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Publication of the Archaeological Society of Vol. 31 , No. I - 1999

Dionisio Point Excavations ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF &MIDDEN BRITISH COLUMBIA Published four times a year by the Archaeological Society of British Columbia Dedicated to the protection of archaeological resot:Jrces and the spread of archaeological knowledge. Editorial Committee Editor: Heather Myles (274-4294) President Field Editor: Richard Brolly (689-1678) Helmi Braches (462-8942) arcas@istar. ca [email protected] News Editor: Heather Myles Publications Editor: Robbin Chatan (215-1746) Membership [email protected] Sean Nugent (685-9592) Assistant Editors: Erin Strutt [email protected] erins@intergate. be.ca Fred Braches Annual membership includes I year's subscription to [email protected] The Midden and the ASBC newsletter, SocNotes. Production & Subscriptions: Fred Braches ( 462-8942) Membership Fees I

SuBSCRIPTION is included with ASBC membership. Individual: $25 Family: $30 . Seniors/Students: $I 8 Non-members: $14.50 per year ($1 7.00 USA and overseas), Send cheque or money order payable to the ASBC to: payable in Canadian funds to the ASBC. Remit to: ASBC Memberships Midden Subscriptions, ASBC P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station Vancouver BC V6C 2N3 Vancouver BC V6C 2N3

SuBMISSIONs: We welcome contributions on subjects germane ASBC on Internet to BC archaeology. Guidelines are available on request. Sub­ http://home.istar.ca/-glenchan/asbc/asbc.shtml missions and exchange publications should be directed to the appropriate editor at the ASBC address. Affiliated Chapters Copyright Nanaimo Contact: Rachael Sydenham Internet: http://www.geocities.com/rainforest/5433 Contents of The Midden are copyrighted by the ASBC. Programme Chair: Lorrie Lee Hayden It is unlawful to reproduce all or any part, by any means what­ Meetings the second Monday of the month at Malaspina Uni­ soever, withoutthe Society's permission, which is usually gladly versity College, Department of Social Science. given.

Contributors this issue Victoria Contact: Tom Bown (250-385-2708) Fred Braches, Renee Carriere, Stanley Copp, Colin Grier, Internet: http://www.museumsassn.bc.ca/- bcmalmuseums/asbc Bev Kennedy, Heather Myles and Eldon Yellowhorn Meetings on the third Thursday of the month at 7:30pm at the Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria.

ASBC Diary The Britisb Columbia Heritage Trust has provided M EETINGS featuring illustrated lectures are held on the financial assistance to this project to support conservation second Wednesday of each month (except July and August) at of our heritage resources, gain further knowledge and 8:00pm. Meetings are usually held at the Auditorium of the increase public understanding of the complete history of Vancouver Museum at I I 00 Chestnut Street in Vancouver. British Columbia. New members and visitors are welcome. 14 April - Daryl Fedje (Parks Canada) Shifting Shorelines and Early Holocene Archaeology in Haida Gwaii. 12 May- David Schaepe (St6:lo Nation) Better Late Than Never: Looking Back at the I 973 Excavation of an Ancient House at the Maurer Site. 9 June - Annual General Meeting Speaker t.b.a a THE IDDEN

Table of GOOD NEWS FROM VICTORIA Contents

Archaeologists, First Nations, and all those others concerned about the protection and research of the Good News from Victoria past in our province may breath a sigh of relief. It Chunta Resources Archaeology seems that what was known as the Culture Library is by Renee Carriere 2 no longer in jeopardy-at least not for now. Last year The MIDDEN reported that the Ministry of ~a:ytem Cataloguing Project Small Business, Tourism and Culture was planning to Bev Kennedy 4 close the Culture Library and to transfer their holdings Household Archeaology at to the BC Archives to become a reference only collec­ Dionisio Point tion. by Colin Grier 5 However, the Heritage Resource Library, as it is called today, did receive funding last fall and The Field Notes 9 MIDDEN was happy to heat from librarian Romy The Petroglyphs on Quadra Is­ Casper that funding will allow the library to provide land the usual services during this fiscal year. Review by Stanley A. Copp 13 The ASBC hopes that plans to close the library No Stone Untrod have now been shelved for good and that funding will Review by Eldon Yellowhom 14 continue to be provided in the coming years. Look For 15 For more information contact Romy Casper at the Heritage Resource Library by phone (250 356-1440), Annual Index to The Midden 1998, Vol30 fax (250 356 7796) or email by Heather Myles and Fred (Rom [email protected]. bc.ca) Braches 16

Permits 18

Conferences Inside back cover

Front Page One oftwo incised stone bowls recovered at the Dionisio Point site (DgRv 3) on Parlier Pass at the north end ofGaliano Island. See page 5, "Household Archaeology at Dionisio Point" by Colin Grier.

The Midden 31/1 RESOURCES ARCHAEOLOGY REALIZING CHIEF STILLAS'S VISION by Renee Carriere

