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake, (A. intermedium); Caucasian bluestem
30. Dichanthium aristatum (Poiret) C. E. Hubb., (A. nodosus); angletongrass
31. Dichanthium sericeum (R. Br.) A. Camus, (A. sericeus); silky bluestem
32. Andropogon virginicus L.; broomsedge
Nomenclature based on AOSA Handbook No. 25, Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds, revised 1995.
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COMPARISION OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME Avena SPECIES NAME Color/Shape Surface Awn Scar/Callus Rachilla Caryopsis Abscission Type Avena sativa White, yellow, Almost smooth If present, fine to Round, smallish; Irregular at Not markedly Fracture (oat) gray, red, brown, or somewhat medium thickness; glabrous or sparsely tip, glabrous; thickened in lower black; broadly granular; straight or pubescent; rim of on basal half; little or no elliptic translucent geniculate and basal floret is thin florets may depression left be appearance twisted below, bend and irregular; upper be entire, awn; scutellum large usually below tip of floret often retains a almost entire and distinct lemma splintered part of the or broken off rachilla below it. near base Avena fatua Grey, brownish, Granular Heavy, geniculate Large and round With hairs, Ventral side flat with Complete (wild oat) red, black, and strongly twisted (‘sucker-mouth’), long and stiff fine groove down abscission yellow; narrowly with bend equal to with numerous long or short and middle; depression elliptic; upper or well above tip of hairs; smooth, well- spreading; from awn extends palea obscured lemma; leaves developed callus or triangular at about half-way; by in-rolled depression on abscission layer tip scutellum not evident lemma lemma or only a faint whitish line; hairier than others Fatuoid, Similar to the Similar to the Normally heavy, Large, round Normally with Caryopsis markedly Complete homozygous variety in which variety in geniculate and (‘sucker-mouth’), hairs; thickened in lower abscission (false wild oat) they are found; which they are twisted with bend with hairs; smooth, triangular at half; two thick, deep florets usually found equal to or well well-developed tip. longitudinal folds on broadly elliptic; above tip of lemma, callus or abscission ventral side; upper portion of leaves a depression layer depression from awn palea exposed on lemma as in A. fatua; due to in-rolled scutellum large and lemma distinct Fatuoid, Gray, brownish, Similar to the All florets may be Wider, more Irregular at Caryopsis thick in Basal florets by heterozygous black or yellow; variety in awnless or basal rectangular; basal tip, similar to lower half; awn may partial (heterozygous often similar to which they are floret with hairs may be in two cultivated leave depression; abscission; false wild oat) the variety in found; lemma geniculate, twisted tufts, not continuing oats scutellum distinct upper florets by which they are usually smooth awn, (bend near tip across back, fracture found; short- and glabrous of lemma), sometimes lacking pointed sometimes straight References: Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds, Agricultural Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C. Baxter and Copeland. 2008. Seed Purity & Taxonomy
Compiled by S. Dawson USDA, AMS, LS, SRTD Prepared and Added: August 2012 Page | 44
U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK 219
Page | 45 REVISED JUNE 2008
Illustrations from USDA AGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. 30, Plate II
46. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey, side-oats grama
47. Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lagasca ex Steudel, blue grama
48. Bouteloua hirsuta Lagasca, hairy grama
Nomenclature based on AOSA Handbook No. 25, Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds, revised 1995.
REVISED JUNE 2008
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NOMENCLATURE CHANGES:
B. rigidus is now B. diandrus var. rigidus;
is now B. hordeaceus
Reference the Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds, Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook on Seed Testing, current version.
REVISED APRIL 2008
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Page | 48 REVISED JUNE 2008
Page | 49 REVISED JUNE 2008
Page | 50 REVISED JUNE 2008
Page | 51 REVISED JUNE 2008 Page | 52 REVISED JUNE 2008
Page | 53 REVISED JUNE 2008
SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF TEN BROMUS SPECIES – PAGE 1 OF 3
KIND CARYOPSIS LEMMA PALEA RACHILLA CALLUS AWN
B. secalinus Large and heavy; Strongly concave or folded; Usually equal to lemma, Short and thick or rather Glabrous or laterally Rudimentary or cheat or chess strongly lateral margins strongly sometimes shorter, or slender; distinctly bowed; short-haired; not (1-6 mm); compressed involute at maturity, (hiding slightly exceeding; scar at apex tilted back at wide (vertically) or straight or with laterally, folded palea and caryopsis from extends beyond apex of about a 45° angle; mature pointed; apical scar an abrupt twist towards center of view); does not extend caryopsis; usually seeds commonly bent oblique or curve at or palea; ventral beyond apex or around sides narrower than caryopsis; slightly outwards so free below the groove very of caryopsis; lemma, palea, deep V-shaped cavity; end is above lemma middle narrow; thick, more and caryopsis equal in length frequently hidden within so than any related or nearly so the caryopsis species
B. commutatus Flared toward apex, Extends beyond apex and Shorter than lemma; Short and thick or slender; Not wide (vertically) Usually straight; hairy chess folded near base; sides of palea and caryopsis; extends beyond apex of distinctly bowed; apex or pointed sometimes not as heavy as inrolled obscuring palea; caryopsis; concavity frequently located between backwardly B. secalinus, but usually laterally concave; shallow; lemma, palea, or below edges of lemma; directed; heavier than sometimes up turned in lower and caryopsis not equal scar at apex slants at about (5-10 mm) B. japonicus; thin part (rachilla end) and flaring in length a 45° angle; scar not or somewhat at apex; coarse midnerve visible in lateral view thickened evident to base.
B. hordeaceus Flattened toward Extends beyond apex and Shorter than lemma; Short and thick or slender; Not wide (vertically) Rather stout; (syn. B. mollis) apex; pointed sides of caryopsis; finely length equal to caryopsis pubescent; scar at apex or pointed (6-9 mm) soft chess toward base, pubescent (over entire but narrower along sides; slants back at about a 45° concavity shallow surface); transverse wrinkles thin; partially adheres to angle; usually shorter than in lover portion between nerves, (nerves caryopsis; palea wall the rachilla of usually evident to base); thin exposed B. commutatus; frequently and tissue-like; lemma, palea, enlarged upwards and caryopsis not equal in length
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF TEN BROMUS SPECIES – PAGE 2 OF 3
KIND CARYOPSIS LEMMA PALEA RACHILLA CALLUS AWN
B. japonicus Lighter and thinner Extends beyond apex or Shorter than lemma; usually Strongly bowed or nearly Glabrous (no Commonly Japanese chess than B. secalinus or around sides of caryopsis; extends slightly beyond apex straight; scar parallel to the hairs) bent or B. commutatus; longer and broader than of caryopsis; frequently hidden longitudinal axis of the divergently strongly compressed caryopsis and palea; usually from view by incurved lemma floret, 90° angle, ( scar directed; laterally; concavity strongly concave or folded, and folded caryopsis; semi- vertical); upwardly (5-10 mm) deeply U-shaped sometimes flat; midnerve transparent enlarged throughout entire evident to base; lemma, palea, length and caryopsis not equal in length
B. inermis Thin and flat or Equal to or slightly longer Narrower than caryopsis; Slightly enlarged upwards; Glabrous (no Frequently smooth brome slightly boat-shaped; than caryopsis and palea; equal to or slightly longer than nearly straight; scar at hairs) absent; when fragile distinctly wider than caryopsis; nearly flat; about a 45° angle to nearly present caryopsis; flat or lateral longitudinal fold down middle vertical; bristle-pubescent; inconspicuous; margins slightly upturned; lies flat against palea (1-2 mm); flattened dorso-ventrally straight throughout
B. catharticus Shorter than lemma; Laterally folded (two sides Enclosed within lemma; about Scar vertical; straight or Glabrous or Lacking or up 2 rescuegrass strongly compressed nearly flat, closely pressed /3 the length of lemma; almost somewhat bowed; usually finely hairy to 3 mm laterally; ventral together, almost completely completely obscured from shorter than B. marginatus groove very narrow, obscuring palea and view by lemma and B. carinatus; minutely extending only 1/3 caryopsis); short pointed apex; hispid to glabrous the depth of seed (side view) broader below middle than B. marginatus
B. tectorum Thin; narrowly Dorsal surface copiously Equal to or exceeding Straight; long and rounded; Vertically wide; Stiff, straight, downy chess oblong; boat-shaped; soft-pubescent; entire lemma caryopsis in length; markedly slightly enlarged upwards; sharply pointed; or backwardly strongly grooved; and caryopsis usually shorter than lemma; maybe villous; scar vertical; tuft of hairs on curved; shorter than lemma backwardly curved; frequently partly obscured by margins of (rounded with stiff hairs); each side (10-14 mm) purplish color; thin papery; lemma or well exposed; sinus V-shaped; apex terminates in two hyaline teeth narrow tapering to base; apex circular flattened area, obtuse or minutely notched slightly pointed at top; covered with stiff hairs
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF TEN BROMUS SPECIES – PAGE 3 OF 3
KIND CARYOPSIS LEMMA PALEA RACHILLA CALLUS AWN
B. sterilis Very slender with a Laterally concave; lateral Shorter than lemma, Long, rounded; glabrous or Glabrous or with Scabrous, rough barren chess deep, narrow ventral margins membranous, longer than caryopsis; scabrous, coarsely hairy, marginal tufts of (short stiff hairs); furrow; thicker than extending upwards into concavity deeply hirsute; slightly enlarged short hairs; round in ridged; straight; B. rubens; sharply conspicuous apical teeth; V-shaped; wrinkled; toward apex; sinus broadly outline, (bulbous); (20-25 mm) keeled and folded; prominent central nerve mostly obscured by U-shaped; scar vertical point of abscission margins exposed extending into awn; covered inrolled lemma deep circular with short hispid (stiff) hairs depression
B. diandrus var. Thick and heavy; Strongly concave; margins Equal to or exceeds Long and round; apex Pubescent with Very stiff; stout; rigidus margins folded well erect or incurved; covered caryopsis in length; flattened oval with a upwardly directly scabrous, rough (syn. B. rigidus) over toward the center with sharp thorn-like barbs; concealed within pointed tip; coarsely hairs over entire (short stiff hairs); ripgut brome frequently touching; prominent midnerve extends caryopsis, deeply enrolled hirsute (stiff hairs); hairs surface or margins (30-50 mm) not keeled; strongly onto awn; apex bifid, (deeply by curve of caryopsis; longer toward apex; sinus only; pointed; short concave; shorter than two-cleft) narrow, exposing margins U-shaped and heavy; barbs at center back, lemma of caryopsis; mostly slightly bowed and longer toward sides; obscured by inrolled thickened upwards from lateral view lemma appears sharply pointed
B. rubens Pointed; thin; narrow; Flat, except for upturned Nearly flat; barely Nearly straight; long and Glabrous or Frequently bent red brome nearly flat; almost as margins; sometimes exceeds apex of round; apex circular marginally villous; backwards; long as palea backwardly curved; usually caryopsis; markedly flattened area; slightly rounded; slightly (15-20 mm) villous, (long soft hairs); shorter than lemma; pointed at tip; commonly bulging; long stiff enrolled practically obscuring pointed; finely hairy; villous, covered with stiff barbs at sides; short palea below concavity shallow barbs; apex slanted at a 45° bristles across back angle; U-shaped sinus
REFERENCES: Hitchcock, A. S. (2nd ed. Rev. by Agnes Chase) 1950. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. (USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 200). pp. 34-56. Isley, Duane, Dale West, and Richard W. Pohl. 1952. Seeds of Agricultural and Weedy Bromus. Iowa State College Journal of Science. Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 531-548. Larsen, Arnold L. 1988. Study Guide to the Seeds of Colorado. Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. Pierpoint, M. 1964. Comparison: Seven Bromus spp. AOSA Newsletter 38(1):51-63. U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30.
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BERMUDAGRASS
Caryopses
Cynodon dactylon var. aridus Cynodon dactylon Giant Bermudagrass Bermudagrass
Approximate size: Approximate size: Length: 1 ½ - 2 mm. Length: 1 – 1 ½ mm. Width: 1 mm. Width: ½ mm.
Dark grayish brown, dull and opaque, coarse striations Light brown, semi-translucent, smoother appearing than clearly visible with 6X or 7X hand lens; stylar tip giant bermudagrass; stylar tip more rounded and better usually pointed and “off-center”; embryo often longer centered; embryo often shorter and not as indented in and more indented in side view than on common side view (the caryopsis more regular in shape); the bulk bermudagrass (the caryopsis more irregular in shape); sample light in color. the bulk sample dark in color. Some samples may have caryopses not well matured or Some samples may have caryopses not well matured or caryopses severely milled. The size, shape, color, caryopses severely milled. The size, shape, color translucence, and smooth appearance may vary on these. translucence, and striate appearance may vary on these. However, in general they will have a more rounded and However, in general they will have a pointed and “off- better centered stylar tip, more of a regular shape, the center” stylar tip, an irregular shape, a large indented embryo area will appear somewhat smaller and not embryo area, and tend to be larger seeded than common indented as much in side view, and they will tend to be bermudagrass. smaller seeded than giant bermudagrass.
Some variations: (1) Smooth appearing, but coat thick, Some variations: (1) Severely milled caryopses with dull, grayish, or bronze, (2) somewhat reddish, bronze, deep longitudinal grooves which are fine indentations or pinkish translucent, but with a “frosted” or striate and not “broken” or striate lines, (2) variously appearance; (3) roundish, plump dark brown, somewhat “speckled,” and brownish, yellowish, or creamy translucent or even thick coated, but with striations translucent, (3) roundish, plumpish, fairly dark, but visible on some part of the caryopsis, and (4) longish, translucent and with no striations, (4) some cream large and swollen appearing, somewhat pinkish or color, with an immature, brittle looking coat, and (5) reddish translucent but “frosted” or striate. occasional caryopses purple or purple tinged.
Occasional caryopses on severely milled samples may have almost all of the coat knocked off and may appear white and translucent on the exposed parts. These are very difficult to identify. Use general size and shape.
