Hearing Order OH-001-2014
TransMountain Pipeline ULC (Trans Mountain) Application for Trans Mountain Expansion Project (Project) for a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity and related approvals under the National Energy Board Act.
WRITTEN EVIDENCE of the Intervenor, THE STO:LO COLLECTIVE
Appendix 1 - Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment
Jean Teillet, IPC Pape Salter Teillet LLP 460-220 Cambie Street Vancouver, BC, V6B 2M9 Phone: 604 681-3002 ext 1152 Fax:604 681-3050 Email: iteillet(a?pstlaw.ca Submitted by legal counsel for the Sto:lo Collective
Appendix 1: Table of Contents
Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment 2 Sto:loResearch i andResource Management
Centre
10-7201VedderRoad
Chilliwack,BCV2R4G5
phone604.824.2420
fax604.824.0278
www.srrmcentre.com
CONFIDENTIAL NOT FORPUBLICUSEOR DISTRIBUTION m m
CULTURALHERITAGEOVERVIEW
ASSESSMENTOFTHEPRELIMINARY
TRANSMOUNTAINPIPELINECORRIDOR
WITHINS'OLHTEMEXW(KM959-1147)
vI-*
SHIP2013-042
Preparedfor:
Ts'elxweyeqwTribeManagementLtd.
#8-7201VedderRoad
Chilliwack,BC
V2R4G5
February2014
© SRRMC CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
NOTE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE USE OF INFORMATION IN THIS REPORT
The cultural information included in this report is presented with the understanding that it remains the intellectual property of the Sto:lo community. This report contains sensitive, confidential information intended for use to address the specific objectives identified within the report. Permission must be obtained from the Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre in order to use the information derived from this study and presented in this report for purposes beyond the study objectives. Nothing in this report is intended to affect the exercise or scope of, or justify any infringement of, aboriginal rights.
SRRMC H2013-05 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147)
GRANT OF LICENSE
I, Dr. David Schaepe, Director of the Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre (SRRMC) confirm that the SRRMC, in accordance with its' copyright policy and acting to maintain copyright in trust on behalf of the collective use of the Sto:lo community, is the copyright owner of this permit report. All parties, except the party for whom the report was prepared, acknowledge that any use or interpretation of this report is at the sole risk and liability of the subsequent user(s).
Executed on the 27th of February 2014, by
Signature, on behalf of the Copyright Owner
SRRMC H2013-05 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
CREDITS
Permit Holder Cara Brendzy, B.A., B.App.GIS, RPCA
Project Director Cara Brendzy
Report Author Lisa Dojack, M.A.
Report Contributions Sandy McDonald
Report Edits Cara Brendzy
GIS/Graphics Matt McGinity, B.A., Adv.GIS.Dip
Research Lisa Dojack Sandy McDonald
SRRMC H2O13-O5 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
RESULTS AND MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment (CHOA) of the Trans
Mountain Pipeline preliminary corridor in S'olh Temexw. The assessment was directed by Sto:l6 Research and Resource Management Centre (SRRMC) project archaeologist Cara Brendzy, and was carried out under Sto:l6 Heritage Investigation Permit (SHIP) #2013-042, held by Cara Brendzy. The CHOA was initiated by Ts'elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited to address concerns raised by eleven Sto:lo communities including: Aitchelitz, Skowkale, Shxwha:y, Soowahlie, Squiala, Tzeachten, Yakweakwioose,
Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Skwah, Cheam, and Sumas regarding the proposed twinning of Kinder Morgan's Trans
Mountain Pipeline.
The Trans Mountain Pipeline preliminary corridor extends for 188 km across S'olh Temexw, from kilometer posts km 969-1147. The Study Area for this assessment consists of the section of the Trans
Mountain Pipeline preliminary corridor located within S'olh Temexw, and an additional buffer zone extending beyond the preliminary corridor. The buffer zone was established surrounding the preliminary pipeline corridor to obtain an overview of cultural heritage resources within close proximity to the proposed development. The width of the buffer zone varies (1-2 km) dependent upon heritage resource site type being assessed.
Several previously recorded cultural heritage sites/areas are located within the Study Area, including thirteen (13) Sxwdxwiydm / Cultural Landscape Features, thirty-one (31) Xa:Xa sites, one hundred and thirty-five (135) Halq'eme'ylem Place Names, one hundred and fifty-one (151) previously recorded archaeological sites, one hundred and six (106) Documented and GIS-modeled travel routes, ninety-five
(95) traditional land and resource use areas, and fifteen (15) spiritual practice areas.
St6:lo Research SRRMC H2013-05
and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Proposed Development 1 1.2 Assessment Objectives 1 1.3 Report Organization 3 2.0 STUDY AREA SETTING 3 2.1 Lower Fraser Basin Environment 3 2.2 Study Area 4 2.3 Cultural Overview-The Sto:lo 4 2.4 Archaeological Overview 6 3.0 METHODOLOGY 7 3.1 Background Research 7 3.2 Cultural Heritage Management 8 4.0 RESULTS 9 4.1 Cultural Heritage Resource Inventory 9 5.0 CONCLUSIONS 20 5.1 Conclusions 20 5.2 Land Use Decisions 20 6.0 WORKS CITED 22
TABLES Table 1 - Preliminary Corridor Buffer Widths by Site Type 4 Table2-Sto:lo Heritage Management Measures 9 Table 3 - Proximity of Cultural Heritage Sites to Preliminary Corridor 9 Table 4 -Sxwdxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features within 50 m of Preliminary Corridor 10 Table 5 -Xa:Xa Sites within 100 m of Preliminary Corridor 11 Table 6 - Halq'emeylem Place Names within 100 m of Preliminary Corridor 12 Table 7 - Previously Recorded Archaeological and Historic Sites within 50 m of Preliminary Corridor 14 Table 8 - Documented and GIS-Modeled Travel Routes within 50 m of Preliminary Corridor 16 Table 9 -Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas within Preliminary Corridor 18 Table 10 - Spiritual Practice Areas within 50 m of Preliminary Corridor 19
APPENDIX I-FIGURES
APPENDIX II -Sxwdxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features within 2 km of Preliminary Corridor
APPENDIX III -Xa:Xa Sites within 2 km of Preliminary Corridor
APPENDIX IV - Halq'emeylem Place Names within 2 km of Preliminary Corridor
APPENDIX V- Previously Recorded Archaeological and Historic Sites within 1 km of Preliminary
Corridor
APPENDIX VI - Documented and GIS-Modeled Travel Routes within 2 km of Preliminary Corridor
APPENDIX VII -Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas within 2 km of Preliminary Corridor
" SRRMC H2013-05 iv Sto:l6 Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
APPENDIX VIII - Spiritual Practice Areas within 2 km of Preliminary Corridor
SUPPLEMENT I -Trans Mountain Expansion Project Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment Mapbook
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment (CHOA) of the Trans
Mountain Pipeline preliminary corridor in S'olh Temexw (Figure 1). The assessment was directed by
Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre (SRRMC) project archaeologist Cara Brendzy, and was carried out under Sto:lo Heritage Investigation Permit (SHIP) #2013-042, held by Cara Brendzy. The
CHOA was initiated by Ts'elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited to address concerns raised by eleven
Sto:lo communities including: Aitchelitz, Skowkale, Shxwha:y, Soowahlie, Squiala, Tzeachten,
Yakweakwioose, Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Skwah, Cheam, and Sumas regarding the proposed twinning of
Kinder Morgan's Trans Mountain Pipeline.
This study was carried out in accordance with the Sto:lo Heritage Policy (2003), developed by the Sto:lo
Nation and administered by the Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre.
1.1 Proposed Development
The proposed Trans Mountain Expansion Project consists of twinning the existing Kinder Morgan Trans
Mountain Pipeline. The Study Area for this assessment consists of the proposed pipeline corridor in
S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147; Figure 1). Proposed development activities which could potentially impact
cultural heritage sites and resources in the Study Area include, but are not limited to:
• construction and installation of the proposed pipeline;
• construction and installation construction of new and modified facilities, including
pump stations and tanks; and
• construction of temporary access roads and equipment staging area.
1.2 Assessment Objectives
A Cultural Heritage Overview Assessment serves the purpose of identifying and inventorying heritage
resources that may be impacted by the proposed development, including archaeological sites,
SRRMC H2013-05 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014 traditional use areas, transformation sites / features (i.e., Cultural Landscape Features), and other cultural heritage sites and resources, as defined in the Sto:lo Heritage Policy Manual (2003).
This CHOA is intended to complement the Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) addressing material cultural remains as protected by the Heritage Conservation Act and the Sto:lo Heritage Policy. The AIA is currently being conducted by the SRRMC in collaboration with TERA Environmental and AMEC, and it will specifically address archaeological impacts.
The Heritage Conservation Act (HCA) provides legal protection against the disturbance of archaeological sites, defined as places that demonstrate past human activity predating 1846, all burial and pictograph sites, and shipwrecks more than two years old. The Archaeology Branch is the provincial regulatory
body responsible for implementing the HCA. Common types of archaeological sites located in S'olh
Temexw (Sto:lo Traditional Territory) include, but are not limited to:
• lithic scatters (i.e., stone tools and flakes)
• cultural depressions (e.g., pit houses, cache pits)
• culturally modified trees (e.g., bark-stripped trees, aboriginally-logged trees)
• rock art (i.e., pictographs and petroglyphs)
• cultural earthworks (e.g., burial mounds, rock cairns, defensive sites)
• karst features (e.g., caves, rock shelters)
In addition to archaeological sites, a number of cultural site types not recognized under the HCA were
also included for consideration in this CHOA, as defined and protected by the Sto:lo Heritage Policy
Manual (2003). These include:
• lyoqthet (Transformation) Sites - sites created as a result of the transformation of
people or animals by Xexa.ls (The Transformers), Tel Swayel (The Sky-Borne People), or
any other agent of Chichel Siya:m (The Creator)
• Halq'emeylem Place Names - sites indicating the significance of a place, due to their
inherent characteristics, activities or events that took place there, or the oral histories
tied to or coming from such places
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• Sxwoxwiydm / Cultural Landscape Features - places in the landscape with broad
cultural significance
• Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas - areas used for activities such as hunting,
fishing, and gathering
• Spiritual/Ceremonial Regalia Sites - places on the landscape where spiritual or
ceremonial items have been placed and will remain
• Xa:Xa (sacred or taboo places) Sites - sites often associated with spiritually potent
'taboo' places in the landscape (e.g., stl'aleqem sites) or ceremonial activities
• Sxwo:yxwey - places in the landscape related to the origin of the Sxw6:yxwey mask,
considered among the most sacred of Sto:lo traditions
1.3 Report Organization
This report is presented in four key sections. Section 2 describes the setting and context of the Study
Area. Section 3 is a review of the methods employed during the research and preliminary field
reconnaissance components of the assessment. Section 4 summarizes the results, and Section 5
provides conclusions.
2.0 STUDY AREA SETTING
2.1 Lower Fraser Basin Environment
The Study Area is located in the Lower Fraser Basin, in southwestern BC. Extending from the mouth of
the Fraser River east to the Fraser Canyon, the Lower Fraser Basin Watershed embodies the large
coastal delta, river lowlands, and forested montane slopes bordering the Coast and Cascade Mountain
Ranges and the Strait of Georgia (Dorcey 1991). Fraser Basin topography is characterized by glacially
modified landforms of Quaternary age, resultant from the Fraser Glaciation that occurred 26,000-10,000
years ago (Armstrong 1981).
SRRMC H2013-05 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
2.2 Study Area
The Trans Mountain Pipeline preliminary corridor extends for 188 km across S'olh Temexw, from kilometer posts km 969-1147. The Study Area for this assessment consists of the section of the Trans
Mountain Pipeline preliminary corridor located within S'olh Temexw, and an additional buffer zone extending beyond the preliminary corridor. The buffer zone was established surrounding the preliminary pipeline corridor to obtain an overview of cultural heritage resources within close proximity to the proposed development. The width of the buffer zone varies (1-2 km) dependent upon heritage resource site type (Table 1).
