Stó:Lō Research and Resource Management Centre

Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre

10-7201 Vedder Road Chilliwack, BC V2R 4G5 phone 604.824.2420 fax 604.824.0278 www.srrmcentre.com

CULTURAL HERITAGE OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT OF THE PROPOSED TRANS MOUNTAIN VARIANCE PROJECT IN CHILLIWACK, BC

SHIP 2013-42

Prepared for: Trans Mountain ULC 6025 Sussex Street PO Box 81018 South Burnaby Burnaby, BC V5H 3B0

November 2017 © SRRMC CHOA of The Proposed Trans Mountain Variance Project in Chilliwack November 2017

GRANT OF LICENSE

I, David Schaepe, Director of the Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre (SRRMC) confirm that the SRRMC, in accordance with its’ copyright policy and acting to maintain copyright in trust on behalf of the collective use of the Stó:lō community, is the copyright owner of this permit report, and for good and valuable consideration irrevocably grant a non-exclusive license to the Province of British Columbia, for a term equal to the life of the copyright commencing on the date of execution below, to make copies of the reports, including all appendices and photos, and to provide such copies to anyone, at the discretion of the Province, either at no charge or at the cost incurred by the Province of British Columbia in making and distributing the copies. All parties, except the party for whom the report was prepared, acknowledge that any use or interpretation of this report is at the sole risk and liability of the subsequent user(s).

Executed on the 20th of November 2017, by

______Signature, on behalf of the Copyright Owner

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CREDITS

Permit Holder ...... Cara Brendzy, B.A., B.App.GIS, RPCA

Report Author ...... Cara Brendzy Lisa Dojack, M.A.

Report Edits ...... Lisa Dojack

GIS/Graphics ...... Cara Brendzy

Research ...... Cara Brendzy

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SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre was retained by Trans Mountain to conduct a Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment (CHOA) of the proposed Trans Mountain Variance Expansion Project in Chilliwack, BC, in S’ólh Téméxw (Stó:lō Traditional Territory). The CHOA was conducted under Stó:lō Heritage Investigation Permit 2013-42, held by SRRMC Project Archaeologist Cara Brendzy.

The CHOA consisted of two main components: (1) background research pertinent to the Study Area and its surroundings; and (2) review of previously conducted AIAs on the Study Area (Bond 2017a, Bond 2017b, Alexander 2016, Franck 2015, Osicki et al. 2014).

Several previously recorded cultural heritage sites/areas are recorded within a 1 km context zone of the Study Area, including one Sxwôxwiyám, three Halq’eméylem Place Names, one previously recorded archaeological site, four Documented Travel Routes, and one traditional land and resource use area (Figure 3), five of which (one Sxwôxwiyám, one Halq’eméylem Place Name, and three Documented Travel Routes) are recorded within the Study Area. The Sxwôxwiyám and Halq’eméylem Place Name require further management (Section 5.0).

One Geotech site, CPT-BGC16-CHW-01, was assessed within the Study Area with negative results (Bond 2017b). No archaeological features or materials have been identified in the Study Area as a result of the fieldwork to date (Bond 2017a; Bond 2017b; Alexander 2016; Franck 2015; Osicki et al, 2014). The archaeological impact assessment for the Study Area is labeled as incomplete for the Study Area (Plate 7; Osicki et al. 2014). Further work was conducted on the Study Area in 2017 by Stantec (H. Bond, personal communication, November 16, 2017); however, reporting with the assessment results has not been submitted to the SRRMC at this time.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Proposed Project ...... 1 1.2 Project Objectives ...... 1 1.3 Report Organization ...... 3 2.0 STUDY AREA SETTING ...... 3 2.1 Lower Fraser Basin Environment ...... 3 2.2 Study Area ...... 4 2.3 Cultural Overview – The Stó:lō ...... 4 2.4 Archaeological Overview ...... 6 3.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 7 3.1 Background Research ...... 7 3.2 AIA Fieldwork Review ...... 9 4.0 RESULTS ...... 10 4.1 Background Research ...... 10 4.2 AIA Fieldwork Review ...... 14 5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 15 5.1 Conclusion ...... 15 5.2 Recommendations ...... 16 5.3 Land Use Decisions ...... 16 5.4 Study Limitations and Unanticipated Materials ...... 16 6.0 WORKS CITED ...... 19

TABLES Table 1 – Sxwôxwiyóm within Context Zone ...... 10 Table 2 – Halq’eméylem Place Names within Context Zone ...... 11 Table 3 – Documented Travel Routes within Context Zone ...... 12 Table 4 – Traditional Land and Resource Use Area within Context Zone ...... 13 Table 5 – Stó:lō Heritage Management Measures ...... 15

APPENDIX I - FIGURES Figure 1 ...... Overview Map Figure 2 ...... Midrange Location Map Figure 3 ...... Cultural Heritage Overview Figure 4 ...... LiDar Overlay

APPENDIX II – BACKGROUND RESEARCH: STUDY AREA SETTING RESULTS

APPENDIX III – ADDITIONAL FIGURES Plate 1 ...... Figure E-10 Plate 2 ...... Figure E-9 Plate 3 ...... Figure A-191 Plate 4 ...... Figure 6 Plate 5 ...... 201601_MAP_TERA_HER_00851_REV0 Plate 6 ...... 201504_MAP_TERA_HER_00675_REV0

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Plate 7 ...... 201406_MAP_TERA_HER_00586_REV0

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

In 2017, the Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre (SRRMC) was retained by Trans Mountain to conduct a Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment (CHOA) of the proposed Trans Mountain Variance Expansion Project in Chilliwack, BC, in S’ólh Téméxw (Stó:lō Traditional Territory; Figure 1). This report presents the findings resulting from the CHOA.

The CHOA was conducted under Stó:lō Heritage Investigation Permit 2013-42, held by SRRMC Project Archaeologist Cara Brendzy. The CHOA was conducted in accordance with the following guidelines: (1) the British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (1998), developed by the Archaeology Branch; and (2) the Stó:lō Heritage Policy (2003), developed by the Stó:lō Nation and administered by the SRRMC.

1.1 Proposed Project

The proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Project consists of twinning the existing Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline. This CHOA examined a variance of the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Project in Chilliwack (Figure 2). Proposed development activities which could potentially impact surface or subsurface archaeological sites include, but are not limited to:

• construction and installation of the pipeline; and • construction of temporary access roads and equipment staging areas.

1.2 Project Objectives

In accordance with the provincial Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (Archaeology Branch 1998) and the Stó:lō Heritage Policy Manual (Stó:lō Nation 2003), the objectives of the assessment were to:

• identify and evaluate all archaeological and cultural heritage resources within the Study Area;

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• identify and assess all impacts on archaeological and cultural heritage resources; and, • recommend viable alternatives for managing unavoidable adverse impacts, including a preliminary program for: o implementing and scheduling impact management actions and, where necessary, o conducting surveillance and / or monitoring.