Over the course of the past decade, the games such as !aha/: which extended over a two-year period, Ulkatcho First Nation in Anahim Lake, They played a lot of /aha/, and anything tra­ between 1987 and 1989. This plan inte­ BC has encountered exceptional progress ditional, they tried to do that more than any­ grated Stillas's holistic perspective, by in the direction of self-sufficiency and thing else. Obviously there was sti ll gam­ incorporating traditional land and resource bling and other things, but they had /aha / economic development. However, to com­ management, family and community games until god knows when in the morn­ prehend the manifestation of Chunta Re­ ing. (Duncan, personal communication, health, education, and spirituality, into its sources Limited and its archaeology divi­ 1999). proposal. Chunta Resources, which was sion, we must introduce the visionary that Chief Stillas appreciated and under­ initially set up in 1987, focused on the made it all possible. The late Chief Jimmy stood Ulkatcho'ten history, but more im­ forest sector in its effort to generate em­ Stillas, an entrepreneur from an early age portantly, he enlightened friends and fam­ ployment and promote a long-term com­ with great aspirations for his people, has ily on the significance of preserving the munity econom"ic development strategy left behind a legacy. Furthermore, he is cultural record so future generations could (Vaughan, personal communicati.on, not a regular individual, but rather an icon interpret Ulkatcho heritage through the 1998). Chief Stillas saw the impact of among Ulkatcho people. application of traditional use and archaeo­ detrimental logging practices, and perse­ ChiefStillas was a highly respected ide­ logical studies. Crystal Duncan, was vered against activities such as clearcuts. alist, who maintained a holistic perspec­ among this group of friends and family The same determination also contributed tive on the cultural, social, and economic who personally experienced Chief Stillas 's to the two-month period he spent sepa­ development of the Ulkatcho community. lessons: rated from his family, while actively pro­ It is through endeavours of such visionar­ I learned so much because I was helping, testing this issue. The incentive for these ies that employment opportunities, and the and listening to the stories; there were also actions was his dedication to providing renewal of language and culture, are be­ recorded stories. I was digging and I found sustainable utilization of the natural re­ ing realized within Ulkatcho'ten tradi­ arrowheads, fishhooks, and things like that. sources, in order to prevent desecration tional territory. Even prior to his appoint­ I was only 12 years old at the time, and awe­ of the land, so that Ulkatcho people could ment as Ulkatcho Chief, Jimmy Stillas struck, and he gave me a lot of respect for secure revenue. perceived how various external, societal this but told me that I couldn't keep it. I Since its foundation, almost a decade was mad at first, but he explained to me how factors were contributing to the deterio­ ago, Chunta Resources Limited has pros­ it was part of our heritage, and we had to ration of culture, language, and family pered into the First Nation owned and leave it there for others to find, leave, and unity. According to granddaughter Crys­ preserve. He held the beliefthat it was some­ operated forestry company that we see tal Duncan, Jimmy Stillas persevered to thing to be shared amongst everybody, and today. Through the combination of un­ make a difference because he wanted to that it didn 't matter if you were actually precedented leaders, such as ChiefStillas, improve these socio-econor:nic conditions, from Ulkatcho or somewhere else, if they and exceptional collective striving on be­ and he would do so by adhering to tradi­ wanted to learn, he would teach them." half of Ulkatcho'ten, Chunta is able to tional ways. (Duncan, personal communication, 1999). incorporate a multi-disciplinary approach Throughout his duty as Ulkatcho Chief, Living within the same household as her to the forest industry, ranging from silvi­ Sti llas was a strong advocate for the per­ grandfather, Ms. Duncan was also witness culture to archaeology. petuity of traditional gatherings such as to his strong compassion for the people Chunta Resources -Archaeology those at Gatcho and Tanya Lakes. The and the land. She remembers the empathy Roscoe Wilmeth provided some of the objective of these assemblies was to al­ Chief Stillas experienced through the most comprehensive investigations within low band members to reunite and restore Ulkatcho people's achievements and dis­ Ulkatcho territory, contributing signifi­ their heritage. By engaging in traditional appointments, which may be only one rea­ cantly to the archaeology of Anahim Lake activities, the !lignificance of ancestral son for his heightened awareness of the (e.g. Wilmeth 1980). Since his intensive lifeways was also emphasized. Among urgency to manage their natural resources. research, there have been many archaeo­ some of the activities were: travel to It is such a concern that led to the emer­ logical studies conducted in Ulkatcho ter­ Ulkatcho village, either by horse or by gence of the Ulkatcho Band's Year 2000 ritory in the past few decades (Donahue foot; sweats led by a spiritual leader, who planning strategies, and Chunta Resources 1973; Mitchell 1970). These consist pri­ oversaw the construction of the sweat Ltd. The "Year 2000 Model" transpired marily of heritage overviews and impact lodge; traditional feasts; fishing; and as a result ofUlkatcho Band consultation,

2 The Midden 31/1 assessment studies, excavation and site though Mr. Middleton no longer specific studies, and obsidian-related stud­ oversees the day-to-day opera­ ies. The number of recorded sites for the tions of Chunta Archaeology, he area encompassed by Map Sheet 93, ex­ still continues to provide input ceed 180 (Bussey and Alexander and assistance on field projects. 1992: I 09). Ninety-one of these sites are As holder ofthe timber licence, concentrated within the Dean River Val­ within the mentioned joint ven­ ley region (Apland 1977, Eldridge and ture, the Ulkat-cho'ten have ac­ Eldridge 1980). These results may be sub­ quired a certain political influ­ ject to review due to the increase in ar­ ence, thereby approaching Chief chaeological investigations conducted on Stillas's objective for a self-suf­ behalf of the forest industry, particularly ficient and self-governed within the past decade. Ulkatcho First Nation. In 1994, Chunta held its first licence in In addition to archaeological association with the Chilcotin Forest Dis­ consulting within Ulkatcho tradi­ trict. Archaeologist David Friesen, who tional territory, Chunta Re­ had conducted previous work on behalf sources' archaeology division ofthe Ulkatcho Band, directed the project. continues to study and provide di­ The proposed development was near rection on resource planning. Abuntlet Lake, in the vicinity of Morton Such administration is most fre­ Meadow. Elder Henry Jack assisted crew quently applicable to land man­ members in identifYing numerous trails agement, in association with gov- In Memory ofChie f Jimmy Stillas (1936-1990) within the investigated area. emment and forest development agencies. I am grateful, however, to be involved in Jhis project allowed Chunta Resources' Accelerated and unremitting development the perpetuation of Chief Jimmy Stillas's Archaeology Division the opportunity to constantly pressures Chunta Resources to vision, a holistic approach incorporating initiate its primary objective, which is to remain abreast of current issues in order archaeology and heritage conservation. promote and develop the skills leading to preserve Ulkatcho land, its traditional Every field season, Chunta Resources towards a self-sufficient Ulkatcho commu­ use, and aboriginal right within these ter­ Archaeology continues its training pro­ nity. Although various archaeological ritories. Development of an archaeology gram of Ulkatcho First Nation members, studies had been conducted in this area, it division, within this First Nation organi­ and hopes to continue expanding its op­ wasn't until the mid-90s that the Ulkatcho zation, has enhanced archaeological re­ eration. Chunta also anticipates that its Band began to conceive of archaeology source management by enabling Chunta personnel will become actively involved as a business. In 1995, following a tradi­ Resources to oversee daily operations, in career-orientation, with the Ulkatcho tional use study conducted on behalf of which may have a potential impact on Youth Learning Group, to inspire post­ the Ministry of Forests (Chilcotin Forest Ulkatcho traditional territory. secondary education, and elaborate on em­ District), Laurie Vaughan and archaeolo­ Archaeology is but one component that ployment opportunities. In addition to on­ gist Hugh Middleton established Chunta evolved from Chief Jimmy Stillas's ho­ going heritage research, Chunta is in the Resources' archaeology division. The ba­ listic approach: seeking to maintain process of developing a heritage policy sic premise being to provide the neces­ Ulkatcho 's natural resources by preserv­ and permit, resolute on allowing superior sary training to the Ulkatcho First Nation, ing the heritage. management of Ulkatcho'ten traditional so individuals could become skilled field I know that he tried to lay out a good back­ territory. The past decade has been chal­ crew members. This has also provided ground, and obviously he has, but I think lenging for the Ulkatcho First Nation, but in a lot ofways, when he left, he didn't know employment opportunities for these prosperity is gradually emerging. Chief if it would be continued .... it has been, so trained crew members, with other consult­ much!" (Duncan, personal communication, Jimmy Stillas would have definitely been ants working in Ulkatcho territory. 1999) proud. Hugh Middleton, a graduate student from the University of Calgary, directed Conclusion Acknowledgements the archaeology division from its incep­ Fondly remembered and respected by I would like to commend the Ulkatcho tion in 1995 until the 1998 field season. many, ChiefStillas has instilled the knowl­ First Nation for maintaining the holistic The archaeological work conducted dur­ edge that inspired the progression of approach that allows Chunta Archaeology ing this period consisted primarily of ar­ Ulkatcho's economic development. To­ to continue their work within Ulkatcho tra­ chaeological impact assessments in affili­ day, it is Ulkatcho 'ten who perseveres to­ ditional territory. I would also like to thank ation with the local mill, the Ulkatcho gether towards the communal objective, Leo Stillas, Jacqueline Stillas-Clement, Band's partner in their joint venture. In leading to self-sufficiency and economic and especially Crystal Duncan for their the last four field seasons, Hugh development. input. Finally, I thank Laurie Vaughan and Middleton held six permits on behalf of I did not have the opportunity to meet Hugh Middleton for their continuous sup­ Chunta Resources. Three of these permits the man who set the precedent for what port and guidance. pertained to the 1998 field season. AI- we recognize today as Chunta Resources. Continued on next page