TABLE 1 - Preliminary Corridor Buffer Widths by Site Type
Site Type Buffer Width
Sxwoxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features 2 km
Xa:Xa Sites 2 km
Halq'emeylem Place Names 2 km
Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 1 km
Documented and GIS-Modeled Travel Routes 2 km
Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas 2 km
Spiritual Practice Areas 2 km
2.3 Cultural Overview - The Sto:lo
The Sto:lo, or 'People of the River1, traditionally speak the Halq'emeylem language, a dialect of the
Central Coast Salish language family. The traditional territory of the Sto:lo, referred to in Halq'emeylem
as S'olh Temexw, "our land" or "our world", encompasses the entire Lower Fraser Basin Watershed, from the Fraser Delta at the west to the Coquihalla River at the east, and the headwaters of the Harrison
and Pitt lakes at the north to the Nooksack and Chilliwack river drainages at the south. S'olh Temexw
incorporates a broad sphere of cultural interaction among Halkomelem speakers from the Fraser
Canyon to southeastern Vancouver Island (Suttles 1990). Sto:lo oral tradition establishes the aboriginal
occupation of this area since 'the beginning of the world' or 'time immemorial'. Archaeological evidence
presently documents human occupation extending back at least 10,000 years in the region, which
constitutes some of the earliest evidence of human existence in northwestern North America (Borden
1975; McLaren and Storey 2010; Mitchell and Pokotylo 1996). There is strong archaeological, linguistic,
, . ,- _ SRRMC H2013-05 4 Std:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014 historical, and oral historic evidence indicating long term, continuous occupation of this area by the ancestors of the contemporary Sto:lo (Burley and Beattie 1989; Carlson et al. 2001; Mitchell 1971;
Schaepe 2009; Suttles and Elmendorf 1962).
At the time of European contact, the Sto:lo practiced a semi-permanent lifestyle, living in two types of habitations: pithouses and plankhouses. The Sto:lo remained sedentary in villages comprised of circular semi-subterranean pithouses, insulated from the cold, during the principal ceremonial season in the winter months, while plankhouse villages were occupied during the summer months. A portion of the
population moved into the uplands throughout the territory during the spring, summer, and fall, while others inhabited villages year round. Temporary lodges, often made of woven reed mats, were constructed and used as seasonal hunting and fishing camps.
Fishing, hunting, and gathering formed the basis of Sto:lo subsistence. Fishing was practiced year-round
and was deeply connected with the migratory patterns of abundant, locally available spawning
anadromous fish, particularly Pacific salmon, eulachon, and sturgeon. The Sto:lo historically have a very
strong connection to salmon, both spiritually and economically. Salmon and trout of all kinds were and
continue to be caught and utilized in many ways by the Sto:lo. Deer, mountain goat, and bear meat, and
various roots (e.g. camas, bracken fern, and tiger lily) and berries (e.g. huckleberries, strawberries,
salmon berries, salal berries, blueberries, cranberries, and Saskatoon berries) also comprised significant
plant resources which were collected, processed, and stored for the winter. Hunting and collecting
activities were practiced throughout all areas of the landscape, from the valley bottom to the high
elevation parkland and alpine environments (Schaepe et al. 1998).
Forest resources, particularly western red cedar, figured prominently into Sto:lo technology. Capable
woodworkers, the Sto:lo fashioned nearly all parts of the cedar tree, including roots, bark, and trunk,
into a vast number of usable items, such as basketry, mats, nets, clothing, cordage, bowls, spoons,
storage boxes, canoes, house planks, house posts, fishing and hunting equipment, and ceremonial items
(e.g., masks, poles). Other tree species, stone, bone, and antler materials were also used as tools and
implements. The Sto:lo actively manipulated the productivity of the landscape through practices such
as managed burning.
SRRMC H2013-05 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
Trade with neighboring groups was facilitated by a network of mountaintop and riverside travel routes.
Numerous travel routes provided access to the Nooksack and Skagit river valleys, to the south and east,
and the up and downriver sections of the Fraser River (SFU 1994). Aboriginal trails are recorded
throughout the Chilliwack River watershed (Wells 1987; Carlson et al. 2001).
Socially, Sto:lo society was stratified into upper and lower social classes. Bilaterally reckoned kinship
and marriage provided the foundation of Sto:lo community, determining familial, community, and
economic ties, as well as social standing. As early as 1780, traditional Sto:lo social structure and cultural
practices were severely impacted by the smallpox epidemics and general economic upheaval associated
with the arrival of the Europeans in and around S'olh Temexw. Smallpox epidemics, which occurred
repeatedly throughout the late 1800's, devastated the Sto:lo population, effectively annihilating some
Sto:lo groups, such as the Hatzic (Hatzic Lake vicinity) and Sxayaks (Stave Lake vicinity). Although
disrupted, numerous aspects of traditional Sto:lo culture continue to persist and be practiced today. A
discussion of the effects of European influence and the development of contemporary Sto:lo lifeways is
presented by Carlson (1997). Detailed ethnographic accounts are available in anthropological literature
(Barnett 1955; Boas 1894; Carlson 2001; Duff 1952; Hill-Tout 1903; 1978; Jenness 1955; Smith 1947;
Suttles 1955; Wells 1987).
It is important to note that not all aspects of traditional First Nations' cultures are recorded in the
anthropological and ethnohistoric literature. Additional knowledge of traditional culture and lifeways
still exists in many contemporary First Nations communities. Furthermore, aboriginal societies
underwent significant changes as a result of their contact with Europeans, and some cultural aspects
reported in the literature may not accurately reflect that culture prior to contact.
2.4 Archaeological Overview
The Gulf of Georgia Region has a long history of archaeological research on the Northwest Coast (Ames
and Maschner 1999; Matson and Coupland 1995). The vast majority of regional archaeological research,
however, has focused upon the coastal and riverine lowlands, to the exclusion of the surrounding
upland areas and tributary drainages. Comparatively, the Upper Fraser Valley - between Mission and
Yale - has experienced limited archaeological attention. The relationship between the Upper Fraser
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Valley and the rest of S'olh Temexw, remains to be clearly understood from a cultural historic perspective (Barnett 1955; Matson 1994; Schaepe 1998; von Krogh 1976). Archaeological work in the
Upper Fraser Valley area has been conducted since the 1960's, but until the 1990's, archaeological investigations of the Maurer site (LeClair 1973, 1976) and Flood-Hope sites (von Krogh 1976) contributed the majority of information pertaining to the Upper Fraser Valley. Recent research at the
Scowlitz site (Bernick 1992; Blake 1992; Blake et al. 1994; Lepofsky et al. 2000; Matson 1994), the
Xa:ytem site (Mason 1994; Ormerod and Matson 2000), and the Maurer site (LeClair 1976, Schaepe
1998) have provided significant insights into the last 5,000 years of cultural occupation on the Upper
Fraser Valley. Occupation of the region extends back even farther, as data from a ca. 9,000 year old occupation has been recovered from the Milliken site (Borden 1975) near Yale, BC. Schaepe (2009) offers an examination of housepit settlements and community organization in the Fraser Valley from
2,550 - 100 BP. General overviews of archaeological research in the Upper Fraser Valley and Gulf of
Georgia Region are presented by Ames and Maschner (1999) and Matson and Coupland (1995).
3.0 METHODOLOGY
The CHOA was conducted with reference to the guidelines and terminology of the Sto:lo Heritage Policy
Manual (2003), and the Heritage Conservation Act.
3.1 Background Research
Information was gathered from the following sources, as appropriate:
(j) documentary review: a review of readily available published and unpublished
documents that provide information about (1) historical and current aboriginal
land and resource use in close proximity to the Study Area; (2) the traditions of
Sto:lo First Nations in close proximity to the Study Area; (3) non-aboriginal land
and resource use in close proximity to the Study Area; and (4) bio-geo-physical
data pertinent to the Study Area; and
SRRMC H2013-05 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
(ii) transcript review: of documented interviews from Sto:lo community members
who are knowledgeable about historic and current land use and sites in close
proximity to the Study Area, and of persons who are knowledgeable about Sto:lo
traditions.
Information gathering involved a review of previously recorded site location maps, topographic maps, aerial maps or photos, development plans, and literature generally applicable to the Study Area. Sources for this information include local museums and archives, including those housed at the SRRMC. The
Sto:lo Archives includes interviews with Sto:lo elders and others knowledgeable of the history and traditional use of the concerned Study Area. The Study Area was also assessed within the framework of the Sto:lo Heritage Management Plan spatial databases (GIS), housed at the SRRMC.
The following sources of existing cultural heritage resource-related information were used in addressing the objectives of this CHOA. These data sets comprise the Sto:lo Heritage Management Plan (SRRMC
2007), and include:
• Documented archaeological sites (B.C. Archaeology and Registry Services Branch 2010)
• Documented Settlements ca. 1800-1880 - Historic Map Inventory (Schaepe 2001)
• Documented and Projected aboriginal trail/travel routes (Schaepe 1999)
• Existing information on Sto:lo Traditional Uses of S'olh Temexw collected by previous
traditional use studies (Albers 2000; Angelbeck and Schaepe 2004; Rafter 2001:106-07;
Soto 2001; Sto:lo Nation 1998)
• Documented Transformation Sites/ Sto:lo 5xwdxw/)/dm/Cultural Landscape Features,
Spiritual Sites, and Halq'emeylem Place Names (McHalsie 2001)
3.2 Cultural Heritage Management
The cultural heritage resource-related management measures indicated in this study are founded on the
Framework of Management Measures and Options for Sto:lo Heritage Sites, defined in the Sto:lo
Heritage Policy Manual (2003; Table 2).
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Table 2 - Sto:lo Heritage Management Measures
Site Type Preferred Secondary Comments Management Option(s) Measure
sxwoxwiyam; xaxa; avoidance / no impact n/a n/a
sxwoiyxwey stl'aleqem avoidance / no impact minimize impact &/or refer to environmental assessment process; mitigate impact enhance the natural qualities of the area if possible /applicable
spirit poles and avoidance/no impact options per direct exception - spirit poles are not to be disturbed spiritual (ceremonial) consultation or moved as a means of avoiding impact regalia burial / cemetery avoidance/no impact options per direct burials may be recovered and reburied under consultation some circumstances
material culture avoidance / no impact minimize impact &/or n/a mitigate impact
traditional activities enhancement/ minimize impact &/or maintain or enhance the traditional use (including trails) avoidance / no impact mitigate impact activity potential of the area
named place avoidance / no impact minimize impact &/or refer to environmental assessment process; mitigate impact enhance the natural qualities of the area if possible/ applicable
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Cultural Heritage Resource Inventory
Several previously recorded cultural heritage sites/areas are located within the Study Area, including thirteen (13) Sxwoxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features, thirty-one (31) Xa:Xa sites, one hundred and thirty-five (135) Halq'emeylem Place Names, one hundred and fifty-one (151) previously recorded archaeological sites, one hundred and six (106) Documented and GIS-modeled travel routes, ninety-five
(95) traditional land and resource use areas, and fifteen (15) spiritual practice areas (Table 3;
Supplement I).
TABLE 3 - Proximity of Cultural Heritage Sites to Preliminary Corridor
100 m - 2 km Site Type within corridor within 100 m
Sxwoxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features 4 1 8
Xa-.Xa Sites 6 1 24
Halq'emeylem Place Names 35 16 84
Documented and GIS-Modeled Travel Routes 54 7 45
Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas 19 8 68
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Spiritual Practice Areas 1 2 12
Site Type within corridor within 100 m 100 m - 2 km
Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 24 23 104
Sxwoxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features
Thirteen (13) Sxwdxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features are located within 2 km of the preliminary pipeline corridor, five (5) of which are located within 50 m of the preliminary corridor (Supplement I;
Table 4; Appendix 2). Sxwdxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features relate to core and integral elements of
Sto:lo cultural traditions and identity.