The Heritage Conservation Act (HCA) provides legal protection against the disturbance of archaeological sites, defined as places that demonstrate past human activity predating 1846, all burial and pictograph sites, and shipwrecks more than two years old. The Archaeology Branch is the provincial regulatory body responsible for implementing the HCA. Common types of archaeological sites located in S’ólh Téméxw (Stó:lō Traditional Territory) include, but are not limited to:

• lithic scatters (i.e., stone tools and flakes) • cultural depressions (e.g., pit houses, cache pits) • culturally modified trees (e.g., bark-stripped trees, aboriginally-logged trees) • rock art (i.e., pictographs and petroglyphs) • cultural earthworks (e.g., burial mounds, rock cairns, defensive sites) • karst features (e.g., caves, rock shelters)

In addition to archaeological sites, a number of cultural site types not recognized under the HCA were also included for consideration in this assessment, as defined and protected by the Stó:lō Heritage Policy Manual (2003). These include:

• Iyoqthet (Transformation) Sites – sites created as a result of the transformation of people or animals by Xexá:ls (The Transformers), Tel Swayel (The Sky-Borne People), or any other agent of Chichel Siya:m (The Creator) • Halq’eméylem Place Names – sites indicating the significance of a place, due to their inherent characteristics, activities or events that took place there, or the oral histories tied to or coming from such places

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• Sxwôxwiyám / Cultural Landscape Features – places in the landscape with broad cultural significance • Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas – areas used for activities such as hunting, fishing, and gathering • Spiritual/Ceremonial Regalia Sites – places on the landscape where spiritual or ceremonial items have been placed and will remain • Xá:Xa (sacred or taboo places) Sites – sites often associated with spiritually potent ‘taboo’ places in the landscape (e.g., stl’áleqem sites) or ceremonial activities • Sxwó:yxwey – places in the landscape related to the origin of the Sxwó:yxwey mask, considered among the most sacred of Stó:lō traditions

1.3 Report Organization

This report is presented in five key sections. Section 2 describes the setting and context of the Study Area. Section 3 is a review of the methods employed during the research component of the assessment. Section 4 summarizes the results, and Section 5 provides conclusions and recommendations.

2.0 STUDY AREA SETTING

2.1 Lower Fraser Basin Environment

The Study Area is located in the Lower Fraser Basin, in southwestern BC. Extending from the mouth of the Fraser River east to the Fraser Canyon, the Lower Fraser Basin Watershed embodies the large coastal delta, river lowlands, and forested montane slopes bordering the Coast and Cascade Mountain Ranges and the Strait of Georgia (Dorcey 1991). Fraser Basin topography is characterized by glacially modified landforms of Quaternary age, resultant from the Fraser Glaciation that occurred 26,000-10,000 years ago (Armstrong 1981).

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2.2 Study Area

The Study Area consists of a 1.7-km section of proposed pipeline including a construction area buffer zone (Figures 1 & 2). The Study Area is approximately 7 ha in size and is located on the Fraser River floodplain, 445 m southeast of Atchelitz Creek, 1.3 km north of the Vedder River, and 1.8 km NW of the outlet of the Chilliwack River at Vedder Crossing. Located in the Eastern Fraser Lowland region, surface deposits consist mainly of postglacial Salish and Fraser River sediments, which were deposited as long ago as 12,500 BP (Armstrong 1981). The area surrounding the proposed development is characterized by residential homes, agricultural fields, and farms. The Study Area is located on sixty-six private lots, as well as three crown municipal land lots.

Prior to 1894, the Chilliwack River flowed to its outlet at Vedder Crossing, where it then diverged into smaller distributaries to the north and west. Yeqeqámel (Atchelitz) Creek, Luckakuck Creek, and Chilliwack Creek flowed north to the Fraser River, while Vedder River (Th’ewálmel) flowed west to Sumas Lake (Rafter 2001). The Vedder River was reinforced along its current channel by farmers between 1894 and 1924, including the construction of a rock-filled crib across the entrance to Luckakuck channel, and was officially diked east to the B.C. Electric Railway Bridge by the provincial government in 1924 as part of the ‘Sumas Flats Reclamation Project’ (Bowman 1992, Harder and Harder 2009, McLean 1980).

2.3 Cultural Overview – The Stó:lō

The Stó:lō, or ‘People of the River’, traditionally speak the Halq’eméylem language, a dialect of the Central Coast Salish language family. The traditional territory of the Stó:lō, referred to in Halq’eméylem as S’ólh Téméxw, “our land” or “our world”, encompasses the entire Lower Fraser Basin Watershed, from the Fraser Delta at the west to the Coquihalla River at the east, and the headwaters of the Harrison and Pitt lakes at the north to the Nooksack and Chilliwack river drainages at the south. S’ólh Téméxw incorporates a broad sphere of cultural interaction among Halkomelem speakers from the Fraser Canyon to southeastern Vancouver Island (Suttles 1990). Stó:lō oral tradition establishes the aboriginal occupation of this area since ‘the beginning of the world’ or ‘time immemorial’. Archaeological evidence presently documents human occupation extending back at least 10,000 years in the region, which

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CHOA of The Proposed Trans Mountain Variance Project in Chilliwack November 2017 constitutes some of the earliest evidence of human existence in northwestern North America (Borden 1975; McLaren and Storey 2010; Mitchell and Pokotylo 1996). There is strong archaeological, linguistic, historical, and oral historic evidence indicating long term, continuous occupation of this area by the ancestors of the contemporary Stó:lō (Burley and Beattie 1989; Carlson et al. 2001; Mitchell 1971; Schaepe 2009; Suttles and Elmendorf 1962).

At the time of European contact, the Stó:lō practiced a semi-permanent lifestyle, living in plankhouse and / or pithouse villages throughout S’ólh Téméxw. The Stó:lō remained sedentary in these villages during the winter months - the principle ceremonial season. A portion of the population moved into the uplands throughout the territory during the spring, summer, and fall, while others inhabited villages year round. Temporary lodges, often made of woven reed mats, were constructed and used as seasonal hunting and fishing camps.

Fishing, hunting, and gathering formed the basis of Stó:lō subsistence. Fishing was practiced year-round and was deeply connected with the migratory patterns of abundant, locally available spawning anadromous fish, particularly Pacific salmon, eulachon, and sturgeon. The Stó:lō historically have a very strong connection to salmon, both spiritually and economically. Salmon and trout of all kinds were and continue to be caught and utilized in many ways by the Stó:lō. Deer, mountain goat, and bear meat, and various roots (e.g. camas, bracken fern, and tiger lily) and berries (e.g. huckleberries, strawberries, salmon berries, salal berries, blueberries, cranberries, and Saskatoon berries) also comprised significant plant resources which were collected, processed, and stored for the winter. Hunting and collecting activities were practiced throughout all areas of the landscape, from the valley bottom to the high elevation parkland and alpine environments (Schaepe et al. 1998).

Forest resources, particularly western red cedar, figured prominently into Stó:lō technology. Capable woodworkers, the Stó:lō fashioned nearly all parts of the cedar tree, including roots, bark, and trunk, into a vast number of usable items, such as basketry, mats, nets, clothing, cordage, bowls, spoons, storage boxes, canoes, house planks, house posts, fishing and hunting equipment, and ceremonial items (e.g., masks, poles). Other tree species, stone, bone, and antler materials were also used as tools and implements. The Stó:lō actively manipulated the productivity of the landscape through practices such as managed burning.

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Trade with neighboring groups was facilitated by a network of mountaintop and riverside travel routes. Numerous travel routes provided access to the Nooksack and Skagit river valleys, to the south and east, and the up and downriver sections of the Fraser River (SFU 1994). Aboriginal trails are recorded throughout the Chilliwack River watershed (Wells 1987; Carlson et al. 2001).

Socially, Stó:lō society was stratified into upper and lower social classes. Bilaterally reckoned kinship and marriage provided the foundation of Stó:lō community, determining familial, community, and economic ties, as well as social standing. As early as 1780, traditional Stó:lō social structure and cultural practices were severely impacted by the smallpox epidemics and general economic upheaval associated with the arrival of the Europeans in and around S’ólh Téméxw. Smallpox epidemics, which occurred repeatedly throughout the late 1800’s, devastated the Stó:lō population, effectively annihilating some Stó:lō groups, such as the Hatzic (Hatzic Lake vicinity) and Sxayaks (Stave Lake vicinity). Although disrupted, numerous aspects of traditional Stó:lō culture continue to persist and be practiced today. A discussion of the effects of European influence and the development of contemporary Stó:lō lifeways is presented by Carlson (1997). Detailed ethnographic accounts are available in anthropological literature (Barnett 1955; Boas 1894; Carlson 2001; Duff 1952; Hill-Tout 1903; 1978; Jenness 1955; Smith 1947; Suttles 1955; Wells 1987).