The Midden 31/1 3 -xA:YTEM CATALOGUING PROJECT by Bev Kennedy

The "Cataloguing and Culture Project," Additionally the partici­ Ml5t..ellan£:ttl:s JU>rJ;Sfve :0,101•c an initiative of the Xa:ytem Siyaye Soci­ pants designed exhibits and Scrape: 3% 1% '""' ety, started in January, 1998 and contin­ created a web site 0% P10jeclilr: Poml Bloc!< Shatlcr ued until December of the same year. The showcasing these ancient 0"~ 1% Pcbt>!c T(J(Il Chopper Society (a "friends" society), along with stone tools. The artifacts ., ...... Cure the St6:lo Heritage Trust, Xa:ytem are lithic ObjeCtS Unearthed Harnn;c~ S100C 23% Longhouse Interpretive Centre, Human from the bulldozed berm Resources Development Canada (HRDC), created before the province Kilby Store & Farm, and BC Heritage, acquired the site. Children came together to achieve a common goal. participating in the exten- Xa:ytem, also known as the Hatzic Rock sive school programming site, is located just east of Mission, BC at the site sifted and col- on Highway No. 7. The project endeav­ lected the objects.

oured to catalogue, number and digitally Over the course of the Firccrox:ke

4 The Midden 31/1 HOUSEHOLD ARCHAEOLOGY AT DIONISIO POINT A PREHISTORIC GULF ISLANDS VILLAGE The Dionisio Point Household Archaeology Project by Colin Grier

The Dionisio Point site (DgRv 3) is lo­ depressions. Their size and regular rec­ site, which involved excavating at least cated on Galiano Island in the Gulflslands tangular shape indicate that the houses one house intensively. A fine-grained ap­ of southwestern BC. It is tucked in a dou­ probably were some type of cedar-plank proach offered promise for answering ble bay on the northeast tip of the island, "longhouses," perhaps not unlike those in­ some fundamental questions about how protected from the fast running waters of habited by the Coast Salish when Euro­ houses were constructed, how they were Porlier Pass and the intimidating swells peans arrived in the area. Don Mitchell of organized inside spatially, and the nature waltzing in from the adjacent Strait of the University of Victoria carried out mod­ of the social group-the household-in­ Georgia (figure 1). While Galiano Island est test excavations at the site in 1964, and habiting the houses. Two years of exca­ has been substantially logged over the last obtained three carbon dates that place the vations have now been completed, and the century, the forests have regrown. From a occupation of the site to between roughly following sections detail both the exca­ boat on the pass the site locale looks very 2,200 and I ,400 years ago (Mitchell vations themselves and the underlying much like it probably did two millennia 1971). theoretical approach that drove the earlier-tall cedars and a few arbutus lin­ With the alteration oflarge areas of the project. ing a gravel beach with a Douglas fir­ BC coastline by both human and natural Household Archaeology: dominated forest in behind. Back then, the processes, the remains of prehistoric vi 1- forest enclosed a substantial village; to­ Iage sites are now rare. If Mitchell's car­ The Objectives day the remains of this village lie subtly bon dates are correct, occupation of the An archaeologist must approach the ex­ beneath the forest understory. village occurred during the Marpole phase cavation of houses much differently than The significance of the Dionisio Point of Northwest Coast prehistory. Few vil­ other archaeological remains. Middens, village site was clear during my initial vis­ lage sites of this particular age are known ubiquitous on the coast, generally are ac­ its in 1996. Here, visible in the surface to exist in southwestern BC; R.G. Matson cumulations of refuse-artifacts, animal topography, were five large, rectangular and Gary Coupland (1995:208) list only bones, shell, and other materials-which five, with the total ris­ are used up and discarded. In most cases, ing to six if the Tualdad midden materials have been removed and Altu site near Seattle is re-deposited away from the area in which SCALE la20 000 they were used, and may no longer be as­ t\ C:lr.ce included. The Dionisio ZCO ' 2C?C 400 600 100 1000 IZC:l I4:KJ \\[lltt Point site is thus a rare sociated with other artifacts with which specimen, and presents they were used. That is, they are no longer Figure 1. Map a unique opportunity to in primary context. The remains ofhouses showing the investigate village life offer the potential for investigating pre­ location ofthe during the Marpole historic domestic activities in the place Dionisio Point site where those activities occurred. Of (DgRv 3) on · phase in the Gulf Is­ course, we cannot assume that we will fmd Parlier Pass at the lands. ~",;;~~ci DgRv 3 a moment or moments frozen in time; north end of In the months follow­ Galiano Island. ing my initial visit in Pompeii and Ozette are exceptions rather 1996, I developed a than the rule. The reality is that archaeo­ Vi:-cc;o. ecsc::~wlt: wRcce logical materials found in houses can be a Ro:;k P.ccJc --ft" Point two-year excavation mixture ofmaterials in primary or second­ 'R~:~~ L/gl;,'liov strategy to investigate ...... ary context, with perhaps some introduced ~ Romulus Vlrago .db, the site. This project be­ , ' ..R .. r Pol:-~t came the Dionisio Point refuse thrown in, all of which may have ...' Q been subject to disturbance from post­ ll.. Household Archaeol­ ogy Project. At its core, abandonment activities. Sorting out the the project focused on situation makes the investigation ofhouses reconstructing house­ challenging. hold organization at the