TABLE 4 - Sxwdxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features within 50 m of Preliminary Corridor
Name Site Type Significance/Translation Proximity to
Preliminary Corridor
2012i47sl5 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Xwexwostel- mountain thought to <50 m be the body and wings of Sxwexwos (Thunderbird) . 2012i47s46 Sxwdxwiyam: Xeyt St'am'ya (Hope Mountain) within
2012i47s54 Sxwoxwiyam: Woqw' Kw'ekw'e'i:qw-Sumas Mountain; within where people tied up their canoes when the flood came ______2012i47s90 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Ts'elxweyeqw- Chilliwack River from within Chilliwack Lake to Vedder Canal and including some slough channels 2012i47sll9 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Sto.lo - Fraser River within
Sxwdxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features form a connection and articulation among the collective
identity and ancestral relations shared between the Sto:lo, broadly, as connected to villages and tribes
at more local levels. These types of cultural heritage sites are among the most highly significant types of
sites recognized by the Sto:lo (Sto:lo Nation 2003). Often these places are directly related to
Transformer Narratives. The significance of Sxwdxwiyam / Cultural Landscape Features to the Sto:lo
community and the need to maintain their integrity with regard to all forms of potential impact cannot
be overstated.
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XatXa Sites
Thirty-one (31) Xd.Xo sites are located within 2 km of the preliminary pipeline corridor, seven (7) of which are located within 100 m of the preliminary corridor (Supplement I; Table 5; Appendix 3). Xa.Xcr sites are associated with spiritually potent 'taboo' places in the landscape, including questing places, stl'aleqem sites, spirited places, spirit pole sites, sxw6:yxwey, and burials.
TABLE 5 - Xd.Xo Areas within 100 m of Preliminary Corridor
Site ID Use Type Proximity to
Preliminary Corridor
2011i42s2 Xa.Xa: Burial tree burial and contemporary burial; <50 m past and present year-round use
2012i47sl39 Xa.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place stl'dleqem habitat; past, present, within and future year-round use
2012i47sl48 Xd.Xo: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'dleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use
2012i47sl49 Xd.Xo: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use
2012i47sl55 Xd.Xo: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use
2012i47sl61 Xa.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use
2012i47sl62 Xa.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use
Xd.Xa sites include a range of site types, all of which are considered very powerful, 'taboo' places. While
some of these sites are used by Sto:lo to acquire power, they can also cause considerable harm to
individuals who enter them unaware, or cause any disturbances (Mohs 1994).
Halq'emeylem Place Names
One hundred and thirty-five (135) Halq'emeylem Place Names are located within 2 km of the preliminary
pipeline corridor, fifty-one (51) of which are located within 100 m of the preliminary corridor
(Supplement I; Table 6; Appendix 4). Places with Halq'emeylem names are insightful indicators of past
land and resource use, and as such, recognition of these places is an important component in the
context of aboriginal rights and title.
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Table 6 - Halq'emeylem Place Names within 100 m of Preliminary Corridor
Name (Site ID) Significance/Translation Proximity to
Preliminary Corridor
Caves caves at Hunter Creek used by sxwo:yxwey dancers; where <50 m Xd./s transformed twin brothers bathing in Hunter Creek and Jones Creek ^^^^^^ fyxe/(2011i42s40) village west of Hope occupied until the smallpox epidemic of within 1782; "two legs", "both feet" Kw'ekw'e'i.qw (2012i47s54) Sumas Mountain; where people tied up their canoes when within the flood came; name refers to Sumas Mountain sticking up out of the water during the great flood; later on, the name was also used in reference to the heads of sturgeon left exposed after the draining of Sumas Lake; "head sticking up or facing up", "fish heads sticking up" ———-—_— Kwikwetl'em Coquitlam River; "stinking of something", "smelly fish slime" within
Lewo:lxwexwx southwest portion of Matsqui Prairie; "very many flies" <50 m
Lhilheqey place where thunder used to come out (chasms); mountain <50 m peak transformed byXd:/s; "rehydrate", "glacier" Miss-kew-um settlement on Essondale Islet within
Momeqwem Matsqui IR 11; "a mossy place where lots of berries and within meqwem tea grow" Owqw'eyles (2011i42s3) mouth of Hunter Creek; tied to a story about Tomtomiyeqw, within associated with Xwatxwatcelem and his brothers, while they were bathing, before they were transformed; "looking down river" _____ Popqw'em Popkum IR 1; kind of mushroom that is plentiful in the area; within word may also have to do with sending warning of raiders using smoke; "puffballs" Restmore Caves (2011i42s37) Hunter Creek falls; a number of rock shelters <50 m
Sali-.ts settlement at the south end of Sumas Lake; "house on stilts" <50 m
Sema-.th Sumas lake; "level place lake" within
Se:oqw'hiqsel Matsqui Prairie; "it's gone", "this is the end" within
Seq'la.lets Sumas Prairie; "poles in the ground, building on top" within
Shxw'owhamel Ohamil IR 1; settlement with associated cemetery; "where the within river levels and widens" Shxwehikw McLennan Creek; "something that got bigger" within
Sihaqi settlement; "place where dried salmon were soaked" <50 m
Skw'atets Peters IR 1; settlement; "water trickling under the trees" within
Slhilh Clayburn Creek; "upstream" within
Smemeqw'o (2011i42s86) side channel on east side of Herrling Island 100 m
Smemeqw'o (2011i42s89) pre and post contact village adjacent Herrling Island south of within Jones Hill; "lots of cranes" Smiyolh Semmihault Creek; refers to little fish with fingertip-like ends within on their pectoral fins; "helping by putting little claws on it" So:q'welits McLennan Creek; "downstream" within
Sqo:yexiya mink and/or his penis transformed to stone; stone is now 100 m gone, destroyed by railway activity; "mink" ______St'am'ya (2012i47s46) Mount Hope; mountain ridge that was probably transformed; within looks like a man from downriver and a woman from upriver;
SRRMC H2013-05 12 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
"what are you?" St6:lo (2012i47sll9) Fraser River; "river", "River of Rivers" within
Stotelo Sumas River; "little creek" within
Swilth mouth of Lorenzetta Creek; "lots of fish", "spawning place" within
Sxwoyxwela settlement; "where lots of people perished" within
Temelhets Mount Ludwig; "red ochre at foot of mountain" within
Teq'qiyex Sumas Mountain; "gap left where chunk broke off" within
Th'ewalmel Vedder River below Vedder crossing; "left its course" within
Th'qwelhcha lake that exists at low water times; when the river is high, the within water flows right through and the lake disappears; "go out of sight swimming place" Tl'akwelem (2011i42sl6) village near Silverhope Creek occupied prior to smallpox within epidemic in 1784 then abandoned Tl'akwelem (2011i42sl7) Silverhope Creek; "deafening" within
Tl'ikwela transformation rock above mouth of Coquitlam River; "deaf" <50m
Tomtomiyeqw (2011i42s6) rock bluff east of Hunter Creek; Tomtomiyeqw lived in a cave within there after being banished from his village; cave and bluff blasted away in 1966; "up-ending the canoes", "people falling in" Ts'assiya creek flowing through Upper Sumas into Lonzo Creek within
Ts'elewelh Std:lo Vedder River; "changed course" within
Ts'elqwaxel Salmon River; "around the back" within
Ts'elxweyeqw (2012i47s90) Chilliwack River from Chilliwack Lake to Vedder Crossing, within including slough channels; one of the rivers transformed by Xexd./s
Tsitslhes fishing camp and settlement at the mouth of Brunette River; within "drying up down at the mouth", "dried out" Ts'q6:ls (2011i42s25) high river terrace at modern town of Hope; trees here are within bare on one side; most of the rocks in the Fraser River here are bare of moss; "bare", "bald" Ts'qo:ls (2011i42s26) village along river front at bend in the river in Hope 100 m
Wind (2011i42sl2) Hunter Creek caves; possibly linked to the old man bluff which within may be the brother of Xwatxwatcelem, where the wind is blown from within Xaxa east side of Jones Hill; a power place for Indian doctors in training; "sacred", "taboo" Xexo:mestem (2011i42s2) former tree burial site, contemporary burial site; "open graves <50 m in trees" Xwexwostel (2012i47sl5) between Silverhope Creek and the bluff at the mouth of <50m Chawathen Creek; mountain thought to be the wings and body of Sxwexwos (thunderbird)
Xwoqwsemo:leqw foot of Mount Cheam; "hole in mountain" within
Xwth 'exth 'exem mouth of Yorkson Creek; stinging nettles; "always nettle within place"
Halq'emeylem Place Names on the landscape are important to note in that they have the potential to provide insight into the cultural significance of a particular place, with regard to the significance of the geographic location itself, activities or events that took place there, or stories of the distant past, when
SRRMC H2013-05 13 St6:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014 the world was transformed by four bears, Xexa:ls, into its present form (sxwoxwiyam, the "First People", or Creation stories). There are over 700 Halq'emeylem Place Names throughout S'olh Temexw. They also exist as places of power in a living landscape, upon which people seek spiritual power through various Sto:lo ceremonial and ritual activities (e.g., winter dance, fasting).
Previously Recorded Archaeological and Historic Sites
The provincial Remote Access to Archaeological Data (RAAD) database displays one hundred and fifty- one (151) previously recorded archaeological and historic sites within 1 km of the preliminary pipeline corridor, thirty-eight (38) of which are located within 50 m of the preliminary corridor (Supplement I;
Table 7; Appendix 5).
TABLE 7 - Previously Recorded Archaeological and Historic Sites within 50 m of Preliminary Corridor
Site Number Site Type Proximity to
Preliminary Corridor
DgRn-31 Postcontact building; precontact earthwork mound, cultural depression, within human remains, and surface and subsurface lithics; traditional use ceremonial/religious, culturally modified tree, and transformer site DgRp-4 Historic telegraph line and transportation trail within
DgRq-72 Great Northern Railway Right-of-Way <50 m
DhRj-2 Postcontact human remains within
DhRj-6 Precontact surface and subsurface lithics within
DhRk-33 Precontact surface lithics within
DhRk-35 Precontact surface lithics within
DhRp-8 Historic surface refuse; precontact surface lithics within
DhRp-67 Postcontact landmark within
DhRq-17 Precontact subsurface lithics <50m
DhRq-34 Precontact surface lithics within
DhRq-36 Precontact surface material and fishing weir <50m
DhRq-43 Precontact subsistence feature <50m
DhRq-45 Precontact subsurface lithics <50 m
DhRq-46 Postcontact surface refuse; precontact subsurface lithics within
DhRq-72 Colony Farm Bunkhouse <50m
DhRq-76 Precontact subsurface firebroken rock and wood within
DhRr-29 Precontact surface lithics within
DhRr-232 Precontact subsurface lithics <50 m
SRRMC H2013-05 14 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
DiRi-13 Precontact surface lithics and cultural depression within
DiRi-24 Precontact surface lithics <50m
DiRi-39 Precontact subsurface and surface lithics within
DiRi-49 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-58 Precontact surface lithics and cultural depression 50 m
DiRi-61 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-65 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-69 Precontact surface lithics within
DjRi-70 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-117 Precontact subsurface and surface lithics within
DiRj-5 Precontact surface lithics <50m
DiRj-16 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRj-17 Precontact subsurface lithics <50 m
DjRj-23 Precontact surface lithics <50 m
DiRj-28 Precontact subsistence feature within
DiRj-29 Precontact cultural depression <50m
DiRj-30 Precontact surface firebroken rock, earthwork feature, and cultural within depression DjRg-1 Precontact surface lithics <50 m
DjRg-3 Precontact surface lithics within
Documented and GIS-Modeled Travel Routes
One hundred and six (106) Documented and GIS-modeled Travel Routes are located within 2 km of the preliminary pipeline corridor, fifty-six (56) of which are located within 50 m of the preliminary corridor
(Supplement I; Table 8; Appendix 6). Documented Travel Routes are considered insightful indicators of past land and resource use and, as such, recognition of these places is an important component in the context of aboriginal rights and title. Travel routes in this category have either been ground-truthed or verified to have been used. GIS-Modeled Travel Routes are either thought to exist, but their existence has not been verified, or they are modeled to exist based on other known factors of the movement of people in a specific area. GIS-modeled trails require ground-truthing. The SRRMC has conducted a ground truthing study of twenty-four (24) Documented and GIS-modeled Travel Routes in conflict with the Trans Mountain Pipeline preliminary corridor from Sumas to Cheam (1025-1092 km; Dojack 2013).