It is important to note that not all aspects of traditional First Nations’ cultures are recorded in the anthropological and ethnohistoric literature. Additional knowledge of traditional culture and lifeways still exists in many contemporary First Nations communities. Furthermore, aboriginal societies underwent significant changes as a result of their contact with Europeans, and some cultural aspects reported in the literature may not accurately reflect that culture prior to contact.

2.4 Archaeological Overview

The Gulf of Georgia Region has a long history of archaeological research on the Northwest Coast (Ames and Maschner 1999; Matson and Coupland 1995). The vast majority of regional archaeological research, however, has focused upon the coastal and riverine lowlands, to the exclusion of the surrounding upland areas and tributary drainages. Comparatively, the Upper Fraser Valley – between Mission and Yale - has experienced limited archaeological attention. The relationship between the Upper Fraser

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Valley and the rest of S’ólh Téméxw, remains to be clearly understood from a cultural historic perspective (Barnett 1955; Matson 1994; Schaepe 1998; von Krogh 1976). Archaeological work in the Upper Fraser Valley area has been conducted since the 1960’s, but until the 1990’s, archaeological investigations of the Maurer site (LeClair 1973, 1976) and Flood-Hope sites (von Krogh 1976) contributed the majority of information pertaining to the Upper Fraser Valley. Recent research at the Scowlitz site (Bernick 1992; Blake 1992; Blake et al. 1994; Lepofsky et al. 2000; Matson 1994), the Xá:ytem site (Mason 1994; Ormerod and Matson 2000), and the Maurer site (LeClair 1976, Schaepe 1998) have provided significant insights into the last 5,000 years of cultural occupation on the Upper Fraser Valley. Occupation of the region extends back even farther, as data from a ca. 9,000-year-old occupation has been recovered from the Milliken site (Borden 1975) near Yale, BC. Schaepe (2009) offers an examination of housepit settlements and community organization in the Fraser Valley from 2,550 – 100 BP. General overviews of archaeological research in the Upper Fraser Valley and Gulf of Georgia Region are presented by Ames and Maschner (1999) and Matson and Coupland (1995).

3.0 METHODOLOGY

The assessment was conducted in accordance with British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment Guidelines (Archaeology Branch 1998) and referenced the guidelines and terminology of the Stó:lō Heritage Policy Manual (2003). Methods were comprised of two main components: (1) background research; and (2) review of previously conducted AIAs on the Study Area (Bond 2017a; Bond 2017b; Alexander 2016; Franck 2015; Osicki et al. 2014).

3.1 Background Research

Background research was conducted on the Study Area and its immediate vicinity. Information was gathered from the following sources, as appropriate:

(i) documentary review: a review of readily available published and unpublished documents that provide information about (1) historical and current aboriginal land and resource use in relevant proximity to the Study Area; (2) the traditions of

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Stó:lō First Nations in relevant proximity to the Study Area; (3) non-aboriginal land and resource use in relevant proximity to the Study Area; and (4) bio-geo-physical data pertinent to the Study Area; and (ii) transcript review: of documented interviews from Stó:lō community members who are knowledgeable about historic and current land use and sites in relevant proximity to the Study Area, and of persons who are knowledgeable about Stó:lō traditions.

Information gathering involved a review of previously recorded site location maps, topographic maps, aerial maps or photos, development plans, and literature generally applicable to the Study Area and immediate vicinity. Sources for this information include local museums and archives, including those housed at the SRRMC. The Stó:lō Archives includes interviews with Stó:lō elders and others knowledgeable of the history and traditional use of the concerned Study Area. The Study Area was also assessed within the framework of the Stó:lō Heritage Management Plan spatial databases (GIS), housed at the SRRMC.

The following sources of existing cultural heritage resource-related information were used in addressing the objectives of this assessment. These data sets comprise the Stó:lō Heritage Management Plan (SRRMC 2007), and include:

• Documented archaeological sites (B.C. Archaeology Branch 2014) • Documented Settlements ca. 1800-1880 – Historic Map Inventory (Schaepe 2001) • Documented and GIS-Modeled aboriginal trail/travel routes (Schaepe 1999) • Existing information on Stó:lō Traditional Uses of S’olh Téméxw collected by previous traditional use studies (Albers 2000; Angelbeck and Schaepe 2004; Rafter 2001:106-07; Soto 2001; Stó:lō Nation 1998) • Documented Transformation Sites/Stó:lō Sxwôxwiyám/Cultural Landscape Features, Spiritual Sites, and Halq’eméylem Place Names (McHalsie 2001)

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3.1.1 Preliminary Determination of Archaeological Potential

Results of the background research were used to make a preliminary determination of archaeological potential as it applies to the Study Area. Archaeological potential was evaluated using the following types of information:

• the Chilliwack Forest District archaeological potential model developed by the Sto:lo Nation and the Chilliwack Forest District (Schaepe 2001; Golder 1999) • proximity to previously recorded archaeological sites (RAAD) • proximity to known but unrecorded archaeological sites (i.e., site leads) • proximity to places with Aboriginal names • proximity to documented historic and/or pre-contact trails/travel routes • proximity to documented traditional land and resource use sites (SRRMC TUS database) • vegetation and terrain mapping • distance to water • modeled slope less than 20% • known disturbances • ecological/biogeoclimatic literature • geological and geomorphological literature • paleoenvironmental literature

3.2 AIA Fieldwork Review

A series of Archaeological Impact Assessments (AIA) were conducted on the Study Area for the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Project. Five reports were reviewed in this assessment and they include: 1. Archaeological Impact Assessment-2017 Q1 Interim Report HCA 2015-0258 (Bond 2017a) 2. Archaeological Impact Assessment-2016 Annual Report HCA 2015-0258 (Bond 2017b) 3. Archaeological Impact Assessment-2015 Annual Report HCA 2013-0165 (Alexander 2016) 4. Archaeological Impact Assessment-2041 Annual Report HCA 2013-0165 (Franck 2015) 5. Archaeological Impact Assessment-2041 Annual Report HCA 2013-0165 (Osicki et al. 2014)

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4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Background Research

Background research involved the review of relevant archaeological, ethnographic and historical literature, including a search of the provincial Remote Access to Archaeological Data (RAAD). The Study Area has archaeological potential because it is located on the Fraser River floodplain (Figures 1-2). As well, the entire Study Area contains GIS-modeled archaeological potential (Golder 1999, Schaepe 2001). See Appendix II for detailed results of the background research.

A review of Lidar data shows one potential distinct landform (Figure 4). The potential distinct landform may represent an old river/creek channel.

Sxwôxwiyám One Sxwôxwiyám is recorded within a 1 km context zone of the Study Area (Figure 3; Table 1), and is within the Study Area and requires further management (Section 5.0). Sxwôxwiyám relate to core and integral elements of Stó:lō cultural traditions and identity.

TABLE 1 – Sxwôxwiyám within Context Zone Site ID Type Translation/Significance Proximity from the Study Area Ts'elxwéyeqw Sxwôxwiyám: Chilliwack River from the north end of Chilliwack Lake to Vedder Canal within 2012i47s90 Xéyt and includes the slough channels as well; transformed by Xexá:ls; linked by Sxótsaqel (Chilliwack Lake) to southern Ts’elwéyeqw * Ts'elxwéyeqw is also designated as a sensitive waterway in the Stó:lō

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Land Use Plan (S’ólh Téméxw Use Plan; SRRMC 2014)

Sxwôxwiyám / Cultural Landscape Features form a connection and articulation among the collective identity and ancestral relations shared between the Stó:lō, broadly, as connected to villages and tribes at more local levels. These types of cultural heritage sites are among the most highly significant types of sites recognized by the Stó:lō (Stó:lō Nation 2003). Often these places are directly related to Transformer Narratives. The significance of Sxwôxwiyám / Cultural Landscape Features to the Stó:lō community and the need to maintain their integrity with regard to all forms of potential impact cannot be overstated.