Vera L. Colbry U.S. Department of Agriculture Grain Division, AMS, Seed Branch July 1963 (RETYPED JULY 2005)
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AOSA Newsletter, Vol. 58, No. 1, Feb. 1984, pp. 109 and 110. Page | 58
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GIANT BERMUDAGRASS AND COMMON BERMUDAGRASS
I. Purity procedure and separation as to kind.
Hulled samples
A. The weight of the working sample for the purity test is one gram.
B. The separation as to kind shall be made on approximately one-fourth gram of the pure seed fraction.
C. Specific directions for subdivision of the bulk sample and analysis of the purity sample when using the Gamet divider:
1. Check the level of the mixer, placing a carpenter’s level across the top of the hopper. The “bubble” indicator on the Gamet divider may not indicate the true level. Use extreme care that the hopper fits snugly on the divider before checking the level. It may be necessary to check the level of the inside disc.
2. Clean the divider with an air hose before and after the mixing procedure.
3. Pour the seed into the divider when the motor is turned off.
4. Mix the bulk sample through the divider at least twice before starting to cut down to the amount for laboratory test.
5. Pour the seed directly over the center portion of the spout. A funnel clamped to the upper edge of the hopper will facilitate this operation.
6. Subdivide to the 1-gram working sample.
7. Make a purity test on the 1-gram sample.
8. Use a small funnel for subdividing the 1-gram sample to the ¼-gram sample for the separation as to kind. We use a small glass 3” funnel, with the stem end cut down to approximately ¼” in length and the edges filed off even. The funnel tip is placed on the center portion of the divider, the seed poured in (it will not fall out because the funnel tip rests on the center pin of the divider), the motor is turned on, and then the funnel is lifted to allow the seed to fall.
9. Check the weight of the ¼-gram subsample on a balance, weighing to the fourth decimal place (i.e. 0.2501 gram).
10. Separate the 1/4-gram sample into giant bermudagrass and common bermudagrass. This should be done with the aid of a 6X or 7X hand lens. A diaphanoscope is not used in this separation because the color of the caryopses as discerned over transmitted light varies with the degree of scarification and maturity.
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D. Calculation of results:
1. Weigh the common bermudagrass and the giant bermudagrass.
2. Calculate the percent of each.
3. Multiply these percents by the percent pure seed in order to determine the percent of each kind in the sample.
Unhulled samples
1. Unhulled bermudagrass samples shall be subdivided, separated, and calculated in the same manner as hulled samples except that the separation as to kind shall be made on 400 hulled seeds.
2. For the separation as to kind, count out at random 400 seeds from the unhulled pure seed portion.
3. Deglume the 400 seeds. A good way to do this is to place them in a shallow box with a roughened surface (such as the bottom surface of a piece of linoleum) and gently rub the seeds with a small block covered with emory paper or rough sandpaper.
4. As listed under D. for hulled samples, the calculations as to percent of each kind shall be based upon weight and not count.
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A METHOD FOR PURITY SEPARATION OF MIXTURES OF GIANT & COMMON BERMUDAGRASS WHEN BOTH HULLED & UNHULLED SEEDS ARE PRESENT 1. Divide sample as usual to required purity working weight. Weigh and record original working weight. 2. Perform the four-part purity separation; record weights of crop, inert, and weed components. Separate the hulled and unhulled bermudagrass into 2 portions; record weights. 3. Do a 400-seed separation on hulled seed; separate into giant and common bermudagrass. Record weights and calculate percentage of each. 4. Do a 400-seed separation on unhulled seed. First, hull the seeds by hand in such a way as to avoid damage to the caryopses. Separate into giant and common bermudagrass. Record weights and calculate percentage of each. 5. Weighted average must be calculated to obtain percentage of common and giant bermudagrass is sample. See example.
Example: Original weight of purity working sample = 1.198 g.
Crop = 0.000 g. Inert = 0.014 g. Weed = 0.000 g.
Total hulled seed in working sample = 0.495 g. 81 giant bermudagrass = 0.027 g. = 25.71% 319 common bermudagrass = 0.078 g. = 74.29% Weight of 400 seeds = 0.105 g.
Total unhulled seed in working sample = 0.679 g. 119 giant bermudagrass = 0.038 g. = 35.51% 281 common bermudagrass = 0.069 g. = 64.49% Weight of 400 seeds = 0.107 g.
Final weight of working sample = 1.188 g.
Calculation of weighted average of hulled + unhulled seed of giant and common bermudagrass: giant bermudagrass = [(25.71% x 0.495 g) + (35.51% x 0.679 g)] = 0.127 g + 0.241 g = 0.368 g = 30.98% common bermudagrass =[ (74.29% x 0.495 g) + (64.49% x 0.679 g)] = 0.368 g + 0.438 g = 0.806 g = 67.84%
For tolerances, use FSA section 201.62, tolerance for 800 seeds, Table 4.
USDA, AMS, L&S SEED REGULATORY & TESTING BRANCH JANUARY 1996
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ECHINOCHLOA
NAME FLORET SIZE AND SHAPE SPIKELET FEATURES
E. colona 2 mm long; Sterile lemma and second 1 jungle rice 1 to 1 /4 mm wide. glume equal; short-pointed. Broadest about midway, tapering to an equally pointed apex and base.
3 E. crus-galli 2 /4 to 3 mm long; Sterile lemma long-awned or 1 barnyardgrass 2 to 2 /4 mm wide. only awn-pointed; second Broadest about midway, tapering to an equally glume shorter, acute-pointed. pointed apex and base.
3 E. frumentacea 2 /4 to 3 mm long; Sterile lemma short-awned; 1 Japanese millet 2 to 2 /4 mm wide. second glume shorter, short- Broadest below middle, tapering to a long-pointed pointed. apex and short-pointed base.
USDA, AMS, Seed Branch J
E. colona E. crus-galli E. frumentacea jungle rice barnyardgrass Japanese millet
REFERENCES: Meyer, D. J. L. and Wiersema, J. H., eds. 2004. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. AOSA Handbook No. 25. Musil, A. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30. JULY 2008
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF FESTUCA AND LOLIUM SPECIES
NAME Lolium multiflorum Festuca pratensis and L. perenne (F. elatior) Festuca arundinacea Festuca rubra annual and perennial ryegrass meadow fescue tall fescue red fescue and Chewings fescue SHAPE broadly oblong, scarcely narrowed at the broadly elliptic, widest through broadly elliptic, widest below the narrowly elliptic, usually widest base; flattened dorso-ventrally, about the the middle; seed tends to lean to middle, apex long-pointed above the middle, often arched on same thickness throughout one side dorsal side RACHILLA flat, wide, and strap-like; glabrous; stout and flattened; frequently round and slender; slightly round, slender; disc at apex; appressed to palea; apex not expanded twisted; glabrous; stands away pubescent; stands away from palea; slightly pubescent from palea; disc at apex disc at apex CALLUS narrow vertically; fine clean-cut rim wide vertically; thick; often with wide vertically; thick; often with an narrow vertically; pointed an indentation in the upper edge indentation in the upper edge LEMMA granular; sparingly pubescent or glabrous smooth as if glazed; glabrous; coarsely granular; dull; short-hispid smooth or hairy; not as granular occasional short hairs on center on nerves and along margins or on as F. arundinacea or as glazed as nerve near tip entire surface; nerves prominent F. pratensis AWN long or short in L. multiflorum; mostly mostly lacking usually present usually present; variable in length lacking in L. perenne PALEA smooth and lustrous toward apex; hairs on smooth and lustrous; hairs on coarsely granular, dull; hairs on slightly granular; thin; often with keels short, coarse, wide-spaced, and keels short, fine, close-spaced, keels short, fine, and close-spaced; deep V-shaped cavity; dull; hairs extending below middle; palea concavity extending from about the middle palea concavity broad and shallow on keels variable broad and shallow toward the apex; palea concavity broad and shallow COLOR tan; generally lighter than F. arundinacea light tan to dark tan dark tan; some seeds may have pale tan to purple small areas of purple pigmentation
Seeds of Festuca rubra subsp. rubra (red fescue), F. ovina (sheep fescue), and F. brevipila (hard fescue) are very similar. Seeds of hard fescue tend to be longer pointed and more slender than sheep fescue, and the palea appears to be more opaque. In sheep and hard fescue, the keels of the palea converge abruptly above the grain as if pinched together; lemma and palea are sparsely pubescent toward the apex and glabrous toward the base. In red fescue, the keels of the palea converge gradually toward the apex, and the deeply notched apex is folded. Seedlings of red fescue can be distinguished from sheep and hard fescue by the ammonia fluorescence test. REFERENCES: Association of Official Seed Analysts. 1991. Cultivar Purity Testing Handbook. USDA, AMS SEED BRANCH Musil, A. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. SUSAN R. MAXON Pierpoint, M. 1963. Comparison: Four Major Crop Fescues. AOSA Newsletter 37(4):38-39. GASTONIA, NC U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30. REVISED JUNE 2008
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PLEASE NOTE NOMENCLATURE CHANGE: P. stramineum is now P. setaceum var. stramineum.
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS FOR PASPALUM NOTATUM
KIND SIZE SHAPE COLOR LEMMA PALEA PUBESCENCE APEX
P. notatum 3 mm long elliptical or green-straw faintly striate, hard, lustrous or glabrous pointed apex cv. Pensacola 1 ½-2 mm ovate; yellow lustrous or dull dull wide lemma moderately glume usually flat convex in smooth or profile occasionally coarsely wrinkled P. notatum 3 ½ mm long globose or green-straw faintly striate, hard, lustrous or glabrous rounded apex 3 cv. Argentine 2 ½-2 /4 mm oval; lemma yellow lustrous or dull, dull wide strongly glume coarsely convex wrinkled flat from base to apex
REFERENCES: Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 219, Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30.
ERNEST L. ALLEN USDA, AMS SEED BRANCH GASTONIA, NC APRIL 2008
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Seed diagrams and distributional dot maps from: 1. Hitchcock, A.S. 1950. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 2d. ed., rev. by A. Chase, U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 200. 1051 p. 2. Musil, A.F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. U. S. Dept. Agr. Handbk. No. 219. 171 p. 3. Silveus, W.A. 1942. Grasses: Classification and Description of species of Paspalum and Panicum in the United States, The Clegg Company. 526 p. REVISED: JUNE 2008
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KEY TO PASPALUM NOTATUM, BAHIAGRASS AND 4 OF ITS VARIETIES
1a. Spikelets strongly globose
2a. Apex pointed; curves abruptly from middle to apex……………………..(Common) bahiagrass
2b. Apex rounded; relatively uniform curvature from base to apex……….Var. Argentine
1b. Spikelets elliptical
3a. Low dorsal profile; length of spikelet 2.5-3 mm., width 1.5-2 mm………..Var. Pensacola
3b. High dorsal profile; length of spikelet 3-4 mm., width 1.8-2.5 mm………..Var. Wilmington Var. Paraguay 22 Spikelets Length Width mm. mm. Paspalum notatum – bahiagrass* 3.5 2.4 Range (3.0 – 4.0) (2.0 – 2.8) cultivar Argentine 3.0 2.2 Range (3.0 – 3.3) (2.0 – 2.5) Paraguay 22 3.3 2.1 Range (3.0 – 4.0) (2.0 – 2.5) Pensacola 2.9 1.7 Range (2.5 – 3.0) (1.5 – 2.0) Wilmington 3.1 2.0 Range (3.0 – 4.0) (1.8 – 2.2) Fertile Florets Paspalum notatum – bahiagrass* 3.0 2.0 Range (3.0 – ) (2.0 – 2.1) Argentine 2.9 2.0 Range (2.5 – 3.0) (1.8 – 2.0) Paraguay 22 3.0 2.0 Range (2.9 – 3.0) (1.9 – 2.0) Pensacola 2.7 1.5 Range (2.5 – 3.0) (1.1 – 1.9) Wilmington 3.0 1.8 Range (2.8 – 3.0) (1.5. – 2.0) *Kind designation
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS FOR SOME POA SPECIES – Page 1 of 1 INTERMEDIATE KIND COLOR SHAPE LEMMA AND MARGINAL PUBESCENCE APEX PALEA NERVES P. annua Light to dark Ovate-lanceolate, robust Long-pointed, thin, Distinct as coarse ridges Long and dense on nerves; Acute or broadly Hairs on keels long and annual bluegrass brown, often tends to wrinkle basal web absent flaring, thin and dense, do not extend to yellowish transparent the tip P. compressa Light straw Mass of seed Smooth, slightly Lacking or obscure Sparsely pubescent on nerves, Obtuse and flared Hairs on keels short, fine, Canada concentrated above arched dorsally glabrous in processed seed out dense, extend to the tip; bluegrass width across palea ¾ mm. P. palustris Light straw, Mass of seed Narrow in Lacking or obscure Confined to nerves of lemma; Obtuse and flared Hairs on keels short, fine, fowl bluegrass apex often gold- concentrated about proportion to length; basal web present out dense, extend to the tip; tipped or midway, tapering evenly very loose on the width across palea ½ mm. purplish to both ends caryopsis P. pratensis Light to dark Mass of seed evenly Pointed, folded at Distinct, but not as coarse Basal web may be present, but Acute, mostly Hairs on keels coarse, ‘common’ straw distributed, even width the tip; not markedly ridges usually absent in commercial torn in wide-spaced, do not Kentucky throughout in lateral view wider than the palea seed sample commercial seed extend to the tip bluegrass samples P. pratensis Pale straw Mass of seed Short pointed, Lacking or obscure; if Basal web may be present but Obtuse and flared Hairs on keels coarse, ‘Merion’ Kentucky concentrated about smooth loose-fitting present extends from top usually absent on commercial out wide-spaced, do not bluegrass midway or lower on the caryopsis to middle of lemma seed samples extend to the tip P. trivialis Light to dark Narrowly lanceolate. In Thin and tight-fitting Distinct as coarse ridges; Pubescent on keel nerve; basal Acute, strongly With sharp median crease; rough bluegrass brown lateral view, the dorsal on the caryopsis usually evident to the tip web present, usually absent in keeled, often hairs on keels minute and side strongly arched, the commercial seed samples curved dense, extend to tip ventral side straight P. nemoralis Light straw Mass of seed Long-pointed at tip, Lacking or evident only On keel and lower part of Acute, long- Hairs on keels of palea wood bluegrass concentrated above (2-3 mm long) on upper half of lemma; marginal nerves; basal web pointed with short, fine, dense; extend (marginal nerves present, present, sparsely webbed straight sides to tip intermediate nerves obscure) P. glauca Light straw Mass of seed Long-pointed at tip Lacking or evidently only Confined to nerves of lemma, Acute Hairs on keels of palea (P. glaucantha) concentrated above on upper half of lemma, keel and marginal nerves; short, fine, dense; extend glaucantha (marginal nerves present) without basal web or if to tip bluegrass present obscure web at base REFERENCES: Hitchcock, A.S. (2nd ed. Rev. by Agnes Chase) 1950. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. (USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 200). pp. 108-134 Tutin, T.G. et al. (eds.) 1980. Flora Europaea (Vol. 5), p. 161. Musil, A.F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 219. USDA, AMS SEED BRANCH GASTONIA, NC REV. JUNE 2008 Page | 72
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NOMENCLATURE CHANGES OF SETARIA SPP.