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TABLE 8 - Documented and GlS-Modeled Travel Routes within or adjacent Preliminary Corridor
DOCJD / PRJJD Location Proximity to
Preliminary Corridor
DOC_ID:12 runs N-S along Jones Creek within
DOC_ID:14 runs N-S along Hunter Creek within
DOC_ID:20 runs NW-SE along Coquihalla River within
DOC_ID:22 runs N-S over Hope Mountain within
DOC_ID:23 runs NW-SE along Silverhope Creek within
DOC_ID:57 runs NW-SE east of Hunter Creek within
DOC_ID:58 runs NW-SE east of Hunter Creek within
DOC_ID:65 runs N-S from Coquihalla River to Ogilvie Peak within
DOC_ID:103 runs NW-SE across Fraser River floodpiain south of Fraser River in Surrey within
DOC_ID:104 runs NE-SW across Fraser River floodpiain south of Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:106 runs E-W across Fraser River floodpiain south of Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:107 runs N-S across Fraser River floodpiain north of Vedder Mountain within
DOC_ID:131 runs N-S along Brunette River <50 m
DOC_ID:132 runs NW-SE along Brunette River within
DOC_ID:138 runs E-W along north bank of Fraser River in Vancouver/New Westminster within
DOC_ID:139 runs N-S along Coquitlam River and Scott Creek within
DOC_ID:141 runs E-W along south bank of Fraser River and Fraser River floodpiain within
DOC_ID:142 runs NW-SE along unnamed creek on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam within
DOC_ID:145 runs N-S across Fraser River floodpiain east of old Chilliwack River within
DOC_ID:146 runs NW-SE across Fraser River floodpiain north of Vedder River within
DOC_ID:148 runs NE-SW between Nicomekl River and Serpentine River within
DOC_ID:150 runs NW-SE across Fraser River floodpiain west of Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:151 runs N-S across Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:152 runs N-S across Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:169 runs NW-SE along unnamed creek on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam within
DOC_ID:171 runs across Fraser River floodpiain north of Vedder River within
DOC_ID:173 runs N-S across Fraser River floodpiain north of Vedder River within
DOC_ID:174 runs NE-SW across Fraser River floodpiain north of Vedder River within
DOC_ID:179 runs NE-SW along Fraser River floodpiain in Abbotsford within
DOC_ID:180 runs E-W across Fraser River floodpiain and lower slopes of Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:181 runs E-W across Fraser River floodpiain west of Sumas Mountain within
DOC ID:229 runs NW-SE adjacent Lorenzetta Creek within
DOC_ID:230 runs NW-SE on western slopes of Four Brothers Mountain within
DOC_ID:236 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam within
DOC_ID:238 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam within
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PRJ_ID:13 runs NE-SW along Coquihalla River within
PRJ_ID:14 runs NW-SE along Dewdney Creek within
PRJ_ID:18 runs along shores of Kawkawa Lake east to Coquihalla River within
PRJ_ID:23 runs N-S along Boston Bar Creek within
PRJ_ID:24 runs NE-SW along Needle Peak within
PRJ_ID:46 runs N-S across Fraser River floodplain north of Vedder River within
PRJ_ID:60 runs E-W along south bank of Fraser River within
PRJ_ID:61 runs N-S along Sumas River within
PRJ_ID:65 runs N-S along Matsqui Slough west of Sumas Mountain within
PRJ_ID:66 runs N-S along McLennan Creek within
PRJ_ID:68 runs NE-SW along Fraser River floodplain in Abbotsford within
PRJ_ID:72 runs NW-SE along West Creek within
PRJ_ID:73 runs NW-SE along Salmon River within
PRJ_ID:79 on Fraser River floodplain in Surrey within
PRJ_ID:82 runs NE-SW along unnamed creek in Surrey within
PRJ ID:200 runs E-W along south side of Burrard Inlet <50m
PRJ_ID:244 runs NE-SW along north bank of Pitt River within
PRJ_ID:249 runs E-W along Serpentine River, Latimer Creek, and Fraser River floodplain within
PRJ_ID:278 runs across Fraser River floodplain in Fort Langley within
PRJ_ID:282 runs across Fraser River floodplain north of Burnaby Lake within
PRJ_ID:652 runs NW-SE along Nathan Creek within
Aboriginal Trails and travel routes were used by the Sto:lo for travel and trade, to access seasonally abundant plant and wildlife resources, and for spiritual purposes. The majority of physical evidence of these trails no longer exists due to urbanization; however, a large percentage of contemporary transportation routes in S'olh Temewx coincide with these original pathways (Myles 1995). In cases where physical evidence of historic trails is still present, the trail itself may be subject to protection under the Sto:lo Heritage Policy (2003) and the provincial Heritage Conservation Act.
Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas
Ninety-five (95) traditional land and resource use areas are located within 2 km of the preliminary pipeline corridor, nineteen (19) of which are located within the preliminary corridor (Supplement I;
Table 9; Appendix 7). Sto:lo use of the area surrounding the Study Area for land and resource use has
SRRMC H2013-05 17 St6:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014 been documented by a variety of sources including traditional use studies, oral history, and ethnography.
TABLE 9 - Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas within Preliminary Corridor
Site ID Use Type Proximity to
Preliminary Corridor
1996il0s9 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial cedar roots for weaving and basket within Harvesting making; past and present spring, summer, and fall use
1996il5s20 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial blueberries and huckleberries for within Harvesting winter and immediate use; past, present, and future use 1996il6s26 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial berries for drying and immediate within Harvesting use; past fall use 1996i6$9 Resource Harvesting: Travel canoe trade route; past year-round within
use
1996i7s9 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial blueberries for canning; past within Harvesting summer and fall use 1996i7sl4 Resource Harvesting: Travel canoe route; past spring, summer. within and fall use 1996il5s22 Resource Harvesting: Travel railway; past summer use within
2009i2s2 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer and grouse for immediate use; within past fall use 2009i2s5 Resource Harvesting: Trapping mink and muskrat for sale; past fall within
use
2009i2s6 Resource Harvesting; Terrestrial wild grapes, cascara bark, devil's within Harvesting club, nettles, blackberries, salmonberries, plum, hum hums, and apples for sale and immediate use; past summer and fall use
2009i2s8 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer for immediate use; past fall use within
2009i3s5 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial onion and potato for immediate use; within Harvesting past summer use 2009i3s6 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial cherry bark and firewood for within Harvesting materials and medicine; past use 2009i4s8 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial firewood, wild grapes, blackberries, within Harvesting blueberries, devil's club, nettles, saskatoonberries, strawberries, and swamp tea for drying, trade, medicine, and immediate use; past, present, and future spring and
summer use 2009i4sl0 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer, duck, grouse, pheasant, and within rabbit for smoking, canning, trade, sale, and immediate use; past and possible future fall and winter use 2009i4sll Resource Harvesting: Trapping beaver, mink, muskrat, and otter for within sale, trade, and immediate use; past winter use 2011i42sl6 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Tl'akwelem - settlement; past year- within round use 2011i42sl7 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial kinnickinnick/bearberry leaves for within
SRRMC H2013-05 18 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
Harvesting medicine; past, present, and planned future year-round use 2011i42s89 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Smemeqw'o- settlement; past year- within round use
Spiritual Practice Areas
Fifteen (15) spiritual practice areas are located within 2 km of the preliminary pipeline corridor, three (3) of which are located within 50 m of the preliminary corridor (Supplement I; Table 10; Appendix 8).
Sto:lo use of the area surrounding the Study Area for spiritual use has been documented by a variety of sources including traditional use studies, oral history, and ethnography.
Table 10 - Spiritual Practice Areas within 50 m of Preliminary Corridor
^7J5 Use Proximity to
Preliminary Corridor
2011i42s38 Spiritual Practice <50 m
2011i42s94 Spiritual Practice <50 m
2013i53s7 Spiritual Practice within
The inherent limitations of archaeology to document the entirety of past aboriginal use of the landscape must be clearly stated. For example, while ancient village sites in the region generally exhibit substantial archaeological evidence of past settlement and resource use, many other past cultural activities, such as plant gathering, hunting, traveling and spiritual practices, often leave few, if any, material traces.
Spiritually powerful places in the landscape may have been purposely left untouched. Thus, archaeological evidence must be understood to demonstrate only a fraction of past aboriginal land and resource use in S'olh Temexw. Lack of physical evidence does not equate to lack of use or occupation of an area. These places which lack physical evidence of use are no less significant to Sto:lo people than archaeological sites. In addition, the locations of past and current traditional use activities may not be
reported for a variety of reasons, including individual- and family-owned knowledge, privacy, taboo, and others. The results of this inventory of cultural heritage sites should not be considered comprehensive.
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This CHOA provides results describing the extent of SRRMC database information on cultural heritage resources relevant to the currently proposed development and requiring management plans with regard to future development proposals or planned disturbances. This CHOA establishes that the Sto:lo traditionally and contemporarily utilize the Study Area and its immediate surroundings, and that further detailed assessments are necessary to document the full range of cultural heritage resources impacted
by the proposed development. Additional work is currently being undertaken in the form of an
Integrated Cultural Assessment (ICA) being conducted by Ts'elxweyeqw Tribe Management Limited and the SRRMC. The ICA will provide additional historical and contemporary, knowledge of the Study Area,
address existing data gaps, discuss changes and stressors related to the proposed development, and
provide management recommendations. The findings presented in this CHOA report are intended to
inform the decision-making processes leading to a determination of on-going considerations with
respect to the proposed development.
5.2 Land Use Decisions
Sto:lo connections and uses of the land represent aspects of their Aboriginal rights and title. What the
Sto:lo community currently does in the areas to which they have access, has been limited by
encroachment, alienation of lands, and land use decisions in which they had no participation. However,
Sto:lo culture is undergoing a revival, and as such, impacts associated with developments must be taken
into consideration in the framework of cumulative effects - adding to those of previous developments
which have impacted the environment of that area - as potentially affecting the exercise of aspects of
Sto:lo Aboriginal rights and title. It is suggested the relationship between future developments and
issues of Sto:lo rights and title be dealt with by the affected Sto:lo communities.
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Please be advised that Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre's participation in this
Project does not constitute consultation with the Ts'elxweyeqw Tribe, Sto:lo Nation, or any Sto:lo
First Nation. Nothing in this report is intended to affect the exercise or scope of, or justify any
infringement of any Aboriginal rights, nor shall anything in this report be interpreted as affecting the
legal relationship between parties.
This report, and negotiations leading up to it, and information shared as a result of it, are without
prejudice to any legal positions that have been taken or may be taken by either of the parties in any
court proceedings, process or otherwise or any treaty or other negotiations, and shall not be
construed as an admission of fact or liability in any such proceedings, process or negotiations.
The proponent can use the information in this report to inform management decisions and can
exhibit this report in a court of law in any case that challenges their decisions.
The sharing of information in this report shall not be construed as concurrence with provincial
policies.
Report Author:
Lisa Dojack, M.A.
Archaeologist
SRRMC
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6.0 WORKS CITED
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Ormerod, Patricia and R.G. Matson 2000 Excavations at DgRn 23 in 1997 and 1999 - Permit Report. Report on file, Culture Department Library, Ministry of Small Business, Tourism and Culture, Victoria, B.C.
Rafter, Tina 2001 Contested Spaces: The Chilliwack River Diversion. In A Std:lo-Coast Salish Historical Atlas, edited by Keith Carlson et al, pp. 106-107. Vancouver: Douglas Mclntyre, University of Washington, and Sto:lo Heritage Trust.
Schaepe, David M. 1998 From Plain to Peak: Results of the Chilliwack River Watershed Archaeological Inventory Study. Sto:lo Nation Archives, Chilliwack. 1999 Tracking the Ancestors: A Pilot Inventory of Aboriginal Trails Within Sto:lo Traditional Territory and the Chilliwack Forest District. Unpublished document on file in the Sto:lo Archives, Chilliwack, BC. 2001 Sto:lo Communication and Transportation Routes, c. 1850. In A Sto:lo-Coast Salish Historical Atlas, edited by Keith Carlson et al, pp. 60-61. Vancouver: Douglas Mclntyre, University of Washington, and Sto:lo Heritage Trust.