Halq’eméylem Place Name Three Halq’eméylem Place Names are recorded within a 1 km context zone of the Study Area (Figure 3; Table 2), one of which (2012i47s90) is recorded within the Study Area and requires further management (Section 5.0). Places with Halq’eméylem names are insightful indicators of past land and resource use, and as such, recognition of these places is an important component in the context of aboriginal rights and title.

TABLE 2 – Halq’eméylem Place Names within Context Zone Place Name Translation/Significance Proximity from the Study Area Syéqw plankhouse village that was burned down on west side of stream; ‘burnt’ 400 m NW 2011i42s24 Qwelkwaltem qwel possibly from qwélqwel which means 'tell something (news), talking 935 m N 2011i42s347 something over (one at a time)' kwal possibly from kwàl which means 'to hide (hide oneself)'; tem from tem which means 'time for, time to, season of' or 'be in a state of -ness' Ts’elxwéyeqw one of the rivers that was transformed by Xexá:ls; Linked by Sxótsaqel (Chilliwack within 2012i47s90 Lake) to southern Ts’elwéyeqw; ‘back water’: going back up steam as far as you can go with a canoe

Halq’eméylem Place Names on the landscape are important to note in that they have the potential to provide insight into the cultural significance of a particular place, with regard to the significance of the geographic location itself, activities or events that took place there, or stories of the distant past, when the world was transformed by four bears, Xexá:ls, into its present form (sxwóxwiyám, the “First People”, ______SRRMC H2017-57 11

CHOA of The Proposed Trans Mountain Variance Project in Chilliwack November 2017 or Creation stories). There are over 700 Halq’eméylem Place Names throughout S’olh Téméxw. They also exist as places of power in a living landscape, upon which people seek spiritual power through various Stó:lō ceremonial and ritual activities (e.g., winter dance, fasting).

Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites The provincial Remote Access to Archaeological Data (RAAD) database displays one previously recorded archaeological site (DgRl-21) within a 1 km context zone of the Study Area (Figures 1, 3 & 4). DhRl-21 is a precontract surface lithics site, including stone carvings, located 600 m northwest of the Study Area on a low gravel ridge on the west bank of Atchelitz Creek.

Documented Stó:lō Travel Routes Four documented travel routes are recorded within the 1 km context zone (Table 3; Figure 3), three of which are recorded within the Study Area. No evidence of trails was noted in the previous AIAs conducted on the Study Area for the Trans Mountain Expansion Project. Documented Travel Routes are considered insightful indicators of past land and resource use and, as such, recognition of these places is an important component in the context of aboriginal rights and title. Travel routes in this category have either been ground-truthed or verified to have been used.

TABLE 3 – Documented Travel Routes within Context Zone Site ID Site Type Proximity from the Study Area Description 2014m107s8 travel; walking trail; summer and fall past use within 2014m107s9 travel; walking trail; summer and fall past use within 2014m109s7 travel; walking trail; summer and fall past use within 2014m109s10 travel; walking trail; summer and fall past use 760 m SE

Aboriginal Trails and travel routes were used by the Stó:lō for travel and trade, to access seasonally abundant plant and wildlife resources, and for spiritual purposes. The majority of physical evidence of these trails no longer exists due to urbanization; however, a large percentage of contemporary transportation routes in S’ólh Téméwx coincide with these original pathways (Myles 1995). In cases where physical evidence of historic trails is still present, the trail itself may be subject to protection under the Stó:lō Heritage Policy (2003) and the provincial Heritage Conservation Act.

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The Documented Travel Routes identified above were identified from various historic, ethnographic, and map sources reviewed in the Tracking the Ancestors pilot study (Schaepe 1999). Trails were recorded and modeled at a scale of 1:130,000. A buffer is used to display the general location of the trails.

Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas One traditional land and resource use area is recorded within a 1 km context zone of the Study Area (Table 4; Figure 3); however, the area is not documented within the Study Area. Stó:lō use of the area surrounding the Study Area for fishing, gathering, hunting, and spiritual use has been documented by a variety of sources including traditional use studies, oral history, and ethnography.

TABLE 4 – Traditional Land and Resource Use Area within Context Zone Site ID Site Type Description Proximity from the Study Area Syéqw Resource Harvesting: plankhouse village that was burned down 400 m NW 2011i42s24 Habitation on west side of stream; ‘burnt’

The inherent limitations of archaeology to document the entirety of past aboriginal use of the landscape must be clearly stated. For example, while ancient village sites in the region generally exhibit substantial archaeological evidence of past settlement and resource use, many other past cultural activities, such as plant gathering, hunting, traveling and spiritual practices, often leave few, if any, material traces. Spiritually powerful places in the landscape may have been purposely left untouched. Thus, archaeological evidence must be understood to demonstrate only a fraction of past aboriginal land and resource use in S’ólh Téméxw. Lack of physical evidence does not equate to lack of use or occupation of an area. These places which lack physical evidence of use are no less significant to Stó:lō people than archaeological sites. In addition, the locations of past and current traditional use activities may not be reported for a variety of reasons, including individual- and family-owned knowledge, privacy, taboo, and others. The results of this inventory of cultural heritage sites should not be considered comprehensive.

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4.2 AIA Fieldwork Review

Five archaeological field seasons have taken place on the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline and are reviewed below.

2013 AIA Annual Report (Tera) In 2013, Tera conducted an archaeological impact assessment on the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (Osicki et al. 2014). Survey Area 53 overlaps the Study Area (Plate 7). The archaeological impact assessment is labeled as incomplete for the Study Area (Plate 7).

2014 AIA Annual Report (CH2M HILL) In 2014, CH2M HILL conducted an archaeological impact assessment on the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (Franck 2015; Plate 6). Plate 6 identifies an approximate 1080 m long section of the Study Area as having a ‘2013 Assessment Status’ as partially complete (Osicki et. al 2014). Plate 6 shows the remaining section of the Study Area with no assessment status.

2015 AIA Annual Report (CH2M HILL) In 2015, AMEC and CH2M HILL conducted further work on the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline; however, the assessments did not take place within the Study Area (Alexander 2016). Plate 5 identifies an area north of the Study Area as the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline.

2016 AIA Annual Report (Stantec) In 2016, Stantec conducted further work on the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline and revisited a portion of the Study Area (Bond 2017b). Geotech Site CPT-BGC16-CHW-01 is located in the Study Area (Plates 3 & 4). Appendix H shows that the Geotech site was assessed on April 22, 2016 and no archaeological sites were recorded.

2017 AIA Interim Report (Stantec) In 2017, Stantec conducted further work on the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline and revisited the area adjacent the Study Area (Plates 1 & 2). The area to the north of the Study Area is shown as the proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Pipeline (Plates 1 & 2).

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CHOA of The Proposed Trans Mountain Variance Project in Chilliwack November 2017

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

One Geotech site, CPT-BGC16-CHW-01, was assessed within the Study Area with negative results (Bond 2017b). No archaeological features or materials have been identified in the Study Area as a result of the fieldwork to date (Bond 2017a; Bond 2017b; Alexander 2016; Franck 2015; Osicki et al., 2014). The archaeological impact assessment for the Study Area is labeled as incomplete for the Study Area (Plate 7; Osicki et al. 2014). Further work was conducted on the Study Area in 2017 by Stantec (H. Bond, personal communication, November 16, 2017); however, reporting with the assessment results has not been submitted to the SRRMC at this time.