The Midden 31/1 5 What is productive about excavating is a fundamental objective of household social systems coupled with a hunting and houses, however, is that there is a defmed archaeology, and one that pushes us to gathering economy. In many coastal space- the house interior-in which we study not just houses but the people who groups, social status was emphasized to can frame our observations. Within this inhabited them. the extent that people were organized into frame of reference, we can look to recover In most societies the household is a ba­ distinct social classes. The class to which evidence of what activities took place, sic unit of economic and social activity. It a person belonged was a salient factor how intensively, and where. Through ar- is an institution that meets many of the ba­ determining what economic, social, and . chaeological excavation, we can then put sic needs of its members. The composi­ political opportuni.ties that individual had. together some basic understanding of how tion of the household, and how it is or­ How did the household fit into this sys­ a house was constructed, where people ganized to fill its members' basic needs, tem? Were large households composed of slept, where they cooked their meals, and is intimately linked to broader patterns of people or families of different social the other productive activities in which social and economic organization within classes? If so, was this always the case? household members were engaged. a society. In a lecture for the ASBC, I If not, when did unequal relations first de­ Beyond the reconstruction process, showed a number of slides of modern velop, and for what reason? Is the under­ studying the form and layout of the house houses, apartments, and condos to illus­ lying reason for social inequality an eco­ allows us to investigate the relationships trate just this point. In our modem indus­ nomic or a social one, or both? existing between the people that lived trial society, small nuclear family house­ Engaging these kinds of questions al­ there. Ethnographic study informs us that holds inhabiting single family dwellings lows household archaeology to be a vehi­ large Northwest Coast" plank houses usu­ are common. This situation exists, at least cle for the study of larger patterns of or­ ally consisted of a number of co-residing in part, because it suits the larger economic ganization in societies. The household is nuclear or composite families, and that organization of our society. With the ad­ one of the fundamental organizing insti­ while often related by kin, individual fami­ vent of intensive urbanism, cars, and fac­ tutions in almost all societies. If we can lies usually inhabited separate sections of tories, the economic and social role of the come to understand the organization of the the house. Cohabitation was generally, large, extended family of more rural, household at various times in the past, then though not entirely, for the purpose of agrarian times has been largely displaced. we will be a few steps closer to recon­ pooling resources and labour to make a While a bit of a simplification, the point structing the history of Northwest Coast living. The coastal environment offers that house architecture and the composi­ First Nations over the last I 0,000 years. tion of a household are linked to the abundant resources if you have the labour The Dionisio Point Excavations and technology (and time) to obtain them. broader organization of the economy and With those theoretical notions in hand, By studying what activities occurred in the social relations is also relevant to our un­ excavations were conducted at the house and what resources were compo­ derstanding of prehistoric Northwest Dionisio Point site for six weeks in I 997 nents of the household economy, we can Coast groups. One interesting aspect of and 12 weeks in 1998. Over these two get some sense of the economic, social, Northwest Coast societies that has in­ field seasons, many people, paid and un­ and political relationships that existed trigued ethnographers and archaeologists paid, lent their assistance to make the among household members. Indeed, this is that coastal cultures had very complex

Dionisio Point Village (DgRv 3) --Surface Map

Figure 2. Surface map ofthe house depressions at Dionisio Point site showing our field numbering system for the houses. House 2 was the subject ofsubstantial excavations in 1998.