St6:lo Research SRRMC H2013-05 24
and Resource Management Centre CHOA of the Preliminary Trans Mountain Pipeline Corridor in S'olh Temexw (km 959-1147) February 2014
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Schaepe, David M., Marianne Berkey, Jonathon Stamp and Tia Halstad 1998 From Plain to Peak: Results of the Chilliwack River Watershed Archaeological Inventory Study. Stolo Nation Archives, Chilliwack.
SFU 1994 Land and Resource Use Inventory.
Smith, Marian 1947 The Nooksack, the Chilliwack, and the Middle Fraser. American Antiquity 12(4):255-267.
Soto, Cristina 2001 Jones Watershed: A study of Sto.lo contemporary and traditional use. Sto:lo Nation, Chilliwack
BC.
Sto:lo Nation 1998 Sto:lo Nation Traditional Use Study - Final Report. Unpublished document on file in the Sto:lo Archives, Chilliwack, BC. 2003 Sto:lo Heritage Policy. Unpublished report on file, Sto:lo Nation Archives, Chilliwack, B.C.
Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre 2007 Sto:lo Heritage Management Plan. GIS database and unpublished document on file in the Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre, Sto:lo Nation. Chilliwack.
Suttles, Wayne 1955 Katzie Ethnographic Notes. Anthropology in British Columbia, Memoirs Nos. 2&3. British Columbia Provincial Museum. 1990 Central Coast Salish. In Handbook of North American Indians Volume 7: Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles, Pp. 453-475. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, B.C.
Suttles, Wayne and W. Elmendorf 1962 Linguistic Evidence for Salish Prehistory. Symposium on Language and Culture. Proceedings of the 1962 Spring Meeting, American Ethnological Society, Seattle pp. 40-52.
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SRRMC H2O13-O5 25 Sto:lo Research and Resource Management Centre APPENDIX I-FIGURES APPENDIX
Cultural Landscape Features within 2 km of Preliminary Pipeline Corridor
Name Site Type Significance/Translation Proximity
1996il4s4 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Lhilheqey - Mount Cheam 1,600 m
2012i47sl3 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Brother of Xwatxwotcelem - bluff 1,400 m across from Hunter Creek
2012i47sl4 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Xwexwostel - head of Sxwexwos 500 m (Thunderbird)
2012i47sl5 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Xwexwostel - mountain thought to <50m be the body and wings of Sxwexwos (Thunderbird)
2012i47sl6 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Xwexwostel - bluffs on east slope of 1,200 m Sumas Mountain
2012i47s31 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Smimkw' - mountain butte east of 1,750 m Wahleach Lake; sister of Lhilheqey
2012i47s46 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt St'am'ya (Hope Mountain) within
2012i47s49 Sxwoxwiyam: Other T'it'emt'amex - mountain home of 1,400 m
wren
2012i47s54 Sxwoxwiyam: Woqw' Kw'ekw'e'i:qw- Sumas Mountain; within where people tied up their canoes when the flood came
2012i47s77 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Th'ath'ele - low peak on mountain 700 m east of Xwexwostel
2012i47s86 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Xomo.th'iya - Anderson Creek below 1,950 m Lhilheqey
2012i47s90 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Ts'elxweyeqw - Chilliwack River from within Chilliwack Lake to Vedder Canal and including some slough channels
2012i47sll9 Sxwoxwiyam: Xeyt Sto:lo - Fraser River within APPENDIX III
Xa-.Xa Areas within 2 km of Preliminary Pipeline Corridor
Site ID Use Type Proximity
1996i8s5 Xa-.Xa: Burial cemetery; past year-round use 1,750 m
1996il4s3 Xa.Xa: Sxwo.yxwey Place Lhilheqey (Mount Cheam); past year- 1,650 m round use 1996il4s5 Xa:Xa: Regalia Placement PI Lhilheqey (Mount Cheam); past and 1,650 m present year-round use 1996il5s28 Xa-.Xa: Sxwo-.yxwey Place Q'owqewem (Kawkawa Lake); past, 300 m present, and future spring, summer, and winter use 2011i42s2 Xa:Xa: Burial tree burial and contemporary burial; <50 m past and present year-round use 2011i42sl0 Xa.Xa: Burial cemetery; past, present, and future 600 m year-round use 2011i42sll Xa-.Xa: Burial cemetery; past, present, and future 1,750 m year-round use 2012i47s22 Xa-.Xa: S'6:lmexw Place Skw'exweq - place where water 650 m babies lived; past year-round use 2012i47s26 Xa.Xa: Sxwoyxwey Place Sxwoyxwey origin place; past, 1,100 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47s97 Xa:Xa: Stl'aleqem Place stl'aleqem habitat; past, present, 1,050 m and future year-round use 2012i47sl25 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place stl'aleqem habitat; past, present, 200 m and future year-round use 2012i47sl32 Xa.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place serpent stl'aleqem habitat; past, 1,450 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl3S Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place skwi:m 6:les (red eyes) stl'aleqem 1,950 m habitat; past, present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl37 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place skwi:m 6:les (red eyes) stl'aleqem 500 m habitat; past, present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl38 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place woman in lake stl'aleqem habitat; 1,900 m past year-round use 2012i47sl39 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place stl'aleqem habitat; past, present, within and future year-round use 2012i47sl41 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 1,650 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl42 Xa.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 1,450 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl48 Xa.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl49 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl52 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 1,600 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl54 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 600 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl55 Xa.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl56 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 1,000 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl57 Xa:Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 1,950 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47slS8 Xri.-Xo: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 900 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl59 Xa:Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 400 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl60 Xa:Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 150 m present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl61 Xa-.Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl62 Xa:Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, within present, and future year-round use 2012i47sl63 Xa:Xa: Stl'aleqem Place Silhqey stl'aleqem habitat; past, 550 m present, and future year-round use APPENDIX IV
Halq'emeylem Place Names within 2 km buffer of Preliminary Pipeline Corridor
Name (Site ID) Significance/Translation Proximity
Athelets small valley at KVR Othello railroad stop; an excellent berry 250 m ground with lots of game; "bottom of the creek", "end of the ______^______creek" ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Blowing Man (2012i47sl3) bluff across from Hunter Creek where the wind is blown from; 1,450 m possibly the brother of Xwatxwatcelem who was transformed into the wind at the mouth of Hunter Creek Brother of Xwatxwatcelem Brother of Xwatxwatcelem 1,650 m
Caves caves at Hunter Creek used by sxwo:yxwey dancers; where <50 m Xa:ls transformed twin brothers bathing in Hunter Creek and Jones Creek Chemchemxyel low hills to the west of Clayburn Creek; "foot of the hill" 400 m
Chi'yaqtel Tzeachten IR 13; fish weir location on Chilliwack River and 300 m cemetery location; "fish weir", "fish trap device" Chowethel (2011i42s8) village at present day Chawathil IR associated with a large 150 m gravel bar that protrudes into the river «___i Chowethel (2011i42sl0) cemetery 600 m
Chowethel (2011i42sll) unmarked cemetery with burials moved from Greenwood 1,750 m Island in 1894 flood Eyxel (2011i42s40) village west of Hope occupied until the smallpox epidemic of within 1782; "two legs", "both feet"
Husam settlement formerly at the mouth of Salmon River 600 m
Kli'akwas settlement in Pitt Meadows 1,250 m
Kw'ekw'e'Uqw (2012i47s54) Sumas Mountain; where people tied up their canoes when within the flood came; name refers to Sumas Mountain sticking up out of the water during the great flood; later on, the name was also used in reference to the heads of sturgeon left exposed after the draining of Sumas Lake; "head sticking up or facing up", "fish heads sticking up" Kw'ekw'e'Uqw (2O12i47sllO) area at edge of what was Sumas Lake; settlement with 1,500 m associated cemetery Kwikw'alith'a (201 Ii42sl) creek running through Coqualeetza; related to Kwikw'alith'a 1,600 m story; "the beating of blankets", "place of washing of ^^^^^^^^^^^^ blankets" Kwikwett'em Coquitlam River; "stinking of something", "smelly fish slime" within
Kw'ikw'iya.la (2011i42s27) fishing rock on downriver side of Kawkawa Creek where it 800 m joins the Coquihalla River; near where waterbabies live and pulled fish from fisherman's spears; "stingy container" Lewo:lxwexwx southwest portion of Matsqui Prairie; "very many flies" <50 m
Lexw Chiyo:m settlement with associated cemetery; "always wild 1,700 m strawberries" Lexwesem (2011i42s21) Bristol Island; "place of frogs" 650 m
Lexw,sem (2011i42s20) village west of Bristol Island occupied prior to smallpox 750 m epidemic in 1784 then abandoned ___^___ Lexwskw'owowelh (2011i42s87) slough channel east of Ruby Creek bluffs; "always get and 1,400 m drag canoe" Lhilheqey place where thunder used to come out (chasms); mountain <50 m peak transformed by Xa:ls; "rehydrate", "glacier" ^^^ Lightning Rock (2012i47s37) boulder with cultural value attached by local community; 350 m transformation site
Mamxwa Gilford slough; "giving light" 400 m Mathekwi settlement with associated cemetery; "easy travelling", "easy 600 m portage" Mathxwi unknown 400 m
Mi:meqw'qwel fifth creek of Fraser River draining into Clayburn Creek; "little 150 m spring water"
Miss-kew-um settlement on Essondale Islet within
Momeqwem Matsqui IR 11; "a mossy place where lots of berries and within meqwem tea grow" Owqw'eyles (2011i42s3) mouth of Hunter Creek; tied to a story about Tomtomiyeqw, within associated with Xwatxwatcelem and his brothers, while they were bathing, before they were transformed; "looking down river" Popqw'em Popkum IR 1; kind of mushroom that is plentiful in the area; within word may also have to do with sending warning of raiders using smoke; "puffballs" Qeloslhep (2012i47s96) river offshore the upriver point of Barnston Island; tied to the 1,050 m transformation of a man into a stl'aleqem; "goes right by", "water swift" Qiq6:yt settlement; "resting place" 1,550 m
Qoqolaxel settlement with watery eaves house with inverted gable roof; 1,750 m "it holds the water up" Q'owqewem (2012i47s21) Kawkawa Lake; Sxwo:yxwey origin place; water babies live 350 m here; "howling"
Qwalem Hanna Creek; "coming to an opening" 1,250 m
Qwaliwiya transformation site; "thinking not nice about you" 1,800 m
Qwe'achem unknown 300 m
Qwelkwaltem small unnamed tributary off the east bank of Atchelitz Creek; 1,900 m "water lots of things" Qwemth'iles (2011i42s49) ridge on south side of Ogilvie Peak; looks like the shoulder of 1,300 m a mountain goat
Qwomqwemows upper end of Hope Slough; "coming out into the open" 1,550 m
Restmore Caves (2011i42s37) Hunter Creek falls; a number of rock shelters <50 m
Sali-.ts settlement at the south end of Sumas Lake; "house on stilts" <50 m
Sema:th Sumas lake; "level place lake" within
Se:oqw'hiqsel Matsqui Prairie; "it's gone", "this is the end" within
Seq'a:m "split", "divide" 1,600 m
Seq'la:lets Sumas Prairie; "poles in the ground, building on top" within
Sesa:qiwel settlement; "ice or thunder cracked" 1,050 m
Sethlamqemel settlement; "when the tide is high, we can go" 800 m
Sexydyetel a small creek that flows from Cohlan; "something (ridge) is 1,450 m separating the two flat lands" Shxw'dwhamel Ohamil IR 1; settlement with associated cemetery; "where the within river levels and widens"