One Sxwôxwiyám, one Halq’eméylem Place Name, and three Documented Travel Routes are recorded within the Study Area. No evidence of trails was noted in the previous AIAs conducted on the Study Area. The Sxwôxwiyám and Halq’eméylem Place Name require further management.

Specific management approaches for the Sxwôxwiyám and the Halq’eméylem Place Name should be derived from measures of development-specific impacts, and should be founded on the 'Framework of Management Measures and Options for Stó:lō Heritage Sites’ defined in the Stó:lō Heritage Policy Manual (2003; Table 5).

Table 5 – Stó:lō Heritage Management Measures Site Type Preferred Secondary Comments Management Option(s) Measure sxwōxwiyám; xáxa; avoidance / no impact n/a n/a sxwó:yxwey stl’áleqem avoidance / no impact minimize impact &/or refer to environmental assessment process; mitigate impact enhance the natural qualities of the area if possible / applicable spirit poles and avoidance / no impact options per direct exception - spirit poles are not to be disturbed spiritual (ceremonial) consultation or moved as a means of avoiding impact regalia burial / cemetery avoidance / no impact options per direct burials may be recovered and reburied under consultation some circumstances material culture avoidance / no impact minimize impact &/or n/a mitigate impact traditional activities enhancement / minimize impact &/or maintain or enhance the traditional use avoidance / no impact mitigate impact activity potential of the area ______SRRMC H2017-57 15

CHOA of The Proposed Trans Mountain Variance Project in Chilliwack November 2017

named place avoidance / no impact minimize impact &/or refer to environmental assessment process; mitigate impact enhance the natural qualities of the area if possible / applicable

5.2 Recommendations

Recommendations for the Study Area include: 1. finalize the surface survey for the Study Area to (a) examine for surface materials and areas of subsurface potential, and (b) identify areas requiring deep testing; 2. conduct shovel testing and augering where necessary; and, 3. Trans Mountain ULC and Stantec collaborate with SRRMC and the Ts’elxwéyeqw Tribe to develop specific management measures for the Sxwôxwiyám and the Halq’eméylem Place Name recorded within the Study Area.

5.3 Land Use Decisions

Stó:lō connections and uses of the land represent aspects of their aboriginal rights and title. What the Stó:lō community currently does in the areas to which they have access, has been limited by encroachment, alienation of lands, and land use decisions in which they had no participation. However, Stó:lō culture is undergoing a revival, and as such, impacts associated with developments must be taken into consideration in the framework of cumulative effects - adding to those of previous developments which have impacted the environment of that area - as potentially affecting the exercise of aspects of Stó:lō aboriginal rights and title. It is suggested the relationship between future developments and issues of Stó:lō rights and title be dealt with by the affected Stó:lō communities.

5.4 Study Limitations and Unanticipated Materials

Even the most thorough inspection may fail to reveal the presence of all archaeological and other materials protected by the Heritage Conservation Act and the Stó:lō Heritage Policy (2003). Therefore, Trans Mountain ULC is advised that if any unanticipated cultural materials or features including, but not limited to, rock art, culturally modified trees, archaeological materials, or human remains are encountered prior to or during development or related activities, all land-altering work in the immediate area should cease, and the Archaeology Branch and the Stó:lō Research and Resource Management

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CHOA of The Proposed Trans Mountain Variance Project in Chilliwack November 2017

Centre should be contacted immediately so that an archaeological management plan can be developed and implemented. The results of this assessment address project-specific developments only.

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CHOA of The Proposed Trans Mountain Variance Project in Chilliwack November 2017

Please be advised that Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre’s participation in this Project does not constitute consultation with the Ts’elxwéyeqw Tribe, the Stó:lō Nation, the S’ólh Téméxw Stewardship Alliance, or any Stó:lō First Nation. Nothing in this report is intended to affect the exercise or scope of, or justify any infringement of any Aboriginal rights, nor shall anything in this report be interpreted as affecting the legal relationship between parties.

This report, and negotiations leading up to it, and information shared as a result of it, are without prejudice to any legal positions that have been taken or may be taken by either of the parties in any court proceedings, process or otherwise or any treaty or other negotiations, and shall not be construed as an admission of fact or liability in any such proceedings, process or negotiations.

The proponent can use the information in this report to inform management decisions and can exhibit this report in a court of law in any case that challenges their decisions.

The sharing of information in this report shall not be construed as concurrence with provincial policies.

Report Author:

Cara Brendzy, B.A., B.App.GIS, RPCA Project Archaeologist/GIS Specialist SRRMC

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CHOA of The Proposed Trans Mountain Variance Project in Chilliwack November 2017

6.0 WORKS CITED

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Alexander, Diana 2016 Archaeological Impact Assessment BC Heritage Inspection Permit 2013-0165. HCA Permit #2013-01658 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Ames, Kenneth M. and Herbert D.G Maschner 1999 Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory. Thames & Hudson, London.

Angelbeck, Bill, and David Schaepe 2004 Heritage Resource Management Study of Cattermole Timber FL A19202 Amendment 24/24a and Selected BCTS Forestry Cutblocks within Major Amendment 192, Chilliwack River Valley: PART III - Traditional and Contemporary Uses of the Mid-Chilliwack River Valley. Unpublished report on file in the Stó:lō Archives, Chilliwack.

Archaeology Branch 1998 British Columbia Archaeological Inventory Guidelines. Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. Available online at: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/archaeology/external/!publish/web/inventory_guidelines.pdf

Armstrong, J.E 1981 Post-Vashon Wisconsin Glaciation, Fraser Lowland, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin No. 322. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Vancouver, BC.

Barnett, Homer G. 1955 The Coast Salish of British Columbia. University of Oregon Press, Eugene.

Bernick, Katheryn 1992 Preliminary Report of Archaeological Waterlogged Deposits at the Scowlitz Site. HCA Permit #1992-0117 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Blake, Michael 1992 Interim Report on the 1992 Excavations at the Scowlitz Site (DhRl 16). HCA Permit #1992-0045 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Blake, Michael, Gary Coupland, and Brian Thom 1994 Dating the Scowlitz Site. The Midden 25(1):7-9.

Boas, Franz 1894 Indian Tribes of the Lower Fraser River. In 64th Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1890, p. 454-463, London.

Bond, Shane ______SRRMC H2017-57 19

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2017a 2015-0258: Archaeological Impact Assessment-2017 Q1 Interim Report. HCA Permit #2015-0258 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 2017b 2015-0258: Archaeological Impact Assessment-2016 Annual Report. HCA Permit #2015-0258 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Borden, Charles 1975 Origins and Development of Early Northwest Coast Culture to about 3000 B.C. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No. 45, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.

Bowman, Jim 1992 The Chilliwack: The River That Couldn’t Be Tamed. British Columbia Historical News 24(4):23-25.

Burley, David V., and Owen B. Beattie 1989 Coast Salish Origins: Ethnicity and Time Depth in Northwest Coast Prehistory. In Ethnicity and Culture, edited by Reginald Auger, Margaret Glass, Scott MacEachern, and Peter McCartney, p. 199 - 207. The University of Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary.

Carlson, Keith (editor) 1997 You Are Asked to Witness: The Stó:lō in Canada’s Pacific Coast History. Stó:lō Heritage Trust, Chilliwack, BC. 2001 A Stó:lō – Coast Salish Historical Atlas. Douglas & McIntyre, University of Washington, and Stó:lō Heritage Trust.