6 The Midden 31/1 project successful. I can write no further without extending sincere thanks and ap­ House 2 Layout preciation to them all. The excavations in 1997 sampled House 2 and House 5 (see figure 2 for House 'BACK' rr house numbering) in a preliminary way. In 1998 I gathered together a large team to open . . . . . up excavation units in House 2. House 2 had been selected for intensive excava­ tion because the number of artifacts re­ covered in 1997 suggested that further work in House 2 would provide the data necessary to answer some of the questions outlined for the project. Because it was not possible to excavate the entire house, ~house the excavation strategy was designed to outline sample a number of areas of the house , ...... = hearth interior. We wanted to get a sense of which r\, . .::.. ,·, ~: _.. artifacts were occurring where in the Gravel Benc.1 'FRONT cr hoLse house, and also to put together a reason­ able map ofthe house interior layout. A (?each-facing) number of2-x-2m units arranged into se­ ries of contiguous trenches suited these Figure 3. Schematic map of House 2 showing the locaiion ofexcavation units and goals. major house interior features. Courtesy Colin Grier · By the end of the 1998 field season, we had excavated just under a 50 percent sam­ occupation of the house the floor surface Marpole occupation of House 2; I have ple of the roughly 200m2 House 2 (figure was cleaned, levelled, filled, and other­ obtained two carbon dates from hearth 3). The information and material culture wise refurbished and modified. The result charcoal that confirm a I ,800-1 ,500 yea,; recovered were useful, intriguing, and at is that the stratigraphy of a house often age for this lower occupation. The upper times surprising. In general, we were able amounts to a series ofsuperimposed floors layer may represent a re-occupation and to establish the location of the house inte­ that are only partially preserved. Second, major reconstruction of House 2, perhaps rior-exterior boundary, and to reconstruct after abandonment, floors are disturbed by after a short hiatus in occupation. While I and map the basic spatial layout of the subsequent human activity, roots and bur­ have yet to date the upper occupation interior (figure 3). Numerous postholes, rowing animals, and natural soil develop­ layer, artifacts suggest it may date to as hearths, and pit features were identified, ment processes. Thus, to expect a single, late as the Marpole to Gulf of Georgia and we uncovered a large two-tiered intact "floor" to exist across the entire transition- a transition Brian Thorn has gravel bench along the front edge of the house is in many cases an ambitious and recently discussed in The MIDDEN house running from approximately the potentially misleading assumption. (vol.30, no.2, 1998). centre through to its eastern end. This At Dionisio Point, the preservation The number of artifacts recovered from bench was probably part of a long, linear overall is excellent, but even so we en­ House 2 is impressive. Most of the ex­ series of interior benches or sleeping plat­ countered primarily patchy, spatially re­ pended tools and manufacturing or food forms abutting the exterior wall. Large, stricted remnants of old floor surfaces. processing debris would have been swept charcoal-rich, stratified hearths were The depth and location of these remnant up and eventually removed from the house found in various areas of the house inte­ floor surfaces were indicated by the depth as part of long-term house maintenance rior, perhaps marking the loci of distinct ofhearths, ash, shell and charcoal lenses, strategy. There is an impression among family living spaces. and other features that when in use must coast archaeologists that if you are inter­ ested in recovering artifacts, don't look When considering house excavation, it have rested on the active floor surface. for them in houses. However, we recov­ may seem immediately obvious that one Also, a localized collection of artifacts should try to locate the floor upon which lying flat on their sides proved to be a good ered a substantial number of artifacts, people lived, and upon which the mate­ indicator of the existence ofremnant floor many of which were still in usable condi­ rial remains of their activities should lie. surfaces, even in cases where the surfaces tion. This suggests that the abandonment However, for a few reasons this is not al­ themselves were not distinguishable from of the house at various points in time may ways a straightforward task, and in some the surrounding soil matrix. have been relatively rapid. cases is not even possible. First, floors Through these clues we were able to The artifacts recovered from House 2 were likely made of earth in these houses, identify two cultural layers that corre­ represent a wide variety of household ac­ though sometimes covered with mats or spond to two major occupation periods. tivities. These artifacts include manufac­ even planked. It is typical that over the The lower layer represents an intensive turing and food processing tools (adze blades, antler wedges, bifaces, slate

The Midden 31/1 7 knives), nine projectile points of various and/or specializing in the hunting of spe­ son occupation. The presence of a sub­ sizes, barbed bone points (including one cific resources. stantial number of herring bones at the site robust, collared example in the typical Another important piece of information does indicate that the residents remained Marpole style), and numerous small bone that will hopefully come from these faunal at the village until at least the herring were points and hi-points. We also recovered materials is the season in which the house running in early spring. However, this does one of the enigmatic Gulf Island was occupied. This information will help not mean that people were following ex­ 'whatsits', two labrets, two incised stone us to understand how the villages site, with actly the same pattern I ,500 years ago, and bowls (figure 4), and upwards of 3,000 its relatively high investment in architec­ ethnographic information should be con­ shale and sandstone beads. The distribu­ tural facilities, fits into the seasonal, spa­ sidered as a model to test against the ar­ tion and specific provenience of a few of tial movements of the inhabitants. In the chaeological record rather than an expla­ these items is suggestive. Both stone bowls past few centuries, patterns of movement nation in and of itself. Looking at shell were found upright in their normal use for southern Gulf Island and southeast growth rings should allow us to further position, perhaps exactly where refine the season of occupation the house occupants left them. at Dionisio Point. Red ochre residue is observable Overall, the diverse and abun­ on one of the bowls, suggesting a dant materials recovered from the ceremonial use for the preparation houses at Dionisio Point forces or storage ofan ochre-based prod­ us to consider the household as uct. A few beads were found scat­ an intensive productive enter­ tered throughout the house inte­ prise, organized to pool labour rior, but the great majority, almost and increase the productivity and 3,000, came from a single pit fea­ wealth ·of the household. How­ ture adjacent to the large hearth ever, it does not necessarily fol­ in the centre of the house. It is un­ low that the products of house­ clear whether these beads were a hold labour were distributed to cache of loose beads or the re­ every household member equally. mains of one or more pieces of The southern BC Coast mortuary adornment (such as a necklace). record inform us that significant Analysis of the artifacts and status differentiation was present their distributions across the at least as early as the Marpole house floor is still in the prelimi­ phase, and probably existed in nary stage, but the quantity and some form well before then nature of these artifacts offers the (Matson and Coupland potential to significantly inform 1995:21 0). Households may then our understanding of Marpole have been organized in order to household organization. Since promote and/or maintain inequal­ many artifacts (e.g. the labrets, ity, with certain individuals pro­ beads, and the two stone bowls) moting and using their positions have implications for the status of of status to obtain greater control their owners, we may also be able Figure 4. One of the two incised stone bowls recovered from over household resources. If the to make inferences concerning the House 2. A carbon sample from immediately beside the bowl Dionisio Point materials can status (and thus access to social was dated, producing an age of 15 70 ± 70 years B. P. show that the distribution of re- and material resources) that vari­ (WSU 5033). Courtesy Colin Grier. sources within households was ous individuals or families co-re- unequal, we will have identified siding in the house may have had. Vancouver Island groups included winter­ an important dimension of how inequal­ Faunal materials were exceptionally ing in large village sites. A more mobile ity was structured in Northwest Coast so­ well preserved. We have recovered a di­ pattern was pursued from spring to fall that cieties. verse array of fish bone (many of which ultimately took Island groups to the Fraser As I mentioned, analysis of data from appear to be herring vertebrae), bird bone, River to fish . Large quantities offish were the excavations is in progress, so at this land and sea mammal bone, and shell. Ini­ caught and dried on the Fraser, and sub­ juncture I have no substantial conclusions tial examination ofthis material shows that sequently brought back to support to offer. The Dionisio Point excavations sea lion bone pccurs exclusively in the populations over the winter in large vil­ are geared toward providing us with a west end of the house, though the strength lages in the Islands (Burley I 989:46-50; better footing to answer some of these of that pattern has yet to be corroborated. Rozen 1985). "big" questions about the nature ofNorth­ Conversely, shell predominates in the east­ If we assume that the ethnographic pat­ west Coast social systems in the past. But ern end. Mapping these distributions will tern has some relevance for understand­ the process starts small, with a collection be helpful in sorting out whether differ­ ing when the Dionisio Point houses were of artifacts, animal bones, and spatial in­ ent families in the house were consuming occupied, then we might infer a winter sea- formation. The evidence obtained through