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME
Giant foxtail Setaria faberi Herrm.
Knotroot bristlegrass S. parviflora (Poiret) Kerguelen (S. geniculata) (S. gracilis Kunth)
Yellow foxtail S. pumila (Poiret) Roemer & Schultes subsp. pumila (S. glauca) (S. lutescens (Stuntz) Hubb.)
Green foxtail S. italica (L.) P. Beauv subsp. viridis (S. viridis)
Foxtail millet S. italica (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. italica (Italian millet) (S. italica)
REFERENCES:
Meyer, D. J. L. and Wiersema, J. H., eds. 2004. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook.
Terrell, E.E. et al. 1986. A Checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance. USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 505 (revised).
USDA, AMS, Seed Branch REVISED JULY 2005
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SPIKELET CHARACTERISTICS OF 4 SETARIA SPECIES - PAGE 1 OF 2
KIND SIZE SHAPE COLOR FERTILE LEMMA FERTILE PALEA SECOND STERILE DORSAL VIEW TRANSVERSE RIDGES GLUME PALEA
S. italica subsp. 2 mm long Oval; about the same Greenish yellow or Fine, very close-spaced, evident to Oblong in outline; rim thin, As long as Very narrow, viridis 1.5 mm wide thickness throughout; light brown with tip (made up of fine tubercles). smooth; glossy margins lemma. shorter than the green foxtail 0.75 mm thick apex blunt, rounded, dark brown mottling. evident, smooth. fertile palea. nerves indistinct.
S. pumila subsp. 3 mm long Broadly ellipsoid; Greenish, straw, or Very coarse, wide-spaced, evident Broadly oval in outline; rim Variable (plus or About the same pumila 2 mm wide thickest (humped) about brown. to tip. thick, often finely serrate, minus half the size as fertile yellow foxtail 1.25 mm thick midway or above; apex with fine hairs near the tip; length of lemma.) palea. fairly short, hooked, glossy margins not evident; distinctly 3-pronged. if the lemma is removed, margins appear finely longitudinally striate.
S. faberi 2.75 mm long Ellipsoid; fairly thick Greenish, straw, or Somewhat coarse, fairly close- Oblong in outline; rim thin Uniformly ¾ the Very narrow, giant foxtail 1.75 mm wide (humped) about midway brown. spaced, lacking at the tip, which is and smooth; glossy margins length of lemma. shorter than 1 mm thick or below; apex thick, often shiny. evident on mature spikelets; fertile palea. cucullate (hood-shaped), margins smooth or only center nerve prominent, 2 faintly longitudinally side nerves reduced. striate.
S. parviflora 2.5 mm long Narrowly ellipsoid; Greenish, straw, or Somewhat coarse, fairly close- Narrowly oval in outline; Half the length of About the same knotroot 1.25 mm wide thickest (but not humped) brown; sometimes spaced, evident to the tip. rim fairly thick, sometimes lemma or longer. size as fertile bristlegrass 0.75 mm thick about midway or below; black-tipped. finely serrate, with fine palea. apex long, thin, straight, hairs near the tip; glossy usually distinctly 3- margins not evident; if the pronged. lemma is removed, margins appear finely longitudinally striate.
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CARYOPSES CHARACTERISTICS OF 4 SETARIA SPECIES – PAGE 2 OF 2
KIND SIZE SHAPE COLOR COLOR OF BASAL OVERHANGING HILUM HILUM SHAPE EMBRYONIC AXIS EDGE OF COLOR EMBRYONIC AXIS
S. italica subsp. 1.5 mm long Oval or broadly ellipsoid; Light gray-green or Usually about the same as the Rounded or scarcely indented. Rust. Oval or roundish; viridis 1 mm wide fairly uniformly thick yellowish-green, scutellum and endosperm. about the same size green foxtail 0.5 mm thick (flattish in dorsal view). sometimes or smaller than on longitudinally striate or S. parviflora speckled.
S. pumila 2.25 mm long Broadly ovoid; strongly Dark yellowish-green; Usually about the same as the Rounded or scarcely indented. Rust. Narrowly oval; subsp. pumila 1.5 mm wide convex dorsally. often dark speckled. scutellum and endosperm. longer than on the yellow foxtail 1 mm thick other 3 kinds.
S. faberi 1.9 mm long Ovoid; somewhat convex Uniformly dark gray- Usually darker than the scutellum Markedly indented, prominent. Rust. Oval; larger than on giant foxtail 1.25 mm wide dorsally. green; faintly and endosperm. S. parviflora. 0.75 mm thick longitudinally striate or speckled.
S. parviflora 1.75 mm long Oval or narrowly ellipsoid; Light yellowish-green Usually about the same as the Rounded or scarcely indented. Rust. Roundish or oval; knotroot 1 mm wide somewhat convex dorsally. cream or sometimes scutellum and endosperm. smaller than on S. bristlegrass 0.5 mm thick light gray-green with faberi. faint longitudinal striations or speckles. REFERENCES: Colbry, Vera L. 1965. Unpublished handout for Federal Seed School. Meyer, D. J. L. and Wiersema, J. H, eds. 2004. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. AOSA Handbook No. 25. Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30.
USDA, AMS, SEED BRANCH JULY 2005
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NOMENCLATURE FOR SORGHUM SPP.
Common name ISTA Scientific Name AOSA and FSA Scientific Name Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense Sorghum halepense Sorghum Almum Sorghum x almum Sorghum x almum Sudangrass Sorghum sudanense Sorghum x drummondii
COMPARISON OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SORGHUM SPP.
Sorghum halepense Sorghum x almum Sorghum sudanense Spikelet length (mm) 6 or less 6 6 – 6.5 Spikelet width (mm) 2 2.25 – 2.5 2.5 – 2.75 Spikelet thickness (mm) 1.25 – 1.5 1.75 2 Shape Elliptic, long Broadly elliptic, Broadly elliptic pointed short pointed Appendage length Long in relation to Short in relation to (Rachis segment and Pedicel) spikelet spikelet Callus Smooth Rough Rough Disarticulation Abscission Some by abscission, Fracture some by fracture Caryopsis length (mm) 2 – 3 3.25 – 3.5 4 – 4.5 Caryopsis width (mm) 1.25 – 1.75 2 2.25 – 2.5 Caryopsis thickness (mm) 1 1.5 1.5 – 2 Scutellar margin Well defined Well defined Poorly defined
Figure 10 – Comparative size and shape of spikelets of three species of Sorghum in ventral view: (A) S. halepense; (B) S. x almum; (C) S. sudanense. Approximately 6 X
REFERENCE: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook 219, p.63, Fig.10.
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NOMENCLATURE OF SOME MILLETS
COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME
Browntop millet Urochloa ramosa (L.) T. Q. Nguyen (Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf) (Panicum ramosum L.)
Texas millet Urochloa texana (Buckley) R.D. Webster (Panicum texanum Buckley) (Brachiaria texana (Buckley) S.T. Blake)
Broadleaf signalgrass Urochloa platyphylla (Munro exc. Wright) R.D. Webster (Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash)
Browntop panicum Urochloa fusca (Sw.) B.F. Hansen & Wunderlin Browntop signalgrass (Urochloa fasciculata (Sw.) R.D. Webster) (Brachiaria fasciculata (Sw.) Parodi) (Panicum fasciculatum Sw.)
Japanese millet Echinochloa frumentacea Link (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. var. frumentacea (Link) W. Wight)
Pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) P. Br.
Proso millet Panicum miliaceum L. subsp. miliaceum
Wild proso millet Panicum miliaceum L. subsp. ruderale (Kitagawa) Tzvelev
Foxtail millet Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. subsp. italica (Italian millet)
REFERENCES: Meyer, D. J. L. and Wiersema, J. H, eds. 2004. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. Contribution No. 25 to the AOSA Handbook.
Terrell, E.E. et al. 1986. A Checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance. USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 505 (revised).
USDA, AMS, SEED BRANCH REVISED SEPTEMBER 2005
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SPIKELET & FLORET CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME MILLETS
SPIKELET FLORET KIND SIZE SHAPE 1st GLUME 2nd GLUME & STERILE LEMMA SIZE SHAPE SURFACE
Urochloa 3 mm long ovate one-third length of Equal to the length of the floret; glabrous to 3 mm long broadly elliptic or oval; coarse transverse ridges ramosa 2 mm wide spikelet finely pubescent 1 ½ - 2 mm obtusely pointed on lemma
Urochloa 4 – 4 ½ mm ovate, one-third length of Equal in length; exceeding the floret and 3 mm long broadly elliptic papillose-roughened; platyphylla long greatest width spikelet; blunt forming a flat beak beyond it; 3- to 5- 1 ¾ - 2 mm wide transverse ridges broadleaf signal 2 mm wide below middle nerved, with transverse veinlets toward the grass apex
Urochloa 5 – 6 mm broadly one-half length of Equal in length; slightly exceeding the 3 ¾ - 4 mm long elliptic broad base; coarse transverse ridges texana long elliptic spikelet; forming fertile floret; long-pointed; 5- to 7-nerved, 2 mm wide tapering above the middle and fine vertical lines Texas millet 2 ¼ mm wide an elongate, with some transverse wrinkling to a pointed apex clasping base
REFERENCES: Hitchcock, A.S. (Revised by Agnes Chase). 1951. Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Second Edition). U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 219, Agriculture Marketing Service, USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30.
SUSAN R. MAXON USDA, AMS, SEED BRANCH GASTONIA, NC JULY 2005
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REFERENCES: From A. S. Hitchcock’s Manual of the Grasses of the United States, 2nd edition revised by Agnes Chase (1951). U. S. Department of Agriculture Misc. Publication No. 200. REVISED JULY 2008
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COMPARISION OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME Rumex SPECIES SIZE (mm) SURFACE NAME length x width COLOR SHAPE TEXTURE ANGLES CALYX / STALK Rumex acetosa 2.0-1.5 dark reddish- achenes elliptic, apex smooth, 3-angled/(3-sided or garden sorrel brown, lighter on and base about equally glossy triangular), angles angles pointed acute, appear narrowly winged Rumex acetosella 1.5 x 1.25 dark reddish- apex and base scarcely smooth, 3-angled calyx usually sheep sorrel brown pointed, angles obtuse glossy persists Rumex altissimus 2.75 x 1.75 reddish-brown broadly ovate smooth 3-angled, narrowly- not stalked at peach-leaved or smooth winged angles base dock Rumex conglomeratus 1.75 x 1.5 dark reddish- broadly short-pointed smooth, 3-angled not stalked at cluster dock, green dock brown apex, triangular, glossy base broadest at base Rumex crispus 2.0-2.5 x reddish-brown, broadly ovate, tapers Smooth, 3-angled short stalk at base curly dock 1.5-1.75 darker brown on abruptly to a short- glossy angles pointed apex Rumex occidentalis 3.5-4.0 reddish-brown equally pointed apex and smooth, 3-angled, narrowly- not stalked at western dock 2.25 base glossy winged angles base Rumex maritimus var. 1.25-1.5 pale brown narrowly elliptic smooth 3-angled, angles persicarioides x 0.5 acute golden dock Rumex obtusifolius 2.5 x 2.25 grayish-brown to broadly ovate, smooth, 3-angled short stalk at base broadleaf or bitter dock chocolate, not acuminate apex, longer glossy darker on angles than R. crispus, tapers evenly to a short-pointed apex Rumex pulcher 2.5 x 1.5-1.75 dark reddish- abruptly short-pointed, Smooth, 3-angled not stalked at fiddleleaf dock brown broadest near base glossy base Rumex salicifolius 2.0 x dark reddish- ovate to broadly elliptic, Smooth, 3-angled minutely stalked at willow-leaved dock 1.5-1.75 brown short-pointed apex glossy base References: Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds, Agricultural Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C. Baxter and Copeland. 2008. Seed Purity & Taxonomy
Sandy Dawson USDA, AMS, LS, SRTB 2009
Page | 88 COMPARISION OF SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SPECIES OF Polygonum, Persicaria and Fallopia
SIZE (mm) SURFACE NAME length x width COLOR SHAPE TEXTURE ANGLES CALYX Fallopia convolvulus 3.0-4.0 x 2.5 dull, black or dark broad elliptic or ovate minutely 3-angled may persist at (Polygonum convolvulus) brown roughened (3-sided or base of seed black bindweed triangular), shiny on angles Persicaria hydropiper 2.75-3.0 x 2.25 reddish-brown to ovate, long-pointed at tip surface flattened resinous dotted (Polygonum black and bulged out below minutely (2-sided), calyx, fragments hydropiper) roughened occasionally 3- often persisting common smartweed angled
Persicaria hydropiperoides 2.0 x 1.25 black broadly elliptic, apex smooth and 3-angled may persist (Polygonum abruptly short pointed, glossy hydropiperoides) prominently concave swamp smartweed between the angles, stalked at base Persicaria lapathifolia 2.0-2.5 x 1.75 reddish-brown to Flattened, orbicular and smooth and flattened may persist (Polygonum lapathifolium) black apiculate, depressed glossy pale ladysthumb center of each side Persicaria maculosa 2.0-2.5 x 1.75- reddish-brown to orbicular and apiculate, not smooth and flattened, may persist (Polygomum persicaria) 2.0 black depressed in the center glossy occasionally ladysthumb 3-angled Persicaria pensylvanica 3.0-3.5 x 3.0 reddish-brown to Flattened, orbicular and smooth and flattened may persist (Polygonum pensylvanicum) black apiculate, not depressed in glossy bigseed ladysthumb center Polygonum argyrocolean 1.5-2.0 x 1.25- light brown broadly elliptic to ovate, smooth and 3-angled entire calyx often silversheath knotweed 1.5 apex and base equally glossy persisting short-pointed Polygonum aviculare 2.5-4.0 x dull, dark brown 3-angled, ovate, coarsely glossy on may persist prostrate knotweed 1.5-2.0 angles may lie off-center roughened angles toward base
References: Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds, Agricultural Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C. Baxter and Copeland. 2008. Seed Purity & Taxonomy
Sandy Dawson USDA, AMS, LS, SRTB 2009
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SPECIES OF SILENE – PAGE 1 OF 2
SCIENTIFIC & COMMON LENGTH SCAR ELONGATED PLATES TUBERCLES SIDE VIEW OF EDGE VIEW OF NAME SHAPE AT THE SCAR GENERAL SHAPE TUBERCLES TUBERCLES
S. dioica (L.) Clairv. 1½-2 mm circular or high collar completely fine, pointed, closely not in distinct rows not in a pattern (Lychnis dioica L.) oval cavity surrounding scar spaced, appear spiny red campion
S. latifolia subsp. alba (Mill.) 1½-2 mm circular or shorter collar surrounding ½ short, blunt, not rows not distinct in rows above and below Greuter & Burdet oval cavity to ¾ of scar cavity closely spaced, scar (Lychnis alba Mill.) appears smoother white cockle than S. dioica
S. noctiflora L. 1½ mm circular or grayish plates, roundish or short, blunt, crowded not in a pattern in rows above and below night flowering catchfly oval cavity linear-oblong, like a pad on scar each side of scar
S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke 1½-2 mm circular cavity long and narrow, like fine pointed in 4 or 5 irregular no definite pattern subsp. vulgaris lines; like a pad on each side concentric rows (S. cucubalis Wibel) of scar bladder campion
S. dichotoma Ehrh. 1½-2 mm circular cavity broader and uneven in short & blunt in 3 or 4 concentric no definite pattern forked catchfly length, grayish plates rows oblong; like a pad on each side of scar
S. cserei Baumg. 1¼ mm circular cavity broader and uneven in short & blunt in 3 or 4 concentric 3 or 4 distinct rows above smooth catchfly length, grayish plates rows scar, crowded and much (biennial campion) oblong; like a pad on each smaller below scar side of scar
S. conica L. 1½ mm narrow lacking or much reduced fine, pointed 3 prominent 3 or 4 sharp, wide-spaced conical catchfly transverse slit concentric rows rows above scar; crowded and much smaller below scar
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SPECIES OF SILENE - PAGE 2 OF 2
SIDE VIEW SCIENTIFIC & SCAR ELONGATED PLATES TUBERCLES OF EDGE VIEW OF COMMON NAME LENGTH SHAPE AT THE SCAR GENERAL SHAPE TUBERCLES TUBERCLES
S. conoidea L. 1½ mm narrow lacking or much reduced short, wide-spaced, not in distinct plates lie narrow-clefted catchfly transverse inconspicuous, arising rows transversely on the slit from diamond-shaped broad dorsal side plates
S. cretica L. 1¾-2 mm narrow lacking or much reduced linear or dome-shaped not in distinct domes above scar Cretian catchfly transverse rows large, not in rows; slit much smaller below scar
S. gallica L. 1 mm oval cavity depressed crescent- short, fine, inconspicuous not in a not in a pattern English catchfly shaped area on the sides and crowded pattern below scar
S. antirrhina L. ½-¾ mm circular or grayish plates, like a pad pointed or blunt, appear rows not in rows above and sleepy catchfly oval cavity on each side of scar large distinct below scar
REFERENCES: Delorit, R.J. 1970. An Illustrated Taxonomy Manual of Weed Seeds. Agronomy Publications, River Falls, Wisconsin.