Shxwehikw McLennan Creek; "something that got bigger" within
Shxwitel a part of the creek that drained Cheam Lake; no longer there; 450 m "chamber pot", "pee pot"
Sihaqi settlement; "place where dried salmon were soaked" <50 m
Siyi:ts'e:m Matsqui Slough; "sand" 1,600 m
Skw'atets Peters IR 1; settlement; "water trickling under the trees" within
Skwimeth unknown 750 m
Skw'exweq (2012i47s22) Kawakawa Creek; pool at the confluence with the Coquihalla 650 m River is home of the water babies skwi-.m 6:les (2012i47sl35) habitat of red eyes sti'dleqem at river bend adjacent rail line 2,000 m on the north edge of Cheam IR 1; "red eyes" Skwowech sturgeon head shaped transformation rock upriver of old 1,850 m Cheam; "sturgeon" Sleqoqem Sahhacum IR 1; settlement; "end of the slough" 600 m
Slhilh Clayburn Creek; "upstream" within
Smemeqw'o (2011i42s86) side channel on east side of Herrling Island 100 m
Smimeqw'o (2011i42s89) pre and post contact village adjacent Herrling Island south of within ^^^^^^^ Jones Hill; "lots of cranes" Smimkw' (2012i47s31) mountain butte east of Wahleach Lake; Smimkw' and 1,750 m Lhilheqey threw rocks at each other because Smimkw' said she was a full sister of Lhilheqey; Lhilheqey claimed she was an illegitimate half-sister; "something was found" Smiyolh Semmihault Creek; refers to little fish with fingertip-like ends within on their pectoral fins; "helping by putting little claws on it" So:q'welits McLennan Creek; "downstream" within
Sphpetolh whirlpool in Coquitlam River; "baby vision seer" 200 m
Spopetes Lukseetsissum IR 9; settlement with associated cemetery; 1,150 m "blowing in the face" Sqemelwelh (2011i42s7) right side of Fraser River adjacent Chowethel IR 4 at the 250 m southwest corner of Fretag Creek; "nets in calm water" Sq'ewa.lxw Skawahlook IR 1; settlement with associated cemetery; "bend 750 m in the river" Sq'ewqel many pit houses at this location and associated cemetery; 1,650 m "turn in the river" Sq'ewqeyl Skowkale IR 10; settlement with associated cemetery; "going 750 m around the river" Sq'eywetselem (2011i42s29) trail from the mouth of Kawkawa Creek to the west shore of 700 m Kawkawa Lake; "steep, have to use a stick", "need a stick to ^^^^^^^^^ help you climb up" Sqoqwiyeqw unknown 550 m
Sq'owneti east shore of the mouth of Pitt River; "bend in the land" 1,850 m
Sqoyexiya mink and/or his penis transformed to stone; stone is now 100 m gone, destroyed by railway activity; "mink" St'am'ya (2012i47s46) Mount Hope; mountain ridge that was probably transformed; within looks like a man from downriver and a woman from upriver; ^^^^^^^^^^ "what are you?" Sthamrl Cheam Lake; "fills up" 200 m
Stito.s (2011i42s75) steep lookout point on east end of Promontory Mountain 1,750 m used to watch for coastal raiders; "place of crossing", "soft touch", "narrow", "easy touch", "something like an inlet only ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ narrow" Sto-.lo (2012i47sll9) Fraser River; "river", "River of Rivers" within
Stdtelo Sumas River; "little creek" within
(Suddenly; instantly) 2012i47sl38 Devil's Lake on south side of Lougheed Highway; a woman 1,900 m who was considered to be an Indian Doctor lived in the lake and preyed on men; the woman has not appeared since the railway was put in in 1885; "suddenly; instantly" Suwalilh small unnamed creek south of Skowkale; "the first beginning" 800 m
Swilth mouth of Lorenzetta Creek; "lots of fish", "spawning place" within
Swiwe'tel Poignant Creek; "eulachon dip net" 1,200 m
Sxu.wtxw Schelowat IR 1; "marked or painted house" 800 m
Sxwoxwiymelh (2011i42s22) village with associated cemetery and fishing area on a bay; 950 m original Cats Landing; some pithouse depressions were destroyed when the rail line and highway were put through the village site; "lots of people died all at once" Sxwoyxwela settlement; "where lots of people perished" within
Sxwoyxwey Bluff (2012i47s26) bluff at the north shore of Kawakawa Lake where the young 1,100 m man slipped or jumped off the bluffs into Kawakawa Lake in the Sxwo:yxwey origin story Syeqw (2011i42s24) plankhouse village near the head of Atchelitz Creek that was 150 m burned down; "all burnt out"
Temelhem a spring water stream south of Skowkale; "a place for getting 900 m red paint" Temelhets Mount Ludwig; "red ochre at foot of mountain" within
Teq'qeyex Sumas Mountain; "gap left where chunk broke off" within
Th'ath'ele (2012i47s77) low peak on mountain just east of Xwexwostel's head' 700 m assumed to be a transformer site because it looks like a human heart; "little heart" Th'ewalmel Vedder River below Vedder crossing; "left its course" within
Thi:th'k small unnamed creek south of Yakweakwioose IR 12; "pushing 500 m out" Th'qwa:ya:la Coquitlam IR 1; apparent settlement location; "any fish 500 m container" ______Th'qw&hcha lake that exists at low water times; when the river is high, the within water flows right through and the lake disappears; "go out of sight swimming place"
Thunderbird Caves transformation site 1,200 m
T'it'emt'amex (2012i47s49) home of wren (T'amiya) 1,400 m
Tl'akwelem (2011i42sl6) village near Silverhope Creek occupied prior to smallpox within epidemic in 1784 then abandoned Tl'akwelem (2011i42sl7) Silverhope Creek; "deafening" within
Tl'ekwela transformation rock above mouth of Coquitlam River; "deaf" <50m
Tomtomiyeqw (2011i42s6) rock bluff east of Hunter Creek; Tomtomiyeqw lived in a cave within there after being banished from his village; cave and bluff blasted away in 1966; "up-ending the canoes", "people falling in" within Ts'assiya creek flowing through Upper Sumas into Lonzo Creek
within Ts'elewelh Sto:lo Vedder River; "changed course"
Ts'elqwaxel Salmon River; "around the back" within
Ts'elxweyeqw (2012i47s90) Chilliwack River from Chilliwack Lake to Vedder Crossing, within including slough channels; one of the rivers transformed by XexaJs
Ts'ets'altxw tree burial place; "bodies up in the tree", "like little 550 m treehouse's planks", "on top of something" within Tsitslhes fishing camp and settlement at the mouth of Brunette River; "drying up down at the mouth", "dried out" Ts'qdJs (2011i42s25) high river terrace at modern town of Hope; trees here are within bare on one side; most of the rocks in the Fraser River here are bare of moss; "bare", "bald" Ts'qo-.ls (2011i42s26) village along river front at bend in the river in Hope 100 m
350 m Welqamex settlement and associated cemetery on Greenwood Island IR 3; burials were relocated in 1894 because of the flood Wind (2011i42sl2) Hunter Creek caves; possibly linked to the old man bluff which within may be the brother of Xwatxwatcelem, where the wind is blown from 1,000 m Wolich Wahleach Island IR 2; "watercress" Xdmeles island southwest of Wahleach Island where there were many 800 m log jams and snags; "get stuck" Xaxa east side of Jones Hill; a power place for Indian doctors in within training; "sacred", "taboo" Xax,yth'elph a place going toward the river at Wahleach; "lots of alder 1,300 m trees" Xexo.mestem (2011i42s2) former tree burial site, contemporary burial site; "open graves <50 m ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ in trees" Xomoith'iya (2012i47s86) Lhilheqey's youngest daughter transformed into a small 1,950 m mountain below and behind Lhilheqey; her tears are the waterfall in Anderson Creek Xosa.q'wem Clayburn; "the leaf stem of cow parsnip" 350 m
Xosiq'etsel root of the word is siq' - clay 800 m
Xwatxwatcelem Xwdtxwatcelem 150 m
Xwexwostel (2012i47sl4) on the left side of the Fraser River south of Floods; head of 500 m Sxwexwos (thunderbird); "opening his eyes" Xwexwostel (2012i47sl5) between Silverhope Creek and the bluff at the mouth of <50 m Chawathen Creek; mountain thought to be the wings and body of Sxwexwos (thunderbird) Xwexwostel (2012i47sl6) bluffs on east slope of Sumas Mountain 1,200 m
Xwoqwsemo:leqw foot of Mount Cheam; "hole in mountain" within
Xwotqwem "blazing fire" 1,700 m
Xwth 'exth 'exem mouth of Yorkson Creek; stinging nettles; "always nettle within place" Xw,txwetsalem transformation site in Jones Creek above the falls; part of the 350 m Twin Brother story; "keep coming up out of the water" Yeqwyeqwi:tsel "burning stumps" 1,700 m
Yeqwyeqw'r.ws Yakweakwioose IR 12; settlement had been the site of many 550 m fires, sometimes resulting from raids; "burned out many times" Yeqw-yoqweleq' "burning point" 1,450 m APPENDIX V
Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within 1 km of Preliminary Pipeline Corridor
Site Number Site Type Proximity
DgRI-5 Precontact cultural depression 550 m
DgRI-15 Traditional use domestic 650 m
DgRI-21 Precontact surface lithics 250 m
DgRI-43 Precontact subsurface firebroken rock 750 m
DgRn-16 Historic church 200 m
DgRn-17 Historic school 200 m
DgRn-25 Historic subsurface refuse; precontact surface lithics 250 m
DgRn-31 Postcontact building; precontact earthwork mound, cultural depression, within human remains, and surface and subsurface lithics; traditional use ceremonial/religious, culturally modified tree, and transformer site DgRo-1 Precontact human remains 900 m
DgRo-2 Precontact habitation feature 700 m
DgRo-16 Precontact surface firebroken rock and lithics 650 m
DgRp-1 Precontact surface lithics 900 m
DgRp-4 Historic telegraph line and transportation trail within
DgRp-10 Precontact subsurface lithics 150 m
DgRp-28 Willoughby Community Hall 500 m
DgRp-32 Willoughby Methodist Church 450 m
DgRp-33 Campbell Residence 450 m
DgRp-34 David Jones Residence 450 m
DgRp-37 Postcontact building, surface material, and transportation 550 m
DgRq-12 Anniedale Methodist Church/Port Kells United Church/Romanian Pentecostal 600 m Church DgRq-23 Historic school 450 m
DgRq-72 Great Northern Railway Right-of-Way <50m
DgRq-78 Port Kells Elementary School 800 m
DhRj-2 Postcontact human remains within
DhRj-3 Precontact subsurface lithics 750 m
DhRj-6 Precontact surface and subsurface lithics within
DhRk-5 Postcontact human remains; precontact surface lithics and cultural 400 m depression ^—^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ DhRk-33 Precontact surface lithics within
DhRk-35 Precontact surface lithics within
DhRk-38 Precontact surface lithics 500 m
DhRk-39 Precontact surface lithics 500 m
DhRk-41 Precontact surface lithics 650 m
DhRk-42 Precontact surface lithics and cultural depression 700 m
DhRk-43 Precontact surface lithics and cultural depression 800 m
DhRI-9 Precontact surface lithics 900 m DhRp-1 Wright Memorial Maple Tree 850 m
DhRp-8 Historic surface refuse; precontact surface lithics within
DhRp-32 Precontact earthwork feature 600 m
DhRp-67 Postcontact landmark within
DhRq-2 Precontact subsurface shell midden 75 m
DhRq-3 Precontact surface firebroken rock 400 m
DhRq-11 Precontact habitation feature 400 m
DhRq-17 Precontact subsurface lithics <50m
DhRq-19 Precontact subsurface lithics and wet site 100 m
DhRq-24 Historic hospital 100 m
DhRq-34 Precontact surface lithics within
DhRq-36 Precontact surface material and fishing weir <50 m
DhRq-37 Precontact surface material and fishing weir 300 m
DhRq-38 Precontact surface material and fishing weir 150 m
DhRq-43 Precontact subsistence feature <50m
DhRq-44 Precontact subsurface lithics 950 m
DhRq-45 Precontact subsurface lithics <50m
DhRq-46 Postcontact surface refuse; precontact subsurface lithics within
DhRq-47 Precontact subsurface lithics 900 m
DhRq-48 Precontact subsurface lithics 75 m
DhRq-49 Precontact subsurface lithics 200 m
DhRq-50 Precontact subsurface lithics 100 m
DhRq-54 Historic church 450 m
DhRq-55 Historic habitation 850 m
DhRq-56 Historic landmark 450 m
DhRq-57 Lome Circus 450 m
DhRq-S8 Baron Von Mackensen House 500 m
DhRq-70 Postcontact shipwreck 500 m
DhRq-71 Colony Farm Manager's Residence 400 m
DhRq-72 Colony Farm Bunkhouse <50m
DhRq-76 Precontact subsurface firebroken rock and wood within
DhRq-80 Precontact surface lithics 600 m
DhRq-81 Precontact surface lithics 400 m
DhRq-82 Ferguson House 700 m
DhRq-83 Precontact surface lithics 700 m
DhRr-29 Precontact surface lithics within
DhRr-30 Precontact rock art 75 m
DhRr-52 Historic community center and habitation 450 m
DhRr-54 Historic church hall 750 m
DhRr-55 Historic church 750 m
DhRr-56 Historic religious structure 750 m DhRr-58 Historic school 600 m
DhRr-83 Historic social hall 350 m
DhRr-181 Aintree/Stanley and Isabel Picken House 300 m
DhRr-205 Thomas & Martha Allen Residence 800 m
DhRr-212 Precontact surface lithics 100 m