8 The Midden 31/1 archaeology is, by its nature, partial and indirect. Rather than providing watertight answers to complex, difficult questions, FIELD NOTES the inferences we produce from empiri­ cal research are more akin to informed hy­ potheses for which we struggle to fmd evi­ ACTIVITIES OF ANTIQUUS production, refurbishing, and recycling of dence to reject or accept. I am confident ARCHAEOLOGICAL simple flake tools associated with tradi­ that the Dionisio Point site will provide at CONSULTANTS IN 1998 AND tional plant harvesting and processing. least partial answers to some important EARLY 1999. Indeed, unformed utilized flakes are the questions, and that further work at the site MIKE RousSEAU writes that Antiquus Ar­ primary tool type, and there is an obvious will bring us closer to understanding pre­ chaeological Consultants primarily under­ scarcity of complete and fragmented historic lifeways on the coast. took impact assessment (AlA) studies, a formed tools when compared to contem­ porary "low-altitude" sites. Several Acknowledgments few small overviews, and two detailed bifaces and biface fragments were also re­ This project would not have been possi­ excavations during 1998 and the first covered; they appear to be general-pur­ ble without the keen interest and support months of 1999. Most AlA studies were pose knives. A few diagnostic projectile of the Penelakut Tribe. To them, and par­ done for the forest industry; specifically, points were recovered, signifying that ticularly Chiefs Jill Harris and Randy for harvesting blocks and access roads in some hunting also took place, but it does James, as well as Frank Norris, Robert the Chilcotin, Lakes, Mid-Coast, Prince not appear to have been the primary ac­ Laing, and Neil Miller, I offer sincere Rupert, and Quesnel Forest Districts. tivity of the site's inhabitants. Three ra­ thanks. The 1997 excavations at Dionisio Smaller AlA projects were mostly for pri­ diocarbon dates from EcRj 15 confirm Point were made possible through grants vate subdivisions or commercial develop­ Late Period occupations; however, a from the Graduate Research Support Of­ ments, but a gravel quarry was also in­ sparsely represented and somewhat unin­ fice at Arizona State University and the spected. Several archaeological overview formative earlier component of unknoWn British Columbia Heritage Trust. The studies (AOA) were conducted for forest temporal affiliation was also identified 1998 excavations were funded by the Na­ companies and some private subdivisions. within Area 5. Additionally, the base of a tional Science Foundation, Washington, While the majority of investigations were Lehman Phase obliquely-side-notched DC and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for undertaken in central and interior south­ point was recovered, though no other di­ Anthropological Research, New York, central BC, Antiquus also accepted some rect evidence for a component of this age NY. I thank these organizations for their small forestry-related projects on the cen­ was noted. Historic period remains were generous support. tral and northern coast, as well as a few AlAs in the lower Fraser River valley. also recovered; they relate to camps es­ References Cited Antiquus was lucky enough to under­ tablished for the original construction of Burley, David V. 1989 Senewelets: Cu!ture take archaeological investigations at two the dam in the late I 800s, as well as vari­ History ofthe Nanaimo Coast Salish and prehistoric pithouse villages. The first ous upgrading events in the early 1900s. the False Narrows Midden. Royal British project was at EcRj 15, which was to be Antiquus also worked with the St6:lo Columbia Museum Memoir No. 2., Vic­ impacted by upgrading of the Botanie Nation on another excavation at prehis­ toria. toric pithouse village and fishing site Matson, R.G. and Gary Coupland 1995 Lake Dam. The site lies at the south end DgRk 10, in January of 1999. The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. Aca­ of Botanie Lake, about 17 km northeast demic Press, New York. of Lytton. This upland setting is locally "Allison Pool" site is situated beside the Mitchell, Donald H. 1971 The Dionisio Point renowned for its plant resources, fishing, Chilliwack River, about 15 km southeast site and Gulf Island culture history. and hunting. The archaeological project of Chilliwack. The river is famous for its Syesis 4: 145-168. was an initiative of the Lytton First Na­ prolific salmon and steelhead runs that Rozen, David L. 1985 Place-Names ofthe tion. Excavations in the primary area of persist throughout the year, and its valley Island Halkomelem Indian People. Un­ the site (Area 5) -which lay within a pro­ supports a variety of potential plant re­ published MA Thesis, Department of posed spillway channel- revealed at least sources. Excavations within and outside Anthropology and Sociology, University of two small but well-defined housepit two small, shallow ovoid dwelling depres­ of British Columbia, Vancouver. depressions revealed that the site was oc­ sions, interpreted to be the foundations of mat lodges. They were repeatedly re-oc­ cupied on numerous occasions during the cupied during the latter part of the Pla­ Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 3,000 to 200 teau Pithouse Tradition, (ca. 2,400 to 200 B.P.). Further information will be avail­ B.P.), as indicated by diagnostic projec­ able by mid-1999, pending detailed analy­ tile points, lithic raw material types, and sis and reporting. radiocarbon dates. The lithic assemblage For the past year's fieldwork, Antiquus Colin Grier is currently a PhD candidate engaged archaeologists Kelly Bush, David at Arizona State University. He has is interesting, in that thousands of very undertaken archaeological research in small small core reduction and tool pro­ Crellin, Joanne Curtin, Paul Ewonus, the Canadian Arctic, Alberta, US duction flakes were recovered. Rousseau Simon Kaltenrieder, Michael McCoy, Pe­ Southwest, and Germany prior to his suggests that these represent extensive ter Merchant, Monty Mitchell, Jim work on the southern BC Coast. Spafford, and Mike Will. In addition,