Meyer, D. J. L. and Wiersema, J. H., eds. 2004. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. Contribution No. 25 to the Handbook on Seed Testing (third revision), Association of Official Seed Analysts.
Musil, A.F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl (20 August 1998)
USDA, NRCS 1997. The PLANTS database. (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Wright, W.H. 1948. The Seeds of Silene and Lychnis. Contribution No. 13 to the Handbook on Seed Testing, Association of Official Seed Analysts.
REVISED APRIL 2008 Page | 91 SILENE
Page | 92 USDA, AMS, SEED BRANCH REV. JULY 2008 Page | 93
AOSA Handbook No. 25, 1998 - Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds.
Page | 94
SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF BRASSICA & SINAPIS OVERALL STIPPLES EVIDENT KIND COLOR RETICULUM INTERSPACES STIPPLES SIZE ON RETICULUM* B. juncea yellow < 2 mm fine, distinct lines large, shallow distinct, shiny No* Oriental mustard B. rapa subsp. trilocularis (B. campestris var. sarson) yellow < 2 mm faint or lacking not evident distinct, shiny No* Sarson Sinapsis alba (B. hirta) yellow 2-3 mm thick & obscure very small not evident No* white mustard B. napus var. napus predominantly flattish (seed appears small, round winter rape 2-3 mm large Yes grayish-black smooth) rectangular summer rape B. napus var. pabularia predominantly more prominent than 2-3 mm coarser than in var. napus large Yes Siberian kale grayish-black in var. napus B. napus var. napobrassica large, rectangular & black 2-3 mm coarse ridges large Yes rutabaga shiny B. rapa (B. campestris var. rapa) reddish (apparently flattish & obscure 2-3 mm very small small Yes Shogoin turnip never black) (seed appears smooth) B. oleracea bronze or grayish minute & partially 2-3 mm narrow, often semi-glossy very small No* cabbage & allies black obscured small, roundish, B. rapa (B. campestris) brown, reddish, or < 2 mm coarse ridges small shiny & very Yes turnip and turnip rapes grayish black prominent very minute, partially S. arvensis (B. kaber) fine, indistinct, may black < 2 mm very small or completely No* charlock appear to be lacking obscured B. tournefortii reddish brown or black 1–1 ½ mm whitish, prominent very small minute No* Mediterranean wild turnip B. nigra deep, concave, minute, partially or dark reddish brown < 2 mm thick, prominent ridges No* black mustard glossy completely obscured B. juncea usually reddish brown < 2 mm fine, distinct lines shallow, large small, distinct No* India mustard Characteristics are based on magnification of 40X. Reticulum – a network of lines or ridges. Interspaces – areas enclosed by lines of the reticulum. Stipples – microscopic pits on seed surface. * Stipples on reticulum may appear more or less evident, depending on light quality, fine resolution of magnification, and seed conditioning. REFERENCES: Musil, A. F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 219. Wiersema J H and B Leon 1999 World Economic Plants: A Standard of Reference CRC Press
Page | 95 Page | 96 SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LESPEDEZAS - Hulled Seeds (PAGE 1 OF 2)
LENGTH X NAME COLOR SHAPE HILUM DISTRIBUTION WIDTH light green, or green native of Asia; cultivated Lespedeza cuneata on one side about midway of the long axis sericea lespedeza flecked with purple or ovate 2-2.5 x 1.5 mm and escaped in of the seed or a little higher Chinese lespedeza brownish purple southeastern U.S. Lespedeza capitata roundhead lespedeza similar to L. cuneata ovate similar to L. cuneata 3 x 2 mm eastern U.S. bush lespedeza Lespedeza stuevei similar to L. cuneata ovate similar to L. cuneata 3 x 2 mm eastern U.S. Stueve lespedeza Lespedeza juncea (L. hedysaroides) similar to L. cuneata ovate similar to L. cuneata 2-2.5 x 1.5 mm native of Asia Siberian lespedeza broadly oval Kummerowia stipulacea with a faint line native of Asia; cultivated at or near one end; scarcely indented; 2.5-3 x 2- (L. stipulacea) uniformly purple between the and naturalized in eastern whitish hilar margin not prominent 2.5 mm Korean lespedeza radicle and U.S. cotyledons Kummerowia striata purple with light- on one side about midway or the long axis 2 x 1.5 mm native of Asia; cultivated (L. striata) colored flecks, ovate of the seed or a little higher; hilar margin (2.5 x 2 mm in and naturalized in striate lespedeza occasional seeds not not prominent `Kobe') southeastern U.S. flecked pale brown to olive, Lespedeza bicolor on one side about midway of the long axis native of Asia; cultivated bicolor lespedeza copiously flecked with broadly ovate 3 x 2.5 mm of the seed; hilar margin prominent in southeastern U.S. shrub lespedeza purple Lespedeza japonica uniformly purple on one side about midway of the long axis 4 x 2.5 mm known only in cultivation Japanese lespedeza of the seed Lespedeza thunbergii broadly ovate or on one side near the middle of the long axis 3.5-4 x 2.5- native of Asia; cultivated uniformly purple Thunberg lespedeza oval of the seed; prominent whitish hilar margin 3 mm in southeastern U.S.
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LESPEDEZAS - Seeds in Pods (PAGE 2 OF 2) NAME CALYX POD COLOR LENGTH X WIDTH
Lespedeza bicolor not slit to base; lobes acute; sparsely 6-7 or longer x 4- bicolor lespedeza copiously long-pubescent brown pubescent; ½ or less length of pod 5 mm shrub lespedeza Lespedeza capitata slit nearly to the base; longer than pod; roundhead lespedeza 8-10 mm long; pubescent; lobes narrow pubescent; reticulum faint reddish brown 5 x 2.75 mm bush lespedeza and acuminate slit to near the base; lobes narrow and Lespedeza cuneata pubescent across top and along sides; dark reddish acuminate; pubescent; 3/4 the length of 3-5 x 1.75-2 mm sericea lespedeza reticulum faint brown pod Lespedeza juncea same as in L. cuneata except equal to or (L. hedysaroides) same as in L. cuneata grayish brown 3-5 x 1.75-2 mm longer than the pod Siberian lespedeza Kummerowia stipulacea broadly oval, apex rounded; sparsely short- not slit to base; lobes broad and obtuse; (L. stipulacea) pubescent; reticulum prominent and dark in grayish brown 3-3.5 x 2.5 mm glabrous; ½ or less length of pod Korean lespedeza color not slit to base; lobes broad and obtuse; pubescent along margins of lobes Kummerowia striata 3 x 2 mm (pubescent more pronounced, often (L. striata) sparsely pubescent; reticulum faint; apex brown (grayish (4-5 x 2.5 mm in dense in `Kobe'); bracts narrow, with striate lespedeza pointed brown in ‘Kobe’) ‘Kobe’) prominent nerves (bracts wider and
nerves more numerous in `Kobe'); 3/4 length of pod REFERENCES: F. Hillman. 1934. USDA. The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Isely, Duane. 1955. The Leguminosae of the north-central United States: II. Hedysareae. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30(1):33-118. Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. Schopmeyer, C.S. (ed.) 1974. Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. 450. Wiersema, John H., Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., and Charles R. Gunn. 1990. Legume (Fabaceae) Nomenclature in the USDA Germplasm System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical No. 1757. SUSAN R. MAXON, USDA, AMS, SEED BRANCH - REV. JULY 2008 Page | 98
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REVISED JUNE 2008
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SMALL-SEEDED LEGUMES - PAGE 1 OF 2
KIND COLOR & TEXTURE SIZE SHAPE SCAR LINE* RADICLE Medicago lupulina yellowish to light brown; 2 mm long ovate; sides smoothly a broad, quickly tapering divergent at the tip black medic smooth 1-1.5 mm wide rounded line forming a point at the hilum M. sativa subsp. sativa greenish yellow to dull 2.5-3 mm long roughly oval to kidney- a tapering line extending about half the length of alfalfa brown; smooth 1.5 mm wide shaped; warped; lumpy toward center of seed cotyledons Melilotus indicus dull olive green; rough 2 mm long broadly oval lacking shorter than cotyledons sourclover 1.5 mm wide Melilotus albus golden tan to greenish 2-2.5 mm long oval; slightly flattened on a broad, gradually-tapering slightly shorter than white sweetclover yellow 1.5 mm wide one side line cotyledons; not divergent Melilotus officinalis dull greenish yellow or tan slightly smaller similar to M. albus similar to M. albus shorter than cotyledons; yellow sweetclover with some purple mottling than M. albus not divergent Trifolium pratense clear yellow to yellow with 2-2.5 mm long triangular to ovate; often obscure; when markedly shorter than red clover reddish purple; lustrous 1.5-1.75 mm wide narrower toward apex of present, broad and abruptly cotyledons; thick and cotyledons tapering to a point divergent Trifolium repens yellow to brick red; 1.5 mm long heart-shaped; flattened; present; immature green thick and strongly white clover immature seeds yellow- 1.25 mm wide symmetrical in edge view seeds have a yellow scar divergent; about equal to green with radicle maturing line cotyledons or sometimes first; smooth much shorter than cotyledons Trifolium hybridum green or brown with dark 1.5 mm long similar to T. repens but green line present only on equal to or slightly alsike clover mottling; immature seeds 1.25 mm wide slightly larger and fuller; in immature seeds shorter than cotyledons are light bluish green with edge view, radicle may be cotyledons maturing first; slightly skewed to one side dull Trifolium glomeratum yellow; occasionally bluish 0.5-0.75 mm in oval; rotund inconspicuous inconspicuous; shorter cluster clover green; surface roughened length and width than cotyledons by minute tubercles
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SMALL-SEEDED LEGUMES - PAGE 2 OF 2
KIND COLOR & TEXTURE SIZE SHAPE SCAR LINE* RADICLE
Trifolium dubium yellow to brown; up to 1.5 mm long broadly oval; rotund; sides inconspicuous; shorter suckling clover inconspicuous sometimes purple; glossy 0.75-1 mm wide strongly curved than cotyledons small hop clover narrowly oval to oblong; Trifolium campestre usually smaller inconspicuous; shorter yellow to brown; glossy flattened; sides scarcely inconspicuous large hop clover than T. dubium than cotyledons curved Trifolium aureum deep yellow toward hilar uniformly oval; sides 1.25-1.5 mm long distinct; shorter than (Trifolium agrarium) end and green below; dull smoothly rounded; a fine yellowish line 0.75-1 mm wide cotyledons yellow hop clover to lustrous flattened greenish yellow; hilum area Trifolium arvense 1.25-1.5 mm long inconspicuous; shorter darker; smooth; dull or oval; rotund scarcely evident rabbitfoot clover 0.75-1 mm wide than cotyledons lustrous Trifolium resupinatum olive green, red, brown, 1-1.5 mm long equal to or exceeding ovate; smoothly rounded inconspicuous Persian clover yellow, black; very glossy 0.75-1 mm wide cotyledons
yellow to reddish brown; 1.5-1.75 mm long Trifolium vesiculosum equal to or exceeding surface roughened by 1.25 -1.5 mm ovate inconspicuous arrowleaf clover cotyledons minute tubercles wide
*Line sometimes visible between radicle and cotyledons extending toward hilum.