Church, Michael, and Darren Ham 2004 Atlas of the alluvial gravel-bed reach of Fraser River in the Lower Mainland showing channel changes in the period 1912-1999. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Available online at: http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/fraserriver/publications.html

Cui, Y., Miller, D., Nixon, G., and Nelson, J., 2015 British Columbia digital geology. British Columbia Geological Survey, Open File 2015-2.

Dorcey, Anthony, ed. 1991 Perspectives on Sustainable Development in Water Management: Towards Agreement in the Fraser Basin. Westwater Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Duff, Wilson 1952 The Upper Stalo Indians of the Fraser Valley. Anthropology in British Columbia Memoir No. 1. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC.

Franck, Ian 2014 Archaeological Impact Assessment BC Heritage Inspection Permit 2013-0165 Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Trans Mountain Expansion Project 2014 Annual Report. HCA Permit #2013-0165 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

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Golder Associates Ltd. 1999 Archaeological Review and Management Plan for the Southern Chilliwack Forest District. Non- permit report on file with the Chilliwack Forest District, Rosedale, BC.

Hill-Tout, Charles 1903 The Salish Tribes of the Coast and Lower Fraser Delta. Ontario Provincial Museum Annual Archaeological Report 12:225-235. 1978 The Salish People, Volume III: The Mainland Halkomelem, edited by Ralph Maud. Talonbooks, Vancouver, BC.

Jenness, D. 1955 The Faith of a Coast Salish Indian. Anthropology in British Columbia Memoir, edited by W. Duff. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC.

LeClair, Ronald 1973 Investigations at the Maurer Site, an early pithouse manifestation in the Upper Fraser Valley: Preliminary report. HCA Permit #1973-0019 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC. 1976 Investigations at the Maurer Site near Agassiz. In Current Research Reports, edited by Roy Carlson, p. 33-42. Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University Publication No. 3. Burnaby, BC.

Lepofsky, Dana, Douglas Brown, Nicole Oakes, Sandra Morrison, Michael Blake, and Tracy Rogers 2000 Report on the 1999 Excavations at the Scowlitz Site (DhRl 16), Fraser Valley, BC. HCA Permit #1999-0112 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Mason, Andrew 1994 The Hatzic Rock Site: A Charles Culture Settlement. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Matson, R.G. 1994 Report on the 1993 Excavations at Scowlitz: Excavations at Scowlitz, Stage II. HCA Permit #1993- 0045 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Matson, R.G., and G. Coupland 1995 The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Academic Press, New York.

McHalsie, Albert 2001 Halq’eméylem Place Names in Stó:lō Territory. In A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas, edited by Keith Carlson. Douglas & McIntyre, University of Washington, and Stó:lō Heritage Trust.

McLaren, Duncan and Jenny Storey 2010 Report for Archaeological Site Management for Stave and Hayward Reservoir 2008-2009. HCA Permit # 2008-0060 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Mitchell, Donald 1971 Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia Area: A Natural Region and its Culture Types. Syesis 4 (Supplement 1). ______SRRMC H2017-57 21

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Mitchell, Donald, and David Pokotylo 1996 Early Period Components at the Milliken Site. In Early Human Occupation in British Columbia, edited by Roy Carlson and Luke Dalla Bona, p. 65-82. UBC Press, Vancouver, BC.

Mohs, Gordon 1994 Sto:lo sacred ground. In Sacred Sites, Sacred Places, edited by David L. Carmichael, Jane Hubert, Brian Reeves, and Audhild Schanche, p. 184-208. Routledge, London.

Myles, Heather 1995 Chilliwack River Watershed Heritage Overview Study. Unpublished report on file with the Stó:lō Archives, Chilliwack, BC.

Ormerod, Patricia and R.G. Matson 2000 Excavations at DgRn 23 in 1997 and 1999 – Permit Report. HCA Permit #1997-0088 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Osicki, Arron, Ian Franck, Calla McNamee, Katie Faucher, Diana Good, Karen Folkard, and Lauren Christian 2014 Archaeological Impact Assessment BC Heritage Inspection Permit 2013-0165 Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC Trans Mountain Expansion Project 2013 Annual Report. HCA Permit #2013-0165 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

Rafter, Tina 2001 Contested Spaces: The Chilliwack River Diversion. In A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas, edited by Keith Carlson, p. 106-107. Douglas & McIntyre, University of Washington, and Stó:lō Heritage Trust.

Schaepe, David M. 1998 Recycling Archaeology: Analysis of Material from the 1973 Excavation of an Ancient House at the Maurer Site. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology, Burnaby. 1999 Tracking the Ancestors: A Pilot Inventory of Aboriginal Trails Within Stó:lō Traditional Territory and the Chilliwack Forest District. Unpublished document on file in the Stó:lō Archives, Chilliwack, BC. 2001 Stó:lō Communication and Transportation Routes, c. 1850. In A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas, edited by Keith Carlson et al, pp. 60-61. Douglas McIntyre, University of Washington, and Stó:lō Heritage Trust. 2009 Pre-colonial Sto:lo-Coast Salish Community Organization: An Archaeological Study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia, Department of Anthropology, Vancouver.

Schaepe, David M., Marianne Berkey, Jonathon Stamp and Tia Halstad 1998 From Plain to Peak: Results of the Chilliwack River Watershed Archaeological Inventory Study. HCA Permit #1997-0229 on file with the Archaeology Branch, Victoria, BC.

SFU 1994 Land and Resource Use Inventory.

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Smith, Marian 1947 The Nooksack, the Chilliwack, and the Middle Fraser. American Antiquity 12(4):255-267.

Soto, Cristina 2001 Jones Watershed: A study of Stó:lō contemporary and traditional use. Unpublished report on file with the Stó:lō Nation, Chilliwack BC. Stó:lō Nation 1998 Stó:lō Nation Traditional Use Study – Final Report. Unpublished document on file with the Stó:lō Archives, Chilliwack, BC. 2003 Stó:lō Heritage Policy. Unpublished report on file with the Stó:lō Nation Archives, Chilliwack, BC.

Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre (SRRMC) 2007 Stó:lō Heritage Management Plan. GIS database and unpublished document on file with the Stó:lō Research and Resource Management Centre, Stó:lō Nation, Chilliwack, BC. 2014 S’ólh Téméxw Use Plan Policy. Unpublished report on file in the Stó:lō Archives, Chilliwack, BC.

Suttles, Wayne 1955 Katzie Ethnographic Notes. Anthropology in British Columbia, Memoirs Nos. 2&3. British Columbia Provincial Museum. 1990 Central Coast Salish. In Handbook of North American Indians Volume 7: Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, Pp. 453-475. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, B.C.

Suttles, Wayne, and W. Elmendorf 1962 Linguistic Evidence for Salish Prehistory. Symposium on Language and Culture. Proceedings of the 1962 Spring Meeting, American Ethnological Society, Seattle pp. 40-52.

Von Krogh, G.H. 1976 Archaeological Investigations at the Flood and Pipeline sites near Hope, British Columbia. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

Wells, Oliver N. 1987 The Chilliwacks and Their Neighbors. Talonbooks, Vancouver.

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APPENDIX I: FIGURES

572500 575000 577500

r ve Ri ser DgRl-12 Fra DgRl-4 DgRl-2 British Columbia ± DgRl-40 DgRl-32 S'olh DgRl-3 Temexw

5445000 Chilliwack 5445000 DgRl-13 DgRl-34 DgRl-37 DgRl-33 DgRl-36 DgRl-41 DgRl-35 DgRl-14

DgRl-7

DgRl-48

!! DgRl-43 !!

DgRl-5 !! !!

5442500 5442500

!! DgRl-15

!! !!

DgRl-21 !! DgRl-38

!! Sardis

!! !!

5440000 5440000

!! !!