The Midden 31/1 9 many First Nations administrators and during these assessments. Eighty-five Kwantlen, Kwa-Wa-Aineuk, Lax­ fieldworkers worked with us. They include archaeological sites were identified and Kw'alaams, Lhatako dene, Little folks from the Alexis Creek Band, Broman recorded, including lithic scatters, isolated Shuswap, Mount Currie, Mowachaht/ Lake Band, Burns Lake Indian Band, finds, cultural depressions, CMTs, and Muchalaht, Musqueam, NAMGIS, Heiltsuk Nation, Gwa'Sala historic habitations. Nat'oot'en, Nazko, Neskonlith, North Nakwaxda'xw Indian Band, Lake Sabine In 1998, ARCAS conducted work for Thompson, Oweekeno, Pacheedaht, Band, Lax-Kw'laams Band, Lheidli three oil and gas sector clients in north­ Sechelt, Skeetchestn, Sliammon, T'enneh Band, Lytton First Nation, Nazko eastern BC. Impact assessments were un­ Squamish, Tanakteuk, Tl'azt'en, Band Government, Nee Tahi Buhn Band, dertaken for 12 well sites or other devel­ Tl 'etinqox-t'in, Tlowitsis-Mumtagila, Nuxalk Indian Band, Oweekeno Nation, opment areas, as well as 4.94 km of T _i Del Del, Tsleil-waututh, Ucluelet, Saik'uz First Nation, Skin Tyee Band, pipeline extensions. A single site was Uchucklesaht, Ulkatcho, Whispering Skwah Band, Sliammon Native Council, identified during these projects. Pines, Williams Lake, Xat'sull, Xeni Spallumcheen Band, St6:lo ation, Stone Impact assessments and overviews for Gwet'in, Yekooche, and Yune_it'in First Indian Band, Tsay Keh Dene, restricted-area developments were con­ Nations. i Wet'suwet'en Tribal Organization, and ducted for a variety of private landown­ I Xeni Gwet'in First Nations Government. ers, BC Parks, the District of Squamish, ACTIVITIES OF EQUINOX Fraser Valley Regional District, and in­ ACTIVITIES OF ARCAS RESEARCH AND CONSULTING dustrial developers. Of particular interest IN 1998 CONSULTING were an ongoing impact assesssment for ARCHEOLOGISTS IN 1998 the proposed Skytrain extension from IAN FRANCK writes that the bulk of work

RicHARD BROLLY reports that new or con­ Vancouver- Burnaby-New Westminster, conducted by Equinox Research in 1998 tinued projects conducted by Areas Con­ and an assessment for a proposed quarry continued to be·focused on archaeologi­ sulting Archeologists in 1998 included the near Ashcroft. A total of II new sites were cal impact assessments, preliminary field usual mix ofarchaeological impact assess­ identified during the latter project, includ­ reconnaissances, and overviews for · the ments, development-specific overviews, ing one with extensive cultural deposits forest industry. This work predominantly GIS-based archaeological potential underlying Mazama ash. Nineteen addi­ took place within the Salmon Arm Forest overviews, some archaeological survey tional sites were identified or relocated District, with a lesser amount in the Lakes training programs for First Nations com­ during the other projects conducted in the Forest District. A single project was also munities and displaced forestry workers, past year. undertaken for the Clearwater Forest Dis­ and a slide-cataloguing project for the During 1998, Areas continued to de­ trict. One small mitigative project was Royal British Columbia Museum. velop past partnerships and working re­ conducted on the shores of Little Shuswap As in years past, forest-industry impact lationships with many First Nations Lake, on the Quaaout IR near Squilax. The assessments dominated ARCAS activities communities. As in previous years, a remainder of Equino.x's 1998 work con­ in 1997. Fewer coastal forestry projects number of forestry projects and research sisted of small impact assessments and were located on Vancouver Island, but studies were conducted in partnership overviews in the Lower Mainland and more were conducted on the North Coast with or under contract to First Nations. upper Fraser Valley areas, particularly for in 1998. A small numbers of assessments Areas employed First Nations field as­ the St6:lo Nation. were also done in the Sunshine Coast, sistants from the Adams Lake, Blue­ A total of 26 new archaeological sites Howe Sound, Squamish River valley, berry, Bonaparte, Broman Lake, Canim were recorded in 1998. Culturally modi­ Desolation Sound, and Johnstone Strait Lake, Canoe Creek, Cheslatta, Cow­ fied trees were associated with 12 of these sites, two contained housepit and cache areas. A total of 116 forestry development ichan, Ditidaht, 'Esdilagh, Haisla, High pit depressions, and two were historic areas were inspected, resulfing in the iden­ Bar, Kamloops, Kitkatla, Klahoose, tification and recording of 61 archaeologi­ camps. The remaining sites were com­ I prised mainly of small lithic scatters or cal sites. A few of these were middens, ARCAS is offering the Richard P. isolated artifacts. Eight sites were also l but most were CMT sites, of which DkSp Drolly Prize in Archaeology at SFU (Ri­ chard's alma mater) and the D. Geordie 44 on Nootka Island is believed to be the recorded as part of Ian Franck's MA re­ Howe Prize in Archaeology at UBC search on alpine and subalpine environ­ largest known coastal forest utilization site (Geordie's alma mater). These awards, ments in the North Cascades. These in­ (n=2,062). in recognition of Richard's and Geor­ c luded two huckleberry-processing Most of the Interior forestry effort was die's contributions to consulting archae­ trenches, an isolated projectile point, and within the Chilcotin Forest District, ology in BC, are being offered on the a small Hozomeen Chert quarry at 2,000 though projects also took place in the occasion of their lOth anniversary of m asl. Clearwater, Horsefly, Lakes, Kamloops, continuous service at ARCAS. The Equinox Research hires archaeologists I 00 Mile House, Quesnel, and Vanderhoof awards are student paper prizes in the primarily on a project-by-project basis, Forrest Districts. Assessments were con­ amount of$350 and will be awarded at the end of the current term. ARCAS is relying heavily upon First Nations person­ ducted for 16 timber companies and/or the grateful to David Pokotylo at UBC and nel as field assistants. A total of 15 First Ministry of Forests. A total of 12,939 ha Philip Dobler at SFU for their assist­ Nations assistants were employed at one of forestry development areas and 83 km ance in making these prizes possible. time or another. of proposed access roads were inspected