REFERENCES: Musil, A. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. USDA, Agriculture Handbook No. 219. Pierpoint, M. Unpublished handout. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1952. Manual for Testing Agricultural and Vegetable Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 30.
SUSAN R. MAXON USDA, AMS, SEED BRANCH REV. JULY 2008
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SPECIES OF LATHYRUS, PISUM, AND VICIA – PAGE 1 OF 2
SURFACE TEXTURE KIND SIZE SHAPE AND COLOR HILUM CHALAZ3 PLANT RANGE 2-2.5 mm not spherical; 4- oval, 2 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, L. angulatus2 finely tubercled; reddish or grayish 0.4 mm from hilum; introduced into Williamette long sided, end planes located in one of the wider angles vetchling brown darker than seed coat Valley, OR 2 mm wide somewhat triangular on one end introduced into fields of glossy; reddish brown or pale oval, 0.75 mm long, 0.5 mm or less from L. aphaca2 4 mm long, broadly oval and V. villosa and L hirsutus and greenish brown, flecked w/black, 0.5 mm wide, appears to be at one hilum; darker than yellow-pea 3 mm wide flattened along roadsides in western and or almost all black end of seed seed coat southern states roughened by closely spaced, smooth area 0.5 mm L. hirsutus1 3-3.5 mm compressed oval, 2 mm long, escaped in several western and knob-like tubercles or ridges; from hilum, darker rough-pea long spherical 1-1.5 mm wide most southern states grayish-brown than seed coat faintly roughened by irregular about 1 mm from escaped to waste places and L. sylvestris2 4.5-5 mm linear, 1/3 the length of seed spherical ridges; reddish brown to grayish hilum; darker than roadsides in Canada and flat-pea diameter circumference, 0.5 mm wide brown seed coat northern U.S. P. sativum smooth; grayish to reddish brown, introduced into WA, OR, ID 5-6 mm oval, 1.5-2 mm long, flush w/seed about 2.5 mm from subsp. arvense1 spherical minutely spotted w/black, and southern US as a winter diameter surface, usually scurfy, black hilum, black Austrian winter pea frequently mottled w/dark brown cover or green manure crop about 1 mm from V. articulata1 slightly flattened to pale straw to reddish-brown, cultivated in FL, GA, CA, and 3-5 mm long linear, about 1 mm long hilum, becoming dark monantha vetch almost lens-shaped mottled & streaked w/brown OR red on older seed V. benghalensis1 linear, obscured by whitish tissue, about 1 mm from cultivated and naturalized in 3-4 mm long slightly flattened dull black purple vetch 2.5-3 mm long hilum Pacific coast states about 1 mm from Newfoundland to British V. cracca2 2.5-3 mm linear, 2.5-3 mm long, 0.5 mm spherical dull, black or lighter mottled hilum; small, difficult Columbia, south to VA, IL, Boreal vetch long wide to locate and WA V. grandiflora2 linear, about 2/3 circumference of 0.5 mm from hilum, naturalized along roadsides in 3-4 mm long lens-shaped brownish, faintly mottled bigflower vetch seed almost invisible southeastern US linear, 2-2.5 mm long, .5 mm V. hirsuta2 glossy, yellowish or brownish, 1 mm or less from naturalized in U.S., Canada, 1.5-2 or 3 mm spherical wide, commonly w/stalk-like tiny vetch copiously mottled w/brown hilum and northern Mexico appendage loosely persisting Smooth to moderately rugosa, rosy oblong or short-oval, 2 mm long, V. hybrida2 spherical to on the back, opposite 5 mm long to almost orange, streaked and 1 mm wide; flush w/seed surface locally established in OR yellow vetch subspherical the hilum; blackish mottled w/blackish-brown or nearly so V. lutea2 6-6.5 mm compressed- dull, light ocher to light reddish- oblong, 4 mm long, 0.5-0.75 mm on the back, opposite locally established in CA yellow vetch long spherical brown, mottled wide, depressed at margins the hilum; blackish
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME SPECIES OF LATHYRUS, PISUM, AND VICIA – PAGE 2 OF 2
SURFACE TEXTURE KIND SIZE SHAPE AND COLOR HILUM CHALAZ3 PLANT RANGE oblong, 4 mm long, 1 mm V. melanops2 on the back, opposite 4.5-5 mm long compressed spherical dull, brown with dark mottling wide, flush w/seed surface or native of Europe black vetch the hilum nearly so narrowly oblong, about 2 mm on the back, opposite V. pannonica1 naturalized in the Pacific 4-4.5 mm long compressed spherical smooth, rosy-brown and black long and 0.5-0.75 mm wide, the hilum; darker than Hungarian vetch Northwest flush w/seed surf seed coat linear-ovate, width at broader V. sativa naturalized throughout US, end about 0.75 mm, about subsp. nigra rounded-squarish to black and lustrous or dull 0.5-1 mm from hilum, frequent along roadsides in 2-3 mm long 2 mm long, slightly depressed (V. angustifolia2) subspherical greenish w/dark mottling usually blackish southeastern and far western at margins and raised along narrowleaf vetch states median groove linear-ovate, raised along escaped along roadsides V. sativa about 1 mm from spherical or slightly variable, commonly reddish- median groove, depressed at throughout the US, frequent on subsp. sativa1 4.5-6 mm long hilum, usually flattened brown and obscurely mottled margins 2-2.5 mm long, West Coast and rare in southern common vetch blackish 0.5 mm wide states naturalized in fields and waste V. tetrasperma2 about 0.4 mm from reddish-brown or greenish with short-oblong, 1.25 mm long, places from Newfoundland to fourseed vetch 2 mm diameter spherical hilum, darker than brown mottling 0.5 mm or less wide British Columbia, south to FL or sparrow vetch seed coat and CA narrowly oval, flat depressed at V. villosa margins, surface granular, subsp. varia subspherical or 1 mm from hilum, naturalized and cultivated in 4-5 mm long dull black or obscurely mottled light-colored strip along (V. dasycarpa1) slightly flattened darker than seed coat southern and far western US median groove, 2 mm long, winter vetch 0.75 mm wide V. villosa oval, flush w/seed surface, subsp. villosa1 4-5 mm or spherical or slightly smooth and flat, black or about 1 mm from black or obscurely mottled naturalized in northern US hairy vetch 6 mm long flattened reddish; 2 mm long, 1 mm hilum wide 1. Crop (Based on O. L. Justice. 1977 Revision. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. Contribution No. 25 to the Handbook on Seed Testing, Association of Official Seed Analysts).; 2. Weed ; 3. Referred to as “lens” by Dr. Gunn. SEED CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON THESE REFERENCES: Gunn, Charles R. 1970. Proceedings of the Association of Official Seed Analysts 60:49-70. Gunn, Charles R. 1971. Seeds of Native and Naturalized Vetches of North America. Agriculture Handbook No. 392. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 219, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
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Page | 106 REVISED JUNE 2008
WAS IN AOSA HANDBOOK AOSA 60:48-70 DRAWINGS BY M. PIERPOINT REVISED JULY 2008
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME WEEDY SPECIES OF SOLANACEAE1 – PAGE 1 OF 2
KIND COLOR2 SHAPE SIZE RETICULUM3 HILUM RANGE Datura stramonium L. outline C- or wavy, moderately triangular, Throughout US in waste place and/or length 2 ½-3 ½ mm jimsonweed black D-shaped & thick, irregular; conspicuous, tan cultivated areas thickness 1-1 ½ mm itchgrass (SC) lumpy; thick interspaces shallow color Noxious in MI, NC, and SC Quincula lobata (Torrey) outline C-shaped & length about 2 mm deeply pitted, closed slit, Raf. yellow-ocher Native of southern US and Mexico lumpy thickness ½-3/ mm honeycomb inconspicuous purple groundcherry 4 Physalis longifolia Nutt. length 1 3/ -2 mm wavy, thick, From Rocky Mtns. to eastern US; var. longifolia yellow broadly ovate 4 closed slit width 1 ½ mm translucent northern Mexico longleaf groundcherry P. longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mackensie length 1 3/ -2 mm coarsely roughened, circular to ovate yellow C-shaped to ovate 4 Noxious in ID & Bush) Cronq. width 1 ½ mm translucent cavity smooth groundcherry generally smooth, but Solanum carolinense L. length 2-2 ½ mm visible at 10x as 3 linear-ovate, Throughout US and Canada Carolina horsenettle yellow C-shaped to ovate width 1 /4-2 mm obscure concentric 3 conspicuous Noxious in 39 states bullnettle thickness /4 mm rows at edge, irregular in center S. elaeagnifolium Cav. length 2 ½-3 ½ mm yellowish- ovate or Native of Mexico and southwestern white horsenettle roundish to ovate, width 2 ½ -3 mm smooth to faintly brown to dark keyhole-shaped, US, spreading east and north purple nightshade C-shaped thickness 3/ mm reticulate brown 4 conspicuous Noxious in 18 states silverleaf nightshade ovate to C-shaped, thin lines with white S. nigrum L. whitish-yellow length 1-1 ½ mm Throughout US, esp. western states tip elongate and margins, interspaces inconspicuous black nightshade to yellow-green thickness ½ mm Noxious in KS and MI flattened small well-defined at 10x; Native of western US spreading S. rostratum Dunal outline lumpy or length 2 ½ mm black interspaces small, circular cavity eastward, in fields and waste places buffalobur C-shaped; thick thickness 1 mm deep pits Noxious in CA, HI, and ID S. sarrachoides Sendter length 1 ½-1 3/ mm Throughout US, esp. on irrigated land reddish-brown ovate to C-shaped 4 wavy and thin narrow, closed slit hairy nightshade width 1 ½ mm Noxious in KS and MI
REVISED JULY 2008
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SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME WEEDY SPECIES OF SOLANACEAE1 – PAGE 2 OF 2
KIND COLOR2 SHAPE SIZE RETICULUM3 HILUM RANGE S. triflorum Nutt. length 2-2 3/ mm cutleaf nightshade ovate to oval, tip 4 wavy and thin, often Native of the Great Plains; now spread yellow-straw width 1 3/ mm inconspicuous three-flowered flattened 4 with white margins throughout US and Canada thickness 3/ mm nightshade 4 Native of Brazil and Argentina; spreading at 10x appears thin and S. viarum Dunal light reddish- length 2 ½ mm in southeastern US since introduction in wavy, somewhat narrow, closed tropical soda apple brown, darker C-shaped to ovate width 2 ¼ mm FL in 1980’s translucent; interspaces slit tropical nightshade around hilum thickness 3/ mm Noxious in AR, FL, GA, SC, and TX; 4 small Federal Noxious Weed List
1. REFERENCES: Correll, D.S. and M.C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. p. 1390. Galarza, A.R. 1996. Tropical Soda Apple: A New Noxious Weed. Southern Region V. Referee. Gunn, C.R. and F.B. Gaffney. 1974. Seed Characteristics of 42 Economically Important Species of Solanaceae in the United States. USDA Tech. Bulletin No. 1471. Larsen, A.L., J. H. Wiersema, and T. Handwerker. 1996. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds (Third Revision). AOSA Contribution No. 25 to the Handbook on Seed Testing. Musil, A.F. 1963. Identification of Crop & Weed Seeds. USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 219. USDA. 1997. State Noxious-Weed Seed Requirements Recognized in the Administration of the Federal Seed Act.
2. Color may vary with maturity of the fruit and how soon the seed is removed from the fruit.
3. Reticulum – network of cell wall remnants on the seed coat surface.
USDA, AMS, LS SEED BRANCH
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ACHENES OF CARDUUS
NAME COLOR TEXTURE SIZE SHAPE STYLE COLLAR
gray to light if present, stout, Carduus acanthoides brown, pebbled, dull to length 3 mm narrow, same color as gibbous exceeding collar, plumeless thistle longitudinal dark slightly lustrous width 1¼ mm seed obscurely lobed brown lines yellowish-brown, Carduus crispus pebbled, dull or length 3-3½ mm oblong or slender to stout, scarcely longitudinal narrow, yellow curly thistle slightly lustrous width 1½ mm slightly curved exceeding collar brown lines yellowish-brown, Carduus nutans length 3½ mm oblong or stout, greatly exceeding longitudinal pebbled, glossy narrow musk thistle width 1½ mm slightly curved collar, lobed brown lines disc flowers tan to disc flowers disc flowers: disc flowers: large, gray, longitudinal smooth, glossy; disc flowers: narrow, length 4½ mm disc flowers slender, 5-lobed, greatly Carduus brownish lines; ray flowers darker than seed color, width 2 mm; oblong; exceeding collar; pyenocephalus ray flowers dull, faintly horizontally positioned; ray flowers: ray flowers ray flowers: small, Italian thistle grayish brown, pebbled, ray flowers: much length 4 mm broadly ovate short-pointed, slightly spotted with dark somewhat reduced, dark brown width 2 mm exceeding collar brown flecks flattened REFERENCES: Larsen, Arnold L. (ed.) 1996. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. AOSA Handbook No. 25. (Third Revision) Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 219. USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service.