DhRr-216 Precontact surface lithics 600 m
DhRr-231 Precontact surface lithics 650 m
DhRr-232 Precontact subsurface lithics <50m
DhRr-255 Precontact earthwork feature and petroform cairn 150 m
DhRr-257 Precontact subsurface lithics 550 m
DiRh-3 Precontact subsurface lithics and cultural depression 550 m
DiRi-8 Precontact surface lithics 400 m
DiRi-9 Precontact cultural depression 700 m
DiRi-13 Precontact surface lithics and cultural depression within
DiRi-14 Precontact subsurface lithics, surface lithics, cultural depression, and 250 m petroform cairn ______DiRi-15 Precontact cultural material, human remains, and cultural depression 350 m
DiRi-16 Precontact cultural depression 600 m
DiRi-17 Precontact cultural depression 600 m
DiRi-19 Precontact cultural depression 200 m
DiRi-24 Precontact surface lithics <50 m
DiRi-32 Precontact cultural depression 800 m
DiRi-38 Precontact cultural depression and subsistence feature 800 m
DiRi-39 Precontact subsurface and surface lithics within
DiRi-40 Precontact surface lithics 500 m
DiRi-47 Precontact surface lithics, cultural depression, and petroform cairn 150 m
DiRi-48 Historic subsistence feature; precontact cultural depression; traditional use 100 m food harvesting DiRi-49 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-50 Precontact surface lithics 150 m
DiRi-55 Precontact surface lithics 75 m
DiRi-58 Precontact surface lithics and cultural depression 50 m
DiRi-60 Precontact surface lithics 400 m
DiRi-61 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-63 Precontact fish trap 900 m
DiRi-64 Precontact surface lithics 400 m
DiRi-65 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-66 Postcontact subsurface refuse; precontact surface and subsurface lithics 150 m
DiRi-67 Precontact surface lithics 600 m
DiRi-69 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-70 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRi-71 Precontact cultural depression 300 m DiRi-72 Precontact surface lithics 400 m
DiRi-85 Historic surface refuse 200 m
DiRi-107 Precontact subsurface lithics 200 m
DiRi-113 Christ Church 900 m
DiRi-117 Precontact subsurface and surface lithics within
DiRj-2 Precontact surface lithics and cultural depression 550 m
DiRj-5 Precontact surface lithics <50 m
DiRj-6 Precontact surface lithics 600 m
DiRj-7 Precontact cultural depression 350 m
DiRj-8 Precontact cultural depression, subsurface lithics, and surface firebroken 200 m rock and lithics DiRj-9 Precontact cultural depression 450 m
DiRj-10 Precontact cultural depression 400 m
DiRj-13 Precontact surface lithics 200 m
DiRj-14 Precontact surface lithics, cultural depression, and subsistence feature 650 m
DiRj-16 Precontact surface lithics within
DiRj-17 Precontact subsurface lithics <50m
DiRj-18 Precontact surface lithics 400 m
DiRj-19 Precontact surface lithics 700 m
DiRj-20 Precontact surface lithics, earthwork feature, and cultural depression; 750 m ^^^^^^ traditional use culturally modified tree DiRj-21 Precontact surface lithics and petroform cairn 150 m
DiRj-22 Precontact surface lithics 300 m
DiRj-23 Precontact surface lithics <50m
DiRj-24 Precontact surface lithics 950 m
DiRj-25 Precontact surface lithics and petroform cairn 350 m
DiRj-26 Precontact surface lithics 400 m
DiRj-27 Precontact surface lithics 150 m
DiRj-28 Precontact subsistence feature within
DiRj-29 Precontact cultural depression <50m
DiRj-30 Precontact surface firebroken rock, earthwork feature, and cultural within depression
DiRj-33 Precontact surface firebroken rock and lithics 500 m
DjRg-1 Precontact surface lithics <50 m
DjRg-2 Precontact surface lithics 150 m
DjRg-3 Precontact surface lithics within
DjRg-4 Historic rail trestle 750 m
DjRg-5 Historic road 400 m APPENDIX VI
Documented and GIS-Modeled Travel Routes within 2 km of Preliminary Pipeline Corridor
DOCJD / PRJJD Location Proximity
DOC_ID:0 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam 150 m
DOC_ID:12 runs N-S along Jones Creek within
DOC_ID:13 runs NW-SE along Lorenzetta Creek 50 m
DOC_ID:14 runs N-S along Hunter Creek within
DOC_ID:20 runs NW-SE along Coquihalla River within
DOC_ID:21 runs NE-SW along Sucker Creek/east bank of Kawkawa Lake 650 m
DOC_ID:22 runs N-S over Hope Mountain within
DOC_ID:23 runs NW-SE along Silverhope Creek within
DOC_ID:38 runs E-W along Peers Creek 200 m
DOC_ID:57 runs NW-SE east of Hunter Creek within
DOC_ID:58 runs NW-SE east of Hunter Creek within
DOC_ID:61 runs E-W on southern slopes of Dog Mountain 1,300 m
DOC_ID:62 runs N-S along unnamed creek on southern slopes of Dog Mountain 1,400 m
DOC_ID:64 runs NE-SW from Kawkawa Lake to Ogilvie Peak 1,050 m
DOC_ID:65 runs N-S from Coquihalla River to Ogilvie Peak within
DOC_ID:81 runs E-W along north bank of Burrard Inlet 1,250 m
DOC_ID:99 runs E-W along Katzie Slough 1,700 m
DOC ID:103 runs NW-SE across Fraser River floodplain south of Fraser River in Surrey within
DOC_ID:104 runs NE-SW across Fraser River floodplain south of Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:105 runs N-S across Fraser River floodplain and northwest slopes of Vedder 1,800 m Mountain DOC_ID:106 runs E-W across Fraser River floodplain south of Sumas Mountain within
DOC ID:107 runs N-S across Fraser River floodplain north of Vedder Mountain within
DOC_ID:131 runs N-S along Brunette River <50 m
DOC ID:132 runs NW-SE along Brunette River within
DOC_ID:133 runs E-W along Brunette River/Burnaby Lake 50 m
DOC_ID:138 runs E-W along north bank of Fraser River in Vancouver/New Westminster within
DOC_ID:139 runs N-S along Coquitlam River and Scott Creek within
DOC_ID:141 runs E-W along south bank of Fraser River and Fraser River floodplain within
DOC_ID:142 runs NW-SE along unnamed creek on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam within
DOC_ID:143 runs NE-SW along Hope Slough and south bank of Fraser River 500 m
DOC_ID:144 runs NW-SE across Fraser River floodplain east of Vedder Canal 1,500 m
DOC_ID:145 runs N-S across Fraser River floodplain east of old Chilliwack River within
DOC ID:146 runs NW-SE across Fraser River floodplain north of Vedder River within
DOC_ID:148 runs NE-SW between Nicomekl River and Serpentine River within
DOC_ID:150 runs NW-SE across Fraser River floodplain west of Sumas Mountain within
DOC ID:151 runs N-S across Sumas Mountain within DOC_ID:152 runs N-S across Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:157 runs N-S along Johnsons Slough 1,500 m
DOC_ID:161 runs N-S along unnamed creek south of Hicks Lake 1,600 m
DOC_ID:165 runs NW-SE from Fraser River to Maria Slough 1,200 m
DOC_ID:169 runs NW-SE along unnamed creek on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam within
DOC_ID:171 runs across Fraser River floodplain north of Vedder River within
DOC_ID:173 runs N-S across Fraser River floodplain north of Vedder River within
DOC_ID:174 runs NE-SW across Fraser River floodplain north of Vedder River within
DOC_ID:175 runs E-W across Fraser River floodplain and Promontory Hill 200 m
DOC_ID:179 runs NE-SW across Fraser River floodplain in Abbotsford within
DOC_ID:180 runs E-W across Fraser River floodplain and lower slopes of Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:181 runs E-W across Fraser River floodplain west of Sumas Mountain within
DOC_ID:184 runs E-W across Fraser River floodplain in New Westminster 1,400 m
DOC_ID:215 runs NW-SE along Luckakuck Creek 1,200 m
DOC_ID:219 runs E-W from Chilliwack River to Elk-Thurston-Mercer 1,800 m
DOC_ID:229 runs NW-SE adjacent Lorenzetta Creek within
DOC_ID:230 runs NW-SE on western slopes of Four Brothers Mountain within
DOC_ID:231 runs N-S on northern slopes of Mount Barr 350 m
DOC_ID:234 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam 250 m
DOC_ID:235 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam 1,200 m
DOC_ID:236 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam within
DOC_ID:237 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam 1,950 m
DOC_ID:238 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam within
DOC_ID:239 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam 1,950 m
DOC_ID:240 runs NW-SE on northern slopes of Mount Devoy 200 m
DOC_ID:241 runs NW-SE on northwest slopes of Mount Cheam 1,250 m
PRJ_ID:11 runs NW-SE along Sowaqua Creek 100 m
PRJ_ID:12 runs N S along Coquihalla River 900 m
PRJ_ID:13 runs NE-SW along Coquihalla River within
PRJ_ID:14 runs NW-SE along Dewdney Creek within
PRJ_ID:18 runs along shores of Kawkawa Lake east to Coquihalla River within
PRJ_ID:23 runs N-S along Boston Bar Creek within
PRJ_ID:24 runs NE-SW along Needle Peak within
PRJ_ID:26 runs N-S on southern slopes of Squeah Mountain <50 m
PRJ_ID:27 runs N-S west of Fraser River 1,150 m
PRJ_ID:46 runs N-S across Fraser River floodplain north of Vedder River within
PRJ_ID:47 runs E-W along Hope Slough 600 m
PRJ_ID:49 runs NE-SW on Vedder Mountain 1,800 m
PRJ_ID:54 runs E-W east of Sumas River 850 m
PRJ_ID:60 runs E-W along south bank of Fraser River within
PRJ_ID:61 runs N-S along Sumas River within PRJ_ID:63 runs NE-SW along unnamed creek northwest of Sumas River 1,800 m
PRJ_ID:64 runs E-W along Page Creek 1,600 m
PRJ_ID:65 runs N-S along Matsqui Slough west of Sumas Mountain within
PRJ_ID:66 runs N-S along McLennan Creek within
PRJ_ID:67 runs N-S along unnamed creek in Abbotsford 150 m
PRJ_ID:68 runs NE-SW across Fraser River floodplain in Abbotsford within
PRJ_ID:69 runs NE-SW along unnamed creek in Abbotsford 150 m
PRJ_ID:70 runs N-S along Benson Canal 1,000 m
PRJ_ID:72 runs NW-SE along West Creek within
PRJ_ID:73 runs NW-SE along Salmon River within
PRJ_ID:75 runs N-S across Fraser River floodplain in Fort Langley 50 m
PRJ_ID:79 on Fraser River floodplain in Surrey within
PRJ_ID:82 runs NE-SW along unnamed creek in Surrey within
PRJ_ID:106 runs N-S across Fraser River floodplain in Langley 1,500 m
PRJ_ID:107 runs E-W along Salmon River 1,500 m
PRJ_ID:200 runs E-W along south side of Burrard Inlet <50 m
PRJ_ID:201 runs along north bank of Burrard Inlet/east bank of Indian Arm 1,600 m
PRJ_ID:244 runs NE-SW along north bank of Pitt River within
PRJ_ID:249 runs E-W along Serpentine River, Latimer Creek, and Fraser River floodplain within
PRJ_ID:258 runs along north bank of Fraser River 1,000 m
PRJ_ID:259 runs E-W along unnamed creek from Fraser River to Maria Slough 1,400 m
PRJ_ID:262 runs E-W along Maria Slough 1,550 m
PRJ_ID:263 runs E-W along north bank of Fraser River 200 m
PRJ_ID:272 runs along Hope Slough 1,200 m
PRI_ID:274 runs E-W along south bank of Fraser River 2,000 m
PRJ_ID:278 runs across Fraser River floodplain in Fort Langley within
PRJ_ID:282 runs across Fraser River floodplain north of Burnaby Lake within
PRJ_ID:287 runs E-W along north bank of Fraser River 1,350 m
PRJ ID:652 runs NW-SE along Nathan Creek within APPENDIX VII
Traditional Land and Resource Use Areas within 2 km of Preliminary Corridor
Site ID Use Type Proximity
1988f41sl42 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 1,750 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present, and future summer use 1988f41sl43 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 1,600 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present, and future summer use
1988f41sl44 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 100 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present, and future summer use 1988f41sl45 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 100 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present, and future summer use 1996il0s9 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial cedar roots for weaving and basket within Harvesting making; past and present spring, summer, and fall use
1996il2sl Resource Harvesting: Hunting grouse; past use 1,250 m
1996il2s2 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic coho, dog salmon, sockeye, and 1,150 m Harvesting spring for immediate use; past year- round use 1996il2s3 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic coho, dog salmon, sockeye, and 1,650 m Harvesting spring for immediate use; past year- round use 1996il5s20 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial blueberries and huckleberries for within Harvesting winter and immediate use; past, present, and future use 1996il5s21 Resource Harvesting: Habitation food processing camp; past year- <50m round use 1996il5s29 Resource Harvesting: Hunting mountain goat for wool; past spring, 1,500 m fall, and winter use 1996il6s26 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial berries for drying and immediate within Harvesting use; past fall use