!! Promontory

!! !! DgRl-49 Mount Thom Vedder River DgRl-39 DgRl-11

!! DgRl-23 DgRl-10 !! DgRl-39 Ch DgRl-9 il

!! liw ac

k !! R iv

!! !! DgRl-18

DgRl-17 !! 5437500 5437500

DgRl-19

DgRl-50

Vedder Mountain

0 500 1,000 1,500 Meters Absolute Scale: 1:50,000 1 cm = 500 m Projection/Datum: UTM Zone 10 NAD 83 Cultus Lake NTS Mapsheet 092H04

572500 575000 577500

Study Area Previously Recorded TITLE: Overview Map Archaeological Site Water Feature PERMIT: DATE: !! Figure 1 PROJECT: H2017-57 Existing Pipeline SHIP 2013-42 11/17/2017 Trans Mountain Variance GIS-Modeled Archaeological Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, Intermap, GIS CAB 11/17/2017 Potential (Golder 1999) increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, QAQC LMD 11/17/2017 IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China Z:\Archaeology and Heritage\Projects\2017\H2017-57 TransMountain Variance\Figure1 variance.mxd 571600 572200 572800 573400 574000 574600 575200 575800 576400 577000 577600 578200

0 DgRl-43

2 20 m # #DgRl-5 20 m 5442600 5442600

m m 20

± m 20 m

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0 !! 0 DgRl-21 0 DgRl-38 m 2 2

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# 2 0 5440800 5440800 #

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0 !! 2

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m 2 !!

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5440200 5440200 m !!

!! !! m

!! 40

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!! 0 m

10 !! m 5439600 5439600 0

!! 14

!! m !! !! 0 4 m

1 20 !! 1 Promontory m

!! 0 0 2 m 20 m DgRl-49 0 6 !! DgRl-11 # 1 5439000 5439000 Vedder River m m 0

DgRl-10 24 !! # 0 m m 8 0 180 0 m 1 m DgRl-39 # 16 260 28

Chi !! m # l 320 liw 0 200 400 600 m 8 DgRl-23 m 60 a 0 m

!! Meters 0 ck DgRl-9 4 R #

m Mount Thom 3 2 Absolute Scale: 1:30,000 1 cm = 300 m i # 0 m 6 v 4 8 0 m 0 6

0 e 0 m 0 !! 0 0 0 r Projection/Datum: UTM Zone 10 NAD 83 1 m 2 0 m 2 1 2 3 0 m Vedder180 m Mountain0 m m m 0 m 5438400 5438400 0 NTS Mapsheet 092H04 10 8

571600 572200 572800 573400 574000 574600 575200 575800 576400 577000 577600 578200

study area contour (20 m) TITLE: Midrange Location Map PERMIT: DATE: water feature *# archaeological site Figure 2 PROJECT: H2017-57 SHIP 2013-42 11/17/2017 !! Trans Mountain Variance existing pipeline Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, GIS CAB 11/17/2017 land parcel Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, QAQC LMD 11/17/2017 Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Z:\Archaeology and Heritage\Projects\2017\H2017-57 TransMountain Variance\Figure2 variance.mxd 571000 571600 572200 572800 573400 574000 574600 575200 575800 576400 577000 577600 578200

*# Q 5442600 5442600 w el k w ± a l

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5441400 5441400 e !! k

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!! !!

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*# !! 5439000 5439000 2 # 01 Vedder Riv * 4m

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!! i lli Mount Thom w *# 0 200 400 600 ac

!! Meters k *# R 1 cm = 307 m i Absolute Scale: 1:30,656 ve

Projection/Datum:!! UTM Zone 10 NAD 83 r 5438400 5438400 NTS Mapsheet 092H04 Vedder Mountain

571000 571600 572200 572800 573400 574000 574600 575200 575800 576400 577000 577600 578200

study area documented travel route Place Name TITLE: Cultural Heritage Overview PERMIT: DATE: water feature habitation area Figure 3 PROJECT: H2017-57 SHIP 2013-42 11/17/2017 !! existing pipeline Trans Mountain Variance Sxwôxwiyám Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, GIS CAB 11/17/2017 *# archaeological site context zone (1 km) Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, QAQC LMD 11/17/2017 Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Z:\Archaeology and Heritage\Projects\2017\H2017-57 TransMountain Variance\Figure3v2 variance.mxd 573400 573700 574000 574300 574600 574900 575200 5441100 5441100 ± 5440800 5440800

# DgRl-21

5440500 5440500

!! !!

5440200 5440200

0 50!! 100 150 200 !! m Absolute Scale: 1:7,587 1 cm = 76 m Projection/Datum: UTM Zone 10 NAD 83 NTS Mapsheet 092H04

5439900 573400 573700 574000 574300 574600 574900 575200 5439900

study area TITLE: LiDar Overlay # PERMIT: DATE: * archaeological site Figure 4 PROJECT: H2017-57 SHIP 2013-42 11/17/2017 !! Trans Mountain Variance existing pipeline Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, GIS CAB 11/17/2017 potential distinct landforms Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, QAQC LMD 11/17/2017 Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Z:\Archaeology and Heritage\Projects\2017\H2017-57 TransMountain Variance\Figure4 variance.mxd

APPENDIX II – BACKGROUND RESEARCH: STUDY AREA SETTING RESULTS

Background Research: Study Area Setting Results Research Detail proximity to known but unrecorded • none in close proximity archaeological sites (i.e., site leads) vegetation and terrain mapping • terrain flat distance to water • Atchelitz Creek 100 m • Vedder River 1.5 km • Chilliwack River 2 km known disturbances • residential • roads • farming and agricultural fields ecological / biogeoclimatic literature • Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone geologic and geomorphologic literature • Lacustrine deposits: sand up to 15 feet thick overlying silt, clayey silt, and silty clay; in some places are mixed with lacustrine deposits are mixed with Fraser Floodplain and stream deposits • Fraser River Sediments – deltaic, distributary channel fill, and overbank deposits. Overlie postglacial estuarine and marine sediments in Fraser River Delta. • Lower Jurassic volcanic rocks - Harrison Lake Formation (intermediate, locally felsic flows and pyroclastics; local argillite and conglomerate) • topography defined by fluvial modified landforms paleoenvironmental literature • 15,000 BP Study Area covered by glacial ice, by 11,000 BP region more or less ice-free • between 11,000 BP - 5,000 BP temperature warmer and drier and between 5,000 BP and present, temperature and precipitation reached modern trends GIS archaeological potential model • 100 % of Study Area

APPENDIX III – ADDITIONAL FIGURES

573250 573500 573750 574000

5441000 ¯ 5441000 20

Simpson Road 20

20 5440750 5440750

Unsworth Road DgRl-21 20

SA/G734

20 5440500 5440500

Watson Road

20 5440250 5440250

F132-P006 F132P006-HK-001 7 Tests

STL 20 lace )" erly P Kimb

C a n t e r b u r y

20 D

r i v

573250 > 573500 573750 574000 )"STL Shovel Test Location AOP - Not Tested, Further Work Required Proposed Pipeline Centerline AOP - Tested, No Further Work Road Survey Area SCALE: 1:5,000 Contour (m) m Archaeological Site Boundary - FIGURE: E-10 0 40 80 120 160 200 Proposed Pipeline Construction Previously Recorded ALL LOCATIONS APPROXIMATE Footprint This document is provided by Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. (KMC) for use by Survey Complete the intended recipient only. This information is confidential and proprietary AOP - Outside Footprint, No Further to KMC and is not to be provided to any other recipient without the written consent of KMC. It is not to be used for legal, engineering or surveying Work purposes, nor for doing any work on or around KMC's pipelines and facilities, all of which require KMC's prior written approval. HCA PERMIT 2015-0258 MAP NUMBER PAGE MIDRANGE LOCATION MAP FIELD WORK JAN-MAR, 2017 12320334_2017_Q1_midrange SHEET 10 OF 30 Projection: UTM Zone 10N; Marine Vessel Inbound Shipping Lane: Moffatt & Nichol, 2013a; Marine Vessel Outbound Shipping Lane: DATE REF. REVISION Moffatt & Nichol, 2013b; International Border: British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, 2013; Canadian 12 Nautical Mile Jun 2017 1 SSEID005 Territorial Boundary and Traffic Separation Scheme: Canadian Hydrographic Service, 2013; Bathymetry: Canadian Hydrographic Service, 2011; Watercourse: National Hydro Network, 2007; Existing Pipeline: Kinder Morgan Canada, 2012; Trans Mountain Expansion SCALE PAGE SIZE DISCIPLINE Proposed Pipeline Corridor: Universal Pegasus International, 2013; Provincial Park: BC MFLNRO, 2008a; Land of British Columbia: 1:5,000 8.5x11 ARCHAEOLOGY National TopographicBase Data: Data Government Base, 2007; Land of British of Washington Columbia; State: Project Washington Data: Kinder State Department Morgan Canada of Ecology, Ltd., 1994; Salish Sea TRANS MOUNTAIN Orthophoto: Kinder Morgan CanadaBoundary: Ltd. Bartnik Archaeological et al., 2002. Site Data: BC Government DRAWN CHECKED PROJECTION Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product EXPANSION PROJECT TC SB UTM 10N or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. 6/16/2017 - 1:05:30PM S:\1232\projects\123220334\figures\discipline\archaeology\interim_reports\2017_Q1\appendix_e_2017_Q1_midrange_final.mxd 574250 574500 574750 575000

5441000 ¯ 5441000

S Selkirk Balmoral Avenue

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5440750 F132P005-HK-001 5440750

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Roseberry Road

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Oliver Crescent

Watson Road 5440250 5440250 Brighton Place

Stratford Place

Carter Road Carter

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Cambridge Street Cambridge Wilkins Drive Wilkins

20 Birmingham Place Birmingham Bedford Place

574250 574500 574750 575000 > Kilometre Post AOP - Outside Footprint, No Further Work STL Shovel Test Location )" AOP - Tested, No Further Work Proposed Pipeline Centerline Survey Complete SCALE: 1:5,000 Road m FIGURE: E-9 0 40 80 120 160 200 Contour (m) ALL LOCATIONS APPROXIMATE Proposed Pipeline Construction This document is provided by Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. (KMC) for use by the intended recipient only. This information is confidential and proprietary Footprint to KMC and is not to be provided to any other recipient without the written consent of KMC. It is not to be used for legal, engineering or surveying purposes, nor for doing any work on or around KMC's pipelines and facilities, all of which require KMC's prior written approval. HCA PERMIT 2015-0258 MAP NUMBER PAGE MIDRANGE LOCATION MAP FIELD WORK JAN-MAR, 2017 12320334_2017_Q1_midrange SHEET 9 OF 30 Projection: UTM Zone 10N; Marine Vessel Inbound Shipping Lane: Moffatt & Nichol, 2013a; Marine Vessel Outbound Shipping Lane: DATE REF. REVISION Moffatt & Nichol, 2013b; International Border: British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, 2013; Canadian 12 Nautical Mile Jun 2017 1 SSEID005 Territorial Boundary and Traffic Separation Scheme: Canadian Hydrographic Service, 2013; Bathymetry: Canadian Hydrographic Service, 2011; Watercourse: National Hydro Network, 2007; Existing Pipeline: Kinder Morgan Canada, 2012; Trans Mountain Expansion SCALE PAGE SIZE DISCIPLINE Proposed Pipeline Corridor: Universal Pegasus International, 2013; Provincial Park: BC MFLNRO, 2008a; Land of British Columbia: 1:5,000 8.5x11 ARCHAEOLOGY National TopographicBase Data: Data Government Base, 2007; Land of British of Washington Columbia; State: Project Washington Data: Kinder State Department Morgan Canada of Ecology, Ltd., 1994; Salish Sea TRANS MOUNTAIN Orthophoto: Kinder Morgan CanadaBoundary: Ltd. Bartnik Archaeological et al., 2002. Site Data: BC Government DRAWN CHECKED PROJECTION Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product EXPANSION PROJECT TC SB UTM 10N or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. 6/16/2017 - 1:05:10PM S:\1232\projects\123220334\figures\discipline\archaeology\interim_reports\2017_Q1\appendix_e_2017_Q1_midrange_final.mxd 574000

y e Wa ag FIGURE: A- 191 rri Ca

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Index ¯ Edson Drive Edson

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Page 200 BRITISH COLUMBIA CPT-BGC16-CHW-01 VANCOUVER Page 150 1:18,000,000 KP 1097 " km > Roseberry Road USA 0 250 BH-BGC16-CHW-01 M

i l This document is provided by Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. (KMC) l e for use by the intended recipient only. This information is r Montcalm Road D confidential and proprietary to KMC and is not to be provided to

riv any other recipient without the written consent of KMC. It is not to be used for legal, engineering or surveying purposes, nor for

e doing any work on or around KMC's pipelines and facilities, all

Glengarry Drive Glengarry Dundee Place Dundee

Unsworth Road Drive Glenroy of which require KMC's prior written approval.

Base data: BC Government TRIM, DataBC Parks & First Nation Oliver Crescent Drive Arlington Reserves Archaeology Data: BC Archaeology Branch Orthoimagery: Kinder Morgan Canada Ltd. or Microsoft BING

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t F132-P006 s Coquitlam Street

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n b Road Carter

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D e

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v o c SCALE: 1:10,000 Michael Drive e i m

N Janis Street Janis Gillian Place Gillian 0 100 200 300 400 574000 ALL LOCATIONS APPROXIMATE appendix_123220334_AIA_survey_coverage_rebuild.mxd 123220334-064a_hmm_boreholes_aoa_mapbook.mxd

5440500 5440750

DATE NUMBER MAP Crescent SCALE DRAWN HMM_BOREHOLES_AOA_MAPBOOK 0 Oliver 1:2,000 6/2/2016 TC 20 ALL LOCATIONS APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS ALL CHECKED PAGE SIZE PAGE SCALE: REF. 40 8.5 x 11 1:2,000 N/A TD KP1095.7 60 REVISION PROJECTION DISCIPLINE PAGE ARCHAEOLOGY SHEET 2 OF 24 OF 2 SHEET UTM10 0 80 > m

Roseberry Road

MontcalmRoad Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product or in the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present. be may the data errors in that advised are data these of users itself, product the in or product this generate to used data the with associated errors any are there that believe to reason is no there Although This document is provided by Kinder Morgan Canada Inc. (KMC) for use by the intended recipient only. This information is confidential and proprietary to KMC and is not to be provided to any other recipient without the written consent of ! q U > Major Road Major Area Investigative Test Penetration Cone Permit Construction Pipeline Pipeline Kilometre Post KMC. It is not to usedbe for legal, engineering or surveying purposes, nor for doing any work on or around KMC's pipelines and facilities, all of which require KMC's prior written approval. KP1095.6 > 575000 575000

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Balmoral Avenue KP1095.4 > ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OVERVIEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT INVESTIGATIONSITE(S) EXPANSION PROJECT EXPANSION TRANS MOUNTAIN TRANS CPT-BGC16-CHW-01 FIGURE 575250 575250

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KP 1066 KP

not to be used for legal, engineering or surveying purposes, nor for doing any work any doing for nor purposes, surveying or engineering legal, for used be to not a

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CHILLIWACK

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SHEET 79 OF 89 OF 79 SHEET

2014 FIELD WORK FIELD 2014

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IMPACT ARCHAEOLOGICAL

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