USDA, AMS, LS SEED BRANCH
REVISED JULY 1997
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ACHENES OF CENTAUREA – PAGE 1 OF 2
NAME COLOR TEXTURE SIZE SHAPE SCAR PAPPUS COLLAR Acroptilon repens at or near whitish yellow, faint length 2-2½ mm ovate or (Centaurea r.) dull base, not lacking longitudinal lines width 1½ -2 mm broadly ovate Russian thistle notched slightly dark brown to black; white Centaurea americana lustrous, length 5-6 mm notch or fine raised ovate lacking circular American star-thistle smooth to width 2½-3 mm indentation longitudinal lines area on top roughened Centaurea calcitrapa ashy gray or brown, length 3-3½ mm obtusely dull broadly ovate lacking purple star-thistle dark brown streaks width 1½-2 mm angled notch Centaurea cyanus bluish gray length 3-3½ mm oblong long shallow brush-like, bristles glossy yellowish Cornflower width 1½-2 mm notch uneven, reddish brown disc flowers disc and ray flowers dull or disc flowers: olive green, prominent notch, Centaurea diffusa slightly length 3 mm 2-3 rows, innermost row light-colored obovate indentation, or diffuse star-thistle lustrous; width 1¼ mm absent; longitudinal stripes distinct angle ray flowers ray flowers: lacking
dull grayish-brown, lighter distinctly Centaurea diluta white outer bristles yellowish, longitudinal length 3 mm broadly angled, pale-flowered glossy long, innermost bristles short stripes, yellowish width 1½ mm elliptic surrounded by centaurea and converging toward center around scar and collar yellowish area
white or light brown, bristles straw-colored to Centaurea iberica slightly length 3-4 mm distinctly in several rows, innermost grayish, streaked with oblong Iberian star-thistle lustrous width 1½-2 mm angled row short and broad, not brown overtopping style Centaurea jacea yellowish-brown, length 3 mm notch or narrow, brownscale lighter longitudinal dull obovate lacking width 1¼ mm indentation smooth knapweed stripes
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ACHENES OF CENTAUREA – PAGE 2 OF 2 NAME COLOR TEXTURE SIZE SHAPE SCAR PAPPUS COLLAR Centaurea stoebe white bristles in 2-3 subsp. micranthos olive green, lighter length 3 mm distinctly dull obovate rows innermost row (Centaurea maculosa) longitudinal stripes width 1½ mm angled short spotted knapweed grayish green, Centaurea melitensis lighter longitudinal length 3 mm oblong hook-like brush-like, bristles glossy Malta star-thistle stripes width 1½ mm notch uneven, reddish brown
light yellowish- narrow, Centaurea nigra brown to grayish length 3 mm obovate or notch or dull lacking finely black knapweed black, lighter width 1½ mm oblong indentation serrate longitudinal stripes
bronze to grayish- 2-4 rows spreading Centaurea scabiosa brown, length 4 ½ -5 mm dull oblong deeply angled bristles prominently scabious star-thistle occasionally dark- width 2 mm ciliate brown streaked
ray flowers dark ray flowers: length brown, lighter ray flowers: lacking; ray flowers 2 ½ mm ray flowers: streaks; disc disc flowers: white, Centaurea solstitialis dull; disc width 1½ mm obovate notch or flowers grayish or innermost bristles yellow star-thistle flowers disc flowers: disc flowers: indentation pale yellow, often converging and glossy length 3 mm oblong streaked with overtopping style width 1 ½ mm brown brown or heavily streaked with reddish to black, long, Centaurea sulphurea darker brown, length 5 mm distinctly spreading, bristles in lighter sulphur-colored lighter around scar glossy oblong width 2-2 ½ mm angled several rows, minutely colored Sicilian thistle and collar and ciliate down center of sides REFERENCES: Larsen, Arnold L. (ed.) 1996. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. AOSA Handbook No. 25. (Third Revision) Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 219. USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service. USDA, AMS, LS SEED BRANCH REVISED JULY 2008 Page | 112
ACHENES OF CIRSIUM
NAME COLOR TEXTURE SIZE SHAPE STYLE COLLAR oblong to slightly slender, not lobed, Cirsium arvense length 3 mm curved, obscurely narrow, same color brown smooth, dull slightly exceeding Canada thistle width 1 mm 4-angled toward as seed collar base, flattened Cirsium discolor dull to yellow, wide, band field thistle yellowish brown, slightly length 4½-5 mm stout, obscurely lobed, of deeper yellow (indistinguishable longitudinally streaked gibbous lustrous, width 13/ -2 mm greatly exceeding collar below, obliquely from seeds of with purple 4 smooth positioned C. altissimum) glossy, Cirsium ochrocentrum length 5-6½ mm narrow, same color brown roughened slightly curved stout, exceeding collar yellow-spine thistle width 1½-2½ mm as seed to smooth light grayish- or yellowish-brown, smooth, dull Cirsium vulgare length 3½-4 mm gibbous slender, exceeding narrow, yellow, streaked with black or or slightly bull thistle width 1½-13/ mm collar obliquely positioned dark purple lustrous 4
REFERENCES: Larsen, Arnold L. (ed.) 1996. Uniform Classification of Weed and Crop Seeds. AOSA Handbook No. 25. (Third Revision) Musil, Albina F. 1963. Identification of Crop and Weed Seeds. Agriculture Handbook No. 219. USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service.
USDA, AMS, LS SEED BRANCH REVISED JULY 2008
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ELYMUS & PASCOPYRUM (3 Species Study Set)
1. Elymus repens, quackgrass
2. Pascopyrum smithii, western wheatgrass
3. Elymus trachycaulus, slender wheatgrass
4. repens 2 15. repens 7 27. repens 5 smithii 3 smithii 2 smithii 5 trachycaulus 2 trachycaulus 6 trachycaulus 5
5. repens 4 16. repens 5 28. repens 7 smithii 2 smithii 10 smithii 7 trachycaulus 4 trachycaulus 6 trachycaulus 7
6. repens 4 17. repens 13 29. repens 6 smithii 4 smithii 4 trachycaulus 4 18. repens 5 trachycaulus 5 smithii 5 7. repens 3 trachycaulus 5 30. repens 10 smithii 3 smithii 7 trachycaulus 3 19. repens 8 trachycaulus 10 smithii 4 8. repens 3 trachycaulus 7 31. trachycaulus 9 smithii 3 trachycaulus 5 20. repens 5 32. repens 8 smithii 5 smithii 1 9. repens 3 smithii 3 21. repens 1 33. repens 2 trachycaulus 5 trachycaulus 9 smithii 7 trachycaulus 1 10. repens 6 22. smithii 6 trachycaulus 7 trachycaulus 4 34. smithii 11
11. repens 8 23. repens 4 35. repens 4 smithii 2 smithii 3 smithii 4 trachycaulus 4 trachycaulus 3 trachycaulus 4
12. repens 7 24. repens 3 36. repens 8 smithii 5 smithii 2 smithii 7 trachycaulus 4 trachycaulus 7 trachycaulus 6
13. repens 4 25. repens 10 37. repens 4 smithii 5 smithii 1 smithii 5 trachycaulus 5 trachycaulus 1 trachycaulus 6
14. repens 6 26. repens 2 38. repens 4 smithii 6 trachycaulus 8 smithii 5 trachycaulus 6 trachycaulus 3
Page | 114 REVISED APRIL 2009
ELYMUS & PASCOPYRUM (6 Species Study Set)
1. Elymus repens, quackgrass
2. Pascopyrum smithii, western wheatgrass
3. Elymus virginicus, Virginia wildrye
4. Elymus trachycaulus, slender wheatgrass
5. Elymus canadensis, Canada wildrye
6. Psathyrostachys juncea, Russian wildrye
7. repens 4 17. repens 8 27. repens 7 smithii 2 virginicus 3 smithii 2 trachycaulus 4 smithii 3 trachycaulus 6
8. repens 4 18. repens 6 virginicus 3 trachycaulus 7 28. repens 4 smithii 3 virginicus 2 19. repens 5 canadensis 3 9. repens 2 canadensis 4 juncea 4 virginicus 2 trachycaulus 6 canadensis 1 juncea 3 29. repens 5 juncea 4 smithii 10 20. repens 2 trachycaulus 6 10. repens 4 virginicus 4 smithii 4 canadensis 6 30. repens 13 trachycaulus 4 21. repens 3 31. repens 5 11. repens 3 virginicus 3 virginicus 5 smithii 3 canadensis 5 juncea 5 trachycaulus 3 22. repens 8 32. repens 6 12. repens 4 smithii 2 smithii 4 canadensis 3 trachycaulus 4 canadensis 2 trachycaulus 4 23. repens 7 33. virginicus 7 13. repens 6 smithii 5 juncea 3 virginicus 3 trachycaulus 4 canadensis 3 34. repens 4 juncea 3 24. repens 4 trachycaulus 4 smithii 5 juncea 4 14. repens 3 trachycaulus 5 smithii 3 35. canadensis 7 trachycaulus 5 25. repens 6 juncea 5 smithii 6 15. repens 3 trachycaulus 6 36. virginicus 5 smithii 3 smithii 3 trachycaulus 5 26. repens 6 trachycaulus 2 virginicus 3 16. repens 2 canadensis 7 37. repens 2 canadensis 3 juncea 3 smithii 3 trachycaulus 5 trachycaulus 2
Page | 115 REVISED APRIL 2009
SETARIA (Study Set)
1. S. italica subsp. viridis 17. faberi 5 35. caryopses: green foxtail parviflora 2 italica subsp. viridis 3 italica subsp. viridis 3 pumila subsp. pumila 4 2. S. pumila subsp. pumila pumila subsp. pumila 1 faberi 2 yellow foxtail parviflora 1 18. italica subsp. viridis 15 3. S. parviflora 36. pumila subsp. pumila 5 knotroot bristlegrass 19. faberi 8 parviflora 5 italica subsp. viridis 5 4. S. faberi 20. faberi 5 giant foxtail pumila subsp. pumila 4 37. italica subsp. viridis 10 faberi 8 5. italica subsp. viridis 5 21. pumila subsp. pumila 1 faberi 4 faberi 5 38. faberi 11 parviflora 5 pumila subsp. pumila 7 6. pumila subsp. pumila 5 parviflora 4 22. parviflora 3 39. parviflora 2 italica subsp. viridis 6 faberi 5 7. faberi 7 italica subsp. viridis 4 parviflora 2 23. faberi 10 40. italica subsp. viridis 10 8. pumila subsp. pumila 3 24. faberi 5 parviflora 3 parviflora 5 41. italica subsp. italica 5 faberi 3 italica subsp. viridis 5 25. pumila subsp. pumila 9 9. faberi 4 parviflora 3 42. italica subsp. italica 8 parviflora 2 faberi 10 italica subsp. viridis 4 pumila subsp. pumila 2 italica subsp. viridis 4 italica subsp. viridis 2 43. italica subsp. italica 7 26. faberi 10 italica subsp. viridis 10 10. faberi 9 27. faberi 9 44. italica subsp. italica 4 11. faberi 7 parviflora 4 italica subsp. viridis 2
12. parviflora 10 28. parviflora 3 45. italica subsp. italica 2 faberi 9 italica subsp. viridis 7 13. caryopses: italica subsp. viridis 3 29. parviflora 3 46. italica subsp. italica 6 pumila subsp. pumila 1 faberi 6 italica subsp. viridis 6 parviflora 4 faberi 2 30. faberi 14 47. italica subsp. italica 1 italica subsp. viridis 10 14. parviflora 4 31. pumila subsp. pumila 12 italica subsp. viridis 4 48. italica subsp. italica 15 faberi 5 32. faberi 6 italica subsp. viridis 10 pumila subsp. pumila 6 italica subsp. viridis 3 pumila subsp. pumila 3 49. italica subsp. italica 3 15. pumila subsp. pumila 1 italica subsp. viridis 7 italica subsp. viridis 3 33. italica subsp. viridis 6 faberi 4 parviflora 7 50. italica subsp. italica 7 parviflora 9 italica subsp. viridis 7 34. parviflora 9 16. parviflora 4 faberi 11 Page | 116 REVISED APRIL 2008
UROCHLOA (Key to Study Set)
A. U. ramosa
B. U. platyphylla
C. U. texanum
1. U. ramosa 10 U. platyphylla 3 U. texanum 2
2. U. ramosa 15 U. platyphylla 5 U. texanum 1
3. U. ramosa 11 U. platyphylla 5 U. texanum 2
4. U. ramosa 12 U. platyphylla 5 U. texanum 0
5. U. ramosa 20 U. platyphylla 3 U. texanum 2
6. U. ramosa 15 U. platyphylla 0 U. texanum 1
7. U. ramosa 8 U. platyphylla 5 U. texanum 2
8. U. ramosa 17 U. platyphylla 8 U. texanum 1