1996i21sll Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past year-round use 1,450 m
1996i6sl Resource Harvesting: Habitation house; past year-round use 1,850 m
1996i6s3 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic drifting; past and present spring use 1,850 m Harvesting
1996i6s7 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial cranberries for food; past fall use 1,300 m Harvesting
1996i6s8 Resource Harvesting: Habitation camp; past spring, summer, and fall 1,550 m
use 1996i6s9 Resource Harvesting: Travel canoe trade route; past year-round within
use 1996i6sl2 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer, duck, goose, and grouse for 1,250 m cooking; past and present spring, summer, and fall use 1996i6sl3 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial willow bark for medicine; past fall 1,250 m
Harvesting use 1996i6sl4 Resource Harvesting: Trapping mink and muskrat for sale; past fall 1,250 m and winter use 1996i6sl5 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic trout; past, present, and possible 1,700 m Harvesting future spring, summer, and fall use 1996i7s2 Resource Harvesting: Trapping beaver, mink, and muskrat; past fall 1,250 m and winter use 1996i7s3 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial cedar roots, wild cherry, and fir pitch 1,250 m Harvesting for food, materials, and medicine; past summer and fall use 1996i7s5 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye and spring; past spring and 600 m Harvesting summer use 1996i7s9 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial blueberries for canning; past within Harvesting summer and fall use 1996i7sl2 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial blue huckleberries and blueberries 1,300 m Harvesting for food; past and planned future summer and fall use 1996i7sl3 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial bearberry bark for medicine; past 1,000 m
Harvesting use 1996i7sl4 Resource Harvesting: Travel canoe route; past spring, summer, within and fall use 1996i8sl Resource Harvesting: Habitation Bill Pat Charlie's house; past year- 650 m round use 1996i8s2 Resource Harvesting: Hunting bear and deer; past summer and fall 1,550 m
use 1996i8s4 Resource Harvesting: Travel trail; past year-round use 1,600 m
1996i8sl3 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye and spring for wind drying; 100 m Harvesting past summer use ^^ I996i8sl6 Resource Harvesting: Travel row boat and walking trail and 1,950 m waterway; past year-round use 1996i8s20 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past summer and fall use 1,750 m
1996il5s22 Resource Harvesting: Travel railway; past summer use within
1997illsl Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial blackberries for canning, freezing, 1,400 m Harvesting and jam; past summer use 1997ills6 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial blueberries for canning; past 1,400 m Harvesting summer use 1997ills7 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer and mountain goat for wool; 1,400 m past summer use 1997illsll Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past use 1,750 m
1997illsl5 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic eulachon for smoking; past use 850 m Harvesting 1997illsl6 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial barberry bark for medicine; past fall 1,800 m
Harvesting use 1997ils23 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic eulachon for smoking and immediate 800 m Harvesting use; past spring use 1997i28s4 Resource Harvesting: Trapping trap line; past fall and winter use 1,700 m
1997i28s6 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past year-round use 1,700 m
1997i28s7 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past year-round use 1,250 m
1997i32s3 Resource Harvesting: Hunting duck and pheasant; past fall and 1,550 m winter use 1997i35sl Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past, present, and possible 1,150 m future year-round use 1997i35s3 Resource Harvesting: Hunting duck; past fall and winter use 1,550 m
1997i36sl Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past year-round use 1,250 m
1997i36s2 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past, present, and possible 1,600 m future year-round use 2000i45sl Resource Harvesting: Aquatic Seabird community fishing site; past 1,300 m Harvesting summer use 2000i45s2 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic Seabird community fishing site; past 1,950 m Harvesting summer use 2009i2sl Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer, duck, goose, and grouse for 1,150 m immediate use; past fall use 2009i2s2 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer and grouse for immediate use; within past fall use 2009i2s3 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic coho, dog, salmon, eulachon, pink, 850 m Harvesting sockeye, spring, steelhead trout, and sturgeon for canning, smoking, sale, trade, and immediate use; past year- round use 2009i2s4 Resource Harvesting: Trapping mink and muskrat for sale; past fall 1,150 m
use 2009i2s5 Resource Harvesting: Trapping mink and muskrat for sale; past fall within
use 2009i2s6 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial wild grapes, cascara bark, devil's within Harvesting club, nettles, blackberries, salmonberries, plum, hum hums, and apples for sale and immediate use; past summer and fall use 2009i2s8 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer for immediate use; past fall use within
2009i3sl Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial wild onions, wild potatoes, cedar 1,150 m Harvesting bark, devil's club, and swamp tea for medicine, weaving, basket making, and immediate use; past spring and
summer use 2009i3s3 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer; past use 1,150 m
2009i3s4 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic eulachon, sockeye, and spring for 850 m Harvesting drying, smoking, and immediate use;
past use 2009i3s5 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial onion and potato for immediate use; within Harvesting past summer use 2009i3s6 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial cherry bark and firewood for within Harvesting materials and medicine; past use 2009i4s7 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial wild grapes, cascara bark, firewood, 1,150 m Harvesting huckleberries, mushrooms, nettles, blackberries, salmonberries, and hum hums for drying, sale, trade, and immediate use; past spring and
summer use 2009i4s8 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial firewood, wild grapes, blackberries, within Harvesting blueberries, devil's club, nettles, saskatoonberries, strawberries, and swamp tea for drying, trade, medicine, and immediate use; past, present, and future spring and
summer use 2009i4sl0 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer, duck, grouse, pheasant, and within rabbit for smoking, canning, trade, sale, and immediate use; past and possible future fall and winter use 2009i4sll Resource Harvesting: Trapping beaver, mink, muskrat, and otter for within sale, trade, and immediate use; past winter use 2009i4sl2 Resource Harvesting: Trapping beaver, mink, muskrat, and otter for 1,150 m sale, trade, and immediate use; past winter use 2009i4sl3 Resource Harvesting: Habitation house; past year-round use 750 m
2009i5s2 Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer for freezing and immediate use; 1,150 m past fall use 2009iSs6 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic chum, eulachon, and spring for 900 m Harvesting smoking and immediate use; past spring and fall use 2009i5sll Resource Harvesting: Hunting deer for canning, freezing, trade, and 450 m immediate use; past, present, and future fall and winter use 2011i42sl Resource Harvesting: Aquatic chum, coho, dog salmon, pink, 1,650 m Harvesting sockeye, and spring for smoking, trade, and immediate use; past spring, summer, and fall use 2011i42s7 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic chum, coho, dog salmon, pink, 250 m Harvesting sockeye, spring, and sturgeon for canning, salting, smoking, freezing, trade, winter, and immediate use; past, present, and planned future spring, summer, and fall use 2011i42sl6 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Tl'akwelem - settlement; past year- within round use 2011i42sl7 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial kinnickinnick/bearberry leaves for within Harvesting medicine; past, present, and planned future year-round use 2011i42s20 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Lexw,sem - settlement; past year- 700 m round use 2011i42s22 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Sxwoxwiymelh - fishing settlement; 950 m past year-round use 2011i42s24 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Syeqw - settlement; past year-round 150 m
use 2011i42s26 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Ts'qoJs - settlement; past, present, 75 m and future year-round use 2011i42s27 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic fishing rock; past, present, and 800 m Harvesting planned future year-round use 2011i42s29 Resource Harvesting: Travel walking trail; past, present, and 700 m planned future year-round use 2011i42s40 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Eyxel - settlement; past, present, <50 m and future year-round use 2011i42s86 Resource Harvesting: Travel canoe route; past year-round use 75 m
2011i42s87 Resource Harvesting: Travel canoe route; past year-round use 1,050 m
2011i42s89 Resource Harvesting: Habitation Smemeqw'o- settlement; past year- within round use 2013i53s9 Resource Harvesting: Terrestrial temeth; past, present, and future <50 m Harvesting year-round use 2012i44s4 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 1,650 m Harvesting immediate use; present and planned future summer use 2012i44s5 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 1,450 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present, and future summer use 2012i44s6 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 1,300 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present and future summer use 2012i44s7 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 1,100 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present, and future summer use 2012i44s8 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 1,700 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present, and future summer use 2012i44s9 Resource Harvesting: Aquatic sockeye for canning, freezing, and 1,750 m Harvesting immediate use; past, present, and future summer use APPENDIX VIII
Spiritual Practice Areas with 2 km of Preliminary Pipeline Corridor
Site ID Use Proximity
1996il4sl8 Spiritual Practice 800 m
2009i4sl4 Spiritual Practice 950 m
2009i4s2 Spiritual Practice 500 m
2011i42s38 Spiritual Practice <50m
2011i42s94 Spiritual Practice 2012i47sll3 Spiritual Practice 200 m 2012i47s21 Spiritual Practice 300 m 2013i50s21 Spiritual Practice 1,950 m 2013i53s7 Spiritual Practice within PA-v:21 Spiritual Practice 700 m PA-v:20 Spiritual Practice 650 m PA-v:22 Spiritual Practice 150 m QF-i:25 Spiritual Practice 1,250 m QF-i:24 Spiritual Practice 1,100 m QF-ii:02 Spiritual Practice 450 m 500000 525000 550000 575000 600000 625000 650000 N A \ §_, Si \ ■ s—i s BRlTANNi. \ \ RANGE 1 ! H-uv r.ll 1 "**** «Moody 1 ixpi It l.iin Viiiimuvrr •— Htilwliy f Westminster ■^SkCn(|ultl.un f ■ • n ■s s lurj is) - > J i Surrey \ x Abbotsfor^ / V OMiTgp s i a res \ \| 1 I 1 > STATES ■V-SnegH' *W I —-»4«-tH Sources: Esri DeLorme.NAVTEQ, TomTom, Interma'p; increment P Corp., GEBCO, USGS.TAO. NPS. NRCAN , GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL. Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan . MET!.-Esri China m (Hong Kong), and the GIS User Community 500000 525000 550000 575000 600000 625000 650000 St6:l6 Research TITLE and Resource Preliminary Corridor within S'olh Temexw Preliminary Corridor Management Centre PROJECT: S'olh Temexw H2013-05 Kinder Morgan HRIA 0 10,000 20.000 30,000 LMD Dec, 17,2013 Projection/Datum: UTM Zone 10 NAD 83 Figure 1 1:750.000 Z:\ArchandHeritage\Projects\2013\H2013-05\AOA\Flgurel.mdx