10 The Midden 31/1 ACTIVITIES OF GOLDER anthracite (i.e. coal) bead and the basal Millennia Research completed report­ ASSOCIATES IN 1998 portion of a faceted ground slate point ing of the Early/Middle Prehistoric site were also recovered, from the surface of EdRa 14, excavated in the Interior Pla­ ANDREW MASON reports that archaeolo­ the site. Subsurface features include sev­ teau near Kamloops. Artifacts typical of gists at Golder Associates' Burnaby of­ eral concentrations of ash and a cairn the Early Nesikep phase were recovered, fice completed a variety of projects in burial. which makes this site only the third from 1998, including a 3-year inventory of ar­ Golder Associates also undertook miti­ this period ever to be formally excavated. chaeological sites in Clayoquot Sound, a gative excavations at archaeological site Two radiocarbon dates, 5,750 B.P. and survey of four watersheds on the Sunshine D!Rj 9, south of the Nahatlatch River in 4,940 B.P., suggest that the site dates to Coast, and an inventory of aboriginal trails the Fraser Canyon. The project focused near the end of this period. There is also in the Fraser Canyon. In addition, four on data recovery from some disturbed a Lochnore or Lehman Phase component mitigative excavations were conducted at pithouse features. Systematic surface sur­ present at the site. Some 831 microblades sites on the east coast of Vancouver Is­ vey, mapping, artifact recovery, and sub­ were recovered. About I 00 tools or land, in the Fraser Canyon, and in NW surface testing were conducted prior to the formed artifacts were found, along with Washington. The results of these excava­ excavation. Reports suggested that some 12,000 lithic flakes. The small amount of tions are summarized below. of the cultural features had been looted, faunal remains recovered indicate exploi­ Archaeological site DISh 6 is located and such illicit collecting may have con­ tation of a wide range of resources by gen­ near the Oyster River on the east coast of tributed to the relatively low number of eralized foragers. Eggshell fragments sug­ Vancouver Island. The site is an inland artifacts recovered during the excavation. gest a spring occupation. Arguments lithic scatter, believed to represent a camp Recovery of three artifacts attributed to between various authorities regarding the used by a small group of hunters in the the Lochnore phase (5,500 to 3,500 B.P.), existence and meaning of two nearly con­ summer and/or fall. Charcoal from one of together with a radiocarbon date of2,400 temporaneous phases-Lochnore and two hearths identified has been dated to ± 60 B.P. from a hearth feature in one of Lehman-were explored. It was. noted the late Locarno Beach/early Marpole the houses, suggests that DIRj 9 was con­ that the prime difference between the two period (2,630 ±50 B.P.). Lithic reduction tinuously or periodically occupied for at phases is based on approaches to biface activities were primarily focused on least the last 5,500 years. manufacturing stye, with Lochnore bifaces processing basalt and chert, using distinct Most recently, Golder Associates com­ having thick cross-sections and coarse strategies for each material. Analysis in­ pleted an excavation at a large midden site flaking, and Lehman bifaces being thin dicates that basalt was used in a wide range ( 45WH 17) on Semiahmoo Spit in Blaine, and well-made. Lithic raw materials used of reduction activities. In contrast, chert Washington. This location is known to for the former are almost invariably rela­ is principally represented in later reduc­ have been the primary winter village site tively coarse-grained, while Lehman tion stages, suggesting the production of of the Semiahmoo First Nation. A geo­ stoneworkers preferred fme-grained stone. both expedient and formed tools. Limited physical survey was completed in advance The two phases share some unusual traits, late-stage reduction of obsidian was also of the excavation, to help identify dis­ especially striking-platform or cortex­ carried out. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) turbed areas of the property, buried utili­ based bifaces. It is suggested that, rather analysis indicates the obsidian originates ties and the depth of cultural deposits. At than alien cultures with totally different from the "Bums A" source in central Or­ least three small postholes, as well as sev­ cultural and economic bases sharing such egon, extending the known archaeologi­ eral ash concentrations and shell dumps, an unusual technological trait, the appar­ cal distribution of this lithic raw material. were identified during the excavation. ent differences may result from adapta­ Mitigative excavations were also con­ Recovered artifacts include 13 antler tions to different raw materials, in tum ducted on Vancouver Island at the Buckley wedges, six antler tine tools, a ground slate differentially available during different Bay site (DjSf 13), near the community point, a pebble spa II tool, a piece esquillee, seasons. I of Courtenay. The site is, a single-compo­ a tooth pendant, and numerous bone tools. A study on behalf of Skeena Sawmills nent village dating to the Marpole period. Cultural materials associated with this site Ltd. included the selection and analysis \ Faunal remains indicate that the site was range from 4,000 years ago to the 1800s. of CMT samples from two cut blocks lo­ occupied year-round, but used most inten­ cated near Bish Creek, on Kitimat Arm. sively during the spring and summer. Ex­ The site was comprised of a large number cavations yielded a very low density of of aboriginally-logged features, as well as artifacts, with just six artifacts recovered ACTIVITIES OF MILLENNIA bark-strips, found on old-growth cedar 3 (0.39/m ). They include two obsidian RESEARCH IN 1998 trees. Approximately 115 CMTs (84 bark­ microblades (one complete and one frag­ stripp~d and 3 I logged) were noted or re­ mentary), the distal portion of a chert pro­ MoRLEY ELDRIDGE writes that in 1998, corded by Millennia within small portions jectile point, . a fragmentary bird bone Millennia Research undertook over 790 of previously-recorded sites FITe II and drinking tube, and two sandstone abrad­ projects for a wide variety of clients, prin­ FIRe 12 (which are probably contiguous). ers (one formed and the other unformed). cipally provincial and federal government The trees are located 0.5 to 1.6 km inland Using XRF, the microblade fragment was departments, First Nations, and the forest and at I 00 to 150 m as!. A total of 54 sourced to the Mackenzie Pass locality of industry. Four particularly interesting CMTs were marked for sampling, and of­ the Central