9. U. ramosa 13 U. platyphylla 4 U. texanum 2
10. U. ramosa 8 U. platyphylla 8 U. texanum 1
Page | 117 REVISED APRIL 2008
CYNODON (Study Set)
A. giant bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon var. aridus
B. common bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon
1. common 4 15. common 24 29. common 14 giant 10 giant 1 giant 3
2. common 8 16. common 4 30. common 3 giant 6 giant 3 giant 4
3. common 11 17. common 2 31. common 16 giant 11 giant 10 giant 10
4. common 3 18. common 16 32. common 14 giant 4 giant 10 giant 10
5. common 11 19. common 18 33. common 7 giant 6 giant 15 giant 10
6. common 2 20. common 5 34. common 7 giant 13 giant 18 giant 7
7. common 10 21. common 22 35. common 18 giant 10 giant 14 giant 16
8. common 8 22. common 12 36. common 30 giant 20 giant 4 giant 3
9. common 5 23. common 10 37. common 14 giant 5 giant 14 giant 13
10. common 4 24. common 7 38. common 25 giant 9 giant 6 giant 15
11. common 11 25. common 14 39. common 19 giant 9 giant 1 giant 24
12. common 10 26. common 14 40. common 30 giant 20 giant 10 giant 22
13. common 1 27. common 5 giant 11 giant 14
14. common 19 28. common 11 giant 4 giant 4
REVISED APRIL 2008 Page | 118
LOLIUM & FESTUCA
Lolium spp. F. arundinacea F. pratensis F. rubra subsp. rubra Ryegrass Tall Fescue Meadow Fescue Creeping Red Fescue
1. Lolium spp. 5 16. Lolium spp. 7 28. Lolium spp. 7 F. arundinacea 7 F. arundinacea 9 2. F. arundinacea 5 F. pratensis 7 F. pratensis 9
3. F. pratensis 5 17. F. arundinacea 7 29. Lolium spp. 10 F. pratensis 7 F. arundinacea 13 4. F. rubra subsp. rubra 5 Lolium spp. 7 F. pratensis 2
5. Lolium spp. 5 18. F. arundinacea 7 30. Lolium spp. 5 F. arundinacea 5 F. rubra subsp. rubra 8 F. arundinacea 9 F. pratensis 5 Lolium spp. 4 31. Lolium spp. 7 6. F. arundinacea 4 19. F. arundinacea 11 F. rubra subsp. rubra 4 F. rubra subsp. rubra 4 F. pratensis 11 F. arundinacea 6 Lolium spp. 5 7. F. arundinacea 5 32. Lolium spp. 5 F. pratensis 5 20. F. arundinacea 11 F. rubra subsp. rubra 7 F. rubra subsp. rubra 9 F. arundinacea 9 8. Lolium spp. 8 Lolium spp. 7 F. arundinacea 4 33. Lolium spp. 10 F. rubra subsp. rubra 5 21. Lolium spp. 7 F. arundinacea 8 F. arundinacea 11 9. Lolium spp. 8 F. pratensis 6 34. Lolium spp. 8 F. arundinacea 7 F. rubra subsp. rubra 8 F. pratensis 5 22. Lolium spp. 5 F. arundinacea 10 F. arundinacea 8 10. F. arundinacea 9 F. pratensis 6 35. Lolium spp. 7 F. rubra subsp. rubra 7 F. rubra subsp. rubra 4 23. Lolium spp. 5 F. arundinacea 7 11. Lolium spp. 7 F. arundinacea 9 F. arundinacea 7 F. rubra 10 36. Lolium spp. 7 F. rubra subsp. rubra 4 F. rubra subsp. rubra 7 24. Lolium spp. 5 F. arundinacea 5 12. Lolium spp. 5 F. arundinacea 10 F. arundinacea 7 F. pratensis 10 37. Lolium spp. 14 F. pratensis 6 F. arundinacea 5 25. Lolium spp. 4 13. Lolium spp. 7 F. arundinacea 4 38. Lolium spp. 5 F. arundinacea 7 F. rubra subsp. rubra 4 F. pratensis 2 F. pratensis 8 F. arundinacea 5 26. Lolium spp. 6 F. rubra subsp. rubra 6 14. Lolium spp. 2 F. arundinacea 6 F. arundinacea 7 F. pratensis 6 39. Lolium spp. 6 F. pratensis 7 F. rubra subsp. rubra 4 27. Lolium spp. 7 F. arundinacea 7 15. Lolium spp. 2 F. arundinacea 7 F. arundinacea 6 F. pratensis 10 40. Lolium spp. 5 F. pratensis 8 F. rubra subsp. rubra 5 F. arundinacea 5 Page | 119 REVISED APRIL 2008
BROMUS spp. (11 Species)
1. B. secalinus 5 2. B. commutatus 5 3. B. japonicus 5 4. B. hordeaceus 5 4a. B. tectorum 5 4b. B. inermis 5 4c. B. sterilis 5 4d. B. rubens 5 4e. B. diandrus var. rigidus 5 4f. B. catharticus 5 4g. B. arvensis 5
5. B. secalinus 5 16. B. japonicus 5 26. B. commutatus 8 B. commutatus 6 B. hordeaceus 6 B. japonicus 10 B. commutatus 8 B. secalinus 6 6. B. secalinus 10 B. commutatus 8 17. B. japonicus 6 27. B. commutatus 5 B. hordeaceus 3 B. japonicus 5 7. B. secalinus 11 B. commutatus 6 B. commutatus 10 28. B. commutatus 6 18. B. japonicus 11 B. japonicus 7 8. B. secalinus 5 B. hordeaceus 10 B. hordeaceus 6 B. hordeaceus 5 B. commutatus 6 29. B. commutatus 14 9. B. secalinus 3 19. B. commutatus 7 B. japonicus 10 B. commutatus 4 B. japonicus 9 B. hordeaceus 4
10. B. secalinus 8 20. B. commutatus 10 30. B. commutatus 15 B. commutatus 7 B. japonicus 4 B. japonicus 7 B. hordeaceus 8 11. B. commutatus 9 21. B. commutatus 9 B. secalinus 8 B. hordeaceus 5 31. B. secalinus 2 B. japonicus 10 B. commutatus 2 12. B. commutatus 5 B. hordeaceus 1 B. secalinus 4 22. B. commutatus 13 B. japonicus 4 B. japonicus 5 B. secalinus 12 32. B. secalinus 9 13. B. commutatus 10 23. B. commutatus 15 B. secalinus 3 B. secalinus 8 33. B. secalinus 3 B. japonicus 4 B. commutatus 3 24. B. commutatus 11 B. hordeaceus 5 14. B. japonicus 5 B. japonicus 11 B. japonicus 5 B. commutatus 5 B. hordeaceus 2 B. hordeaceus 1 34. B. commutatus 7 25. B. commutatus 14 15. B. japonicus 6 B. japonicus 10 35. B. secalinus 5 B. hordeaceus 4 B. hordeaceus 2 B. commutatus 3 B. commutatus 6 B. japonicus 6 B. hordeaceus 2
REVISED APRIL 2009 Page | 120
36. B. secalinus 4 B. diandrus var. rigidus 2 B. commutatus 5 B. arvensis 5 54. B. secalinus 3 B. japonicus 5 B. catharticus 1 B. commutatus 3 B. hordeaceus 2 B. japonicus 5 46. B. secalinus 4 B. catharticus 4 37. B. secalinus 4 B. catharticus 4 B. tectorum 8 B. commutatus 4 B. inermis 5 B. japonicus 4 B. japonicus 3 55. B. inermis 4 B. arvensis 4 B. tectorum 7 38. B. secalinus 6 B. tectorum 2 B. diandrus var. rigidus 6 B. commutatus 5 B. sterilis 1 B. sterilis 3 B. japonicus 3 B. rubens 5 B. hordeaceus 2 47. B. japonicus 6 B. arvensis 4 B. arvensis 7 B. catharticus 5 39. B. secalinus 1 B. commutatus 6 48. B. hordeaceus 4 56. B. catharticus 5 B. japonicus 4 B. tectorum 3 B. rubens 5 B. hordeaceus 3 B. rubens 4 B. sterilis 5
40. B. secalinus 3 49. B. inermis 4 57. B. arvensis 7 B. commutatus 7 B. secalinus 4 B. hordeaceus 7 B. japonicus 4 B. japonicus 4 B. commutatus 7 B. hordeaceus 5 B. hordeaceus 4 B. sterilis 7 B. commutatus 4 B. diandrus var. rigidus 7 41. B. secalinus 6 B. commutatus 6 50. B. japonicus 2 58. B. sterilis 4 B. japonicus 8 B. commutatus 4 B. rubens 5 B. hordeaceus 4 B. hordeaceus 2 B. tectorum 6 B. arvensis 3 42. B. secalinus 4 B. secalinus 4 59. B. japonicus 7 B. commutatus 1 B. catharticus 4 B. commutatus 6 B. japonicus 3 B. diandrus var. rigidus 1 B. hordeaceus 9 B. hordeaceus 4 B. sterilis 3 B. arvensis 8 B. inermis 4 B. rubens 3 B. secalinus 5 B. tectorum 5 B. catharticus 10 43. B. inermis 4 B. inermis 4 B. diandrus var. rigidus 1 B. tectorum 4 B. sterilis 2 B. arvensis 4 51. B. tectorum 3 B. rubens 3 B. japonicus 4 B. inermis 3 B. tectorum 4 B. arvensis 2 B. inermis 11 44. B. inermis 3 B. japonicus 2 B. tectorum 2 60. B. tectorum 3 B. rubens 5 52. B. catharticus 2 B. diandrus var. rigidus 2 B. sterilis 1 B. secalinus 5 B. secalinus 3 B. diandrus var. rigidus 1 B. commutatus 4 B. rubens 4 B. arvensis 4 45. B. inermis 1 53. B. secalinus 2 B. catharticus 2 B. tectorum 2 B. hordeaceus 2 B. commutatus 4 B. rubens 2 B. commutatus 2 B. japonicus 3 B. sterilis 3 B. inermis 2 B. sterilis 3 Page | 121
REVISED APRIL 2009
SOLANUM - PHYSALIS - DATURA – QUINCULA (11 KINDS STUDY SET) 1. S. elaeagnifolium 23. S. carolinense 6 2. S. rostratum S. elaeagnifolium 5 3. S. carolinense P. l. var. subglabrata 1 4. P. longifolia var. subglabrata 5. S. nigrum 24. S. carolinense 9 6. P. longifolia var. longifolia S. elaeagnifolium 2 7. Q. lobata S. viarum 9 8. D. stramonium 9. S. triflorum 25. S. nigrum 16 10. S. sarrachoides S. triflorum 3 11. S. viarum S. carolinense 5
12. S. carolinense 7 26. S. rostratum 9 S. elaeagnifolium 3 S. elaeagnifolium 3 S. triflorum 1 S. carolinense 2
13. S. nigrum 6 27. S. carolinense 8 P. l. var. longifolia 1 S. triflorum 5 S. triflorum 3 S. nigrum 3
14. S. carolinense 10 28. P. l. var. subglabrata 2 S. triflorum 4 S. carolinense 5 S. sarrachoides 3 S. triflorum 6
15. S. carolinense 2 29. S. triflorum 15 S. elaeagnifolium 4 P. l. var. longifolia 1 S. viarum 6 S. carolinense 1
16. P. l. var. longifolia 10 30. S. carolinense 9 S. carolinense 4 P. l. var. subglabrata 2 S. sarrachoides 4 S. sarrachoides 5
17. S. rostratum 5 31. S. triflorum 5 S. elaeagnifolium 6 P. l. var. longifolia 1 Q. lobata 1 S. carolinense 7 D. stramonium 1 32. S. carolinense 10 18. P. l. var. subglabrata 7 S. elaeagnifolium 2 P. l. var. longifolia 3 S. viarum 7
19. S. elaeagnifolium 2 33. S. carolinense 11 S. carolinense 5 S. elaeagnifolium 3 S. viarum 8 20. S. carolinense 3 P. l. var. longifolia 4 34. D. stramonium 4 S. sarrachoides 5 Q. lobata 5 S. rostratum 8 21. S. carolinense 5 S. elaeagnifolium 5 35. S. triflorum 11 S. viarum 5 S. nigrum 6
22. S. triflorum 7 36. S. rostratum 6 P. l. var. subglabrata 2 S. carolinense 4 S. carolinense 2 D. stramonium 1
Page | 122 REVISED APRIL 2008
TRIFOLIUM
1. repens 2. hybridum 3. glomeratum 4. dubium 5. arvense 6. campestre = procumbens 7. resupinatum
8. T. repens 5 13. T. hybridum 8 T. glomeratum 5 T. resupinatum 4 T. dubium 7 T. dubium 6 T. campestre 4 T. glomeratum 2 T. resupinatum 4 T. arvense 3 T. hybridum 2 T. campestre 1 T. arvense 5 T. repens 3
9. T. dubium 9 14. T. repens 4 T. resupinatum 8 T. hybridum 2 T. arvense 2 T. dubium 6 T. campestre 3 T. glomeratum 4 T. glomeratum 2 T. arvense 4 T. campestre 1 10. T. repens 8 T. resupinatum 6 T. hybridum 4 T. arvense 2 15. T. dubium 10 T. campestre 6 T. resupinatum 12 T. resupinatum 4 T. glomeratum 4 T. dubium 5 T. arvense 5 T. glomeratum 2 T. repens 2 T. hybridum 1 11. T. hybridum 5 T. campestre 1 T. resupinatum 3 T. dubium 4 16. T. repens 15 T. campestre 2 T. glomeratum 5 T. glomeratum 2 T. arvense 2 T. repens 3 T. resupinatum 1 T. arvense 4 T. hybridum 1 T. campestre 1 12. T. repens 7 T. dubium 3 T. hybridum 4 T. resupinatum 3 T. dubium 6 T. glomeratum 1 T. arvense 1 T. campestre 1
Page | 123 REVISED APRIL 2008
SORGHUM
A. S. halepense johnsongrass 13. S. x almum 2 S. halepense 3 B. S. x drummondii S. sudanense 2 (syn. S. sudanense) sudangrass 14. S. halepense 1 S. x almum 4 C. S. x almum sorghum almum 15. S. halepense 1 S. x almum 3 1. S. halepense 10 S. sudanense 3
2. S. x drummondii 8 16. S. halepense 1 S. x almum 3 3. S. x drummondii 5 S. sudanense 5 S. halepense 3 17. S. halepense 3 4. S. x almum 10 S. x almum 4
5. S. x almum 5 18. S. halepense 2 S. x drummondii 4 S. x almum 5 S. sudanense 2 6. S. x almum 4 S. x drummondii 3 19. S. halepense 2 S. halepense 3 S. x almum 4 S. sudanense 3 7. S. x almum 5 S. halepense 6 20. S. halepense 5 S. x almum 3 8. S. x almum 10 S. halepense 2 21. S. halepense 5 S. x drummondii 1 S. x almum 3 S. sudanense 3 9. S. halepense 8 S. x drummondii 2 22. (caryopses) S. halepense 1 10. S. halepense 10 S. x almum 2 S. sudanense 1 11. S. x almum 10
12. S. x drummondii 10
Page | 124 REVISED APRIL 2008
PASPALUM NOTATUM Bahiagrass
(A) Argentine (B) Pensacola
1. Argentine 8 11. Argentine 3 Pensacola 9 Pensacola 5
2. Argentine 7 12. Argentine 1 Pensacola 5 Pensacola 0
3. Argentine 12 13. Argentine 5 Pensacola 10 Pensacola 12
4. Argentine 5 14. Argentine 11 Pensacola 15 Pensacola 10
5. Argentine 10 15. Argentine 0 Pensacola 1 Pensacola 5
6. Argentine 6 16. Argentine 6 Pensacola 5 Pensacola 1
7. Argentine 5 17. Argentine 0 Pensacola 2 Pensacola 2
8. Argentine 7 18. Argentine 3 Pensacola 4 Pensacola 4
9. Argentine 7 19. Argentine 5 Pensacola 7 Pensacola 0
10. Pensacola 15 20. Argentine 9 Pensacola 10
Page | 125 REVISED APRIL 2008
LESPEDEZA AND KUMMEROWIA STUDY SAMPLES
(Crop Kinds)
1. K. striata ‘Kobe’ (‘Kobe’ striate lespedeza) 2. K. striata (striate lespedeza) 3. K. stipulacea (Korean lespedeza) 4. L. cuneata (sericea lespedeza)
5. K. striata ‘Kobe’ 15 K. striata 6
6. K. striata ‘Kobe’ 15 K. striata 5
7. K. striata, ‘Kobe’ 5 K. striata 15
8. K. striata ‘Kobe’ 11 K. striata 10
9. K. stipulacea (Korean lespedeza) hulled
10. K. striata (striate lespedeza) hulled
11. L. cuneata (sericea lespedeza) hulled
12. K. striata ‘Kobe’ 13
K. stipulacea 10
13. K. striata ‘Kobe’ 5 K. stipulacea 5 L. cuneata 5
14. K. striata ‘Kobe’ 5 K. stipulacea 7 L. cuneata 6
15. K. striata ‘Kobe’ 11
K. stipulacea 14 L. cuneata 8
16. K. striata ‘Kobe’ 6
K. stipulacea 7 S. Dawson 4-2008 L. cuneata 7
Page | 126 REVISED APRIL 2008
SMALL-SEEDED LEGUMES
1. Alfalfa – Medicago sativa 18. Alsike Clover 9 White Clover 9 2. Red Clover – Trifolium pretense
3. Sweetclover – Melilotus spp. 19. Alsike Clover 6 White Clover 7 4. Black Medic – Medicago lupulina Red Clover 4 5. White clover – Trifolium repens Sweetclover 1
6. Alsike clover – Trifolium hybridum 20. Alsike Clover 10 7. Sourclover – Melilotus indica Red Clover 7 White Clover 10 8. Alfalfa 7
Sweetclover 6 21. Sourclover 3 Sourclover 5 Alsike clover 9
White clover 11 9. Alfalfa 6
Black Medic 6 22. Alsike Clover 11 Sweetclover 6 White Clover 12
Red Clover 9 10. Alfalfa 5
Black Medic 5 23. Alfalfa 9 Sourclover 3 Red Clover 7
Black Medic 3 11. Alfalfa 4 Sweetclover 4 Sweetclover 3
Sourclover 4 24. Alfalfa 20 Black Medic 3 Black Medic 2
Sweetclover 3 12. Alfalfa 7
Red Clover 8 25. Red Clover 11 Sweet Clover 5 Sweetclover 7
13. Alfalfa 7 26. Alsike Clover 8 Red Clover 10 White Clover 8 Sweet Clover 6
27. Alsike Clover 9 14. Red Clover 12 White Clover 10 Sweetclover 7
Alfalfa 6 28. White Clover 24
15. Sweetclover 10 29. Sweetclover 10 Alsike Clover 5 Sourclover 10 Sourclover 5
30. Alfalfa 7 16. Sweetclover 9 Sweetclover 5 Red Clover 8 Black Medic 3 Alsike Clover 8 Red Clover 8
17. Sweetclover 7 31. Red Clover 11 Red Clover 9
Alsike Clover 7 32. Alsike Clover 13 White Clover 14
Page | 127 REVISED APRIL 2008
POA SPECIES - (Page 1 of 2)
1. P. pratensis 19. P. pratensis 8 32. P. pratensis 8 P. trivialis 8 2. P. compressa 20. P. pratensis 8 P. annua 1 P. compressa 2 3. P. pratensis (Merion) 33. P. pratensis 5 21. P. compressa 10 P. compressa 2 4. P. annua Puccinellia sp. 2 22. P. pratensis 9 5. Puccinellia sp. P. compressa 3 34. P. pratensis 6 P. compressa 5 6. P. trivialis 23. P. pratensis 13 P. trivialis 11 35. P. pratensis 3 7. P. palustris P. annua 1 P. palustris 3 P. nemoralis 3 8. P. glauca 24. P. pratensis 7 P. compressa 2 P. compressa 1 9. P. nemoralis P. annua 2 36. P. pratensis 12 Puccinellia sp. 3 P. annua 2 10. P. pratensis 8 P. trivialis 1 P. compressa 8 25. P. pratensis 5 Puccinellia sp. 2 P. compressa 6 11. P. pratensis 3 37. P. pratensis 8 P. compressa 4 26. P. pratensis 5 P. compressa 4 P. palustris 3 12. P. pratensis 5 P. nemoralis 7 38. P. pratensis 2 P. trivialis 1 P. compressa 2 P. annua 2 27. P. pratensis 8 P. palustris 3 (1 caryopsis) P. annua 2 P. nemoralis 6 Puccinellia sp. 2 (1 caryopsis) (1 caryopsis) Puccinellia sp. 2 39. P. annua 3 (1 caryopsis) P. palustris 1 13. P. pratensis 10 P. glauca 2 P. compressa 2 28. P. pratensis 8 P. pratensis 6 P. trivialis 13 14. P. pratensis 5 P. annua 3 40. P. trivialis 5 P. palustris 5 (1 caryopsis) P. nemoralis 2 P. compressa 5 15. P. pratensis 6 29. P. pratensis 7 P. annua 1 P. compressa 4 41. P. nemoralis 3 P. trivialis 1 P. compressa 7 Puccinellia sp. 2 30. P. pratensis 9 P. pratensis 9 (1 caryopsis) P. trivialis 2 P. annua 2 42. P. trivialis 3 16. P. pratensis 7 Puccinellia sp. 5 P. compressa 2 P. compressa 4 P. annua 3 31. P. pratensis 5 P. pratensis 6 17. P. pratensis 3 P. trivialis 1 P. palustris 2 P. annua 2 43. P. pratensis 4 P. nemoralis 3 (1 caryopsis) P. trivialis 4 Puccinellia sp. 3 P. compressa 4 18. P. pratensis 11 (1 caryopsis) 3 P. palustris 2 P. compressa 5
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POA SPECIES - (Page 2 of 2)
44. P. trivialis 5 P. nemoralis 3 P. compressa 4 P. palustris 1
45. P. pratensis 9 P. trivialis 9
46. P. trivialis 1 P. nemoralis 2 P. compressa 5 P. annua 3 P. palustris 1
47. P. pratensis 4 P. trivialis 4 P. compressa 4 P. annua 4 (1 caryopsis) Puccinellia sp. 4 (1 caryopsis)
48. P. pratensis 4 P. trivialis 5 P. compressa 6 Puccinellia sp. 6
49. P. pratensis 4 P. compressa 8 Puccinellia sp. 8
50. P. compressa 6 Puccinellia sp. 6 (1 caryopsis)
51. P. pratensis 5 P. trivialis 4 P. compressa 3 Puccinellia sp. 3
52. P. pratensis 5 P. compressa 6 P. annua- 3 Puccinellia sp. 4 (1 caryopsis)
53. P. pratensis 10
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BRASSICA – SINAPIS – (Page 1 of 2)
1. S. arvensis 9 15. S. arvensis 14 B. rapa 4 16. B. rapa 6 2. B. napus 6 B. nigra 6 B. oleracea 6 S. arvensis 4
3. B. nigra 10 17. B. juncea 8 B. juncea 4 B. rapa 3 S. arvensis 2 4. B. rapa 9 B. juncea 3 18. B. napus 11
5. B. oleracea 10 19. B. rapa 9 B. oleracea 5 6. B. nigra 9 B. rapa 6 20. B. rapa 9 S. arvensis 4 7. S. arvensis 10 B. rapa 4 21. Vaccaria sp. 12 (Caryophyllaceae) 8. B. nigra 4 B. rapa 4 22. B. nigra 10 S. arvensis 4 B. oleracea 7 B. napus 3 9. B. juncea 9 B. rapa 3 23. B. juncea 10
10. B. oleracea 7 24. B. juncea 6 S. arvensis 3 B. nigra 6 B. juncea 3 S. arvensis 6
11. B. nigra 11 25. B. rapa 13
12. B. napus 7 26. Geranium dissectum 7 B. rapa 5 27. Hirschfeldia incana 6 13. B. juncea 8 B. nigra 7
14. B. oleracea 5 B. napus 5 S. arvensis 4
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BRASSICA – SINAPIS – (Page 2 of 2)
A. B. napus – winter rape
B. B. oleracea – cabbage
C. B. rapa – turnip
D. S. arvensis (syn. B. kaber) – charlock
E. B. nigra – black mustard
F. B. juncea – brown or India mustard
YS-1 B. juncea – Oriental mustard
YS-2 B. rapa var Sarson – Sarson
YS-3 S. alba (syn. B. hirta) – white mustard
YS = yellow seeds
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TALL FESCUE PURITY
1. alfalfa 3 8. bahiagrass 2 15. timothy 4 oats 2 timothy 3 white clover 2 bahiagrass 3 hairy chess 1 alfalfa 2 ryegrass 2 ryegrass 1 ryegrass 4 hairy chess 1 orchardgrass 2 orchardgrass 2 orchardgrass 1 oat 2 hairy chess 1 rye 1 2. rye 2 16. bahiagrass 1 ryegrass 2 9. white clover 2 alfalfa 2 orchardgrass 1 alfalfa0 2 rye 1 alfalfa 3 ryegrass 3 oats 2 hairy chess 1 rye 2 ryegrass 1 white clover 2 hairy chess 1 orchardgrass 2 timothy 2 orchardgrass 1 hairy chess 1
3. red clover 3 10. alfalfa 4 17. white clover 2 timothy 2 red clover 1 red clover 2 hairy chess 1 bahiagrass 2 alfalfa 1 ryegrass 2 hairy chess 1 bahiagrass 2 orchardgrass 1 ryegrass 2 hairy chess 1 alfalfa 2 orchardgrass 2 ryegrass 1
4. bahiagrass 3 11. timothy 3 18. alfalfa 2 hairy chess 1 alfalfa 1 timothy 1 ryegrass 2 orchardgrass 1 orchardgrass 2 orchardgrass 1 ryegrass 3 ryegrass 2 white clover 3 bahiagrass 2 hairy chess 2 rye 2 oat 1 rye 2 rye 1 5. quackgrass 1 19. hairy chess 1 alfalfa 3 12. hairy chess 1 rye 1 orchardgrass 1 ryegrass 2 ryegrass 1 hairy chess 1 orchardgrass 4 bahiagrass 1 ryegrass 2 oats 2 alfalfa 1 red clover 2 rye 2 oat 1 bahiagrass 3 orchardgrass 1 6. bahiagrass 3 timothy 1 ryegrass 2 13. white clover 3 orchardgrass 1 red clover 1 20. alfalfa 4 timothy 3 alfalfa 4 red clover 3 rye 2 bahiagrass 2 white clover 3 oat 2 hairy chess 1 timothy 1 hairy chess 1 ryegrass 2 orchardgrass 1 hairy chess 2 7. alfalfa 3 14. orchardgrass 1 red clover 3 bahiagrass 4 white clover 3 ryegrass 1 ryegrass 2 hairy chess 1 hairy chess 1 rye 2 orchardgrass 1 oat 1 Page | 132 REVISED APRIL 2008
Polygonaceae Study Set
1. Fallopia convolvulus (Polygonum convolvulus) 2. Polygonum aviculare 3. Persicaria pensylvanica (Persicaria pensylvanicum) 4. Persicaria lapathifolium (Polygonum lapathifolia) 5. Persicaria hydropiper (Polygonum hydropiper) 6. Persicaria maculosa (Polygonum persicaria) 7. Rumex acetosa 8. Rumex crispus 9. Rumex obtusifolius 10. Rumex pulcher 11. Rumex conglomeratus 12. Rumex acetosella
13. Fallopia convolvulus 5 19. Rumex conglomeratus 8 Polygonum aviculare 7 Rumex crispus 4 Rumex acetosa 4 14. Persicaria pensylvanica 4 Persicaria lapathifolia 3 20. Rumex conglomeratus 8 Persicaria maculosa 9 Rumex obtusifolia 5 Rumex acetosella 5 15. Persicaria hydropiper 8 Rumex pulcher 4 Persicaria maculosa 5 Polygonum aviculare 4 21. Fallopia convolvulus 2 Polygonum aviculare 2 16. Fallopia convolvulus 3 Persicaria pensylvanica 2 Persicaria pensylvanica 4 Persicaria lapathifolia 2 Persicaria lapathifolia 3 Persicaria maculosa 2 Persicaria hydropiper 2 17. Rumex crispus 7 Rumex crispus 2 Rumex obtusifolius 7 Rumex obtusifolius 2 Rumex acetosa 2 18. Rumex acetosa 3 Rumex conglomeratus 2 Rumex pulcher 3 Rumex acetosella 2 Rumex acetosella 5 Rumex pulcher 2
S. Dawson 5/2009
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SILENE SPP. (Key to Study Set)
S. latifolia subsp. alba, S. noctiflora, S. dichotoma, S. vulgaris, S. dioica
A–S. latifolia subsp. alba B– S. noctiflora 10. S. latifolia subsp. alba 4 C– S. vulgaris S. vulgaris 8 D– S. dichotoma dichotoma 7 E– S. dioica S. dioica 4
1. S. latifolia subsp. alba 6 11. S. latifolia subsp. alba 11 S. noctiflora 5 S. vulgaris 9 S. dichotoma 3 S. dichotoma 4
2. S. latifolia subsp. alba 4 12. S. latifolia subsp. alba 6 S. vulgaris 4 S. noctiflora 7 S. dichotoma 4 S. dichotoma 6 S. dioica 2 13. vulgaris 9 3. S. latifolia subsp. alba 3 S. dichotoma 9 S. noctiflora 3 S. latifolia subsp. alba 10 S. dichotoma 2 S. dioica 2 14. S. dioica 4 S. vulgaris 8 4. S. latifolia subsp. alba 7 S. dichotoma 6 S. vulgaris 6 S. latifolia subsp. alba 10 S. dichotoma 6 15. S. vulgaris 6 5. S. latifolia subsp. alba 10 S. dichotoma 10 S. noctiflora 9 S. latifolia subsp. alba 7 S. dichotoma 7 S. dioica 5 16. S. vulgaris 10 S. dichotoma 10 6. S. latifolia subsp. alba 12 S. latifolia subsp. alba 10 S. noctiflora 10 S. dioica 5 S. dichotoma 3 17. S. dichotoma 5 7. S. latifolia subsp. alba 3 S. latifolia subsp. alba 5 S. vulgaris 9 S. dichotoma 3 18. S. vulgaris 5 S. dioica 3 S. latifolia subsp. alba 5
8. S. latifolia subsp. alba 9 19. S. dioica 5 S. vulgaris 8 S. latifolia subsp. alba 5 S. dichotoma 8 20. S. noctiflora 5 9. S. latifolia subsp. alba 10 S. latifolia subsp. alba 5 S. vulgaris 11 S. dichotoma 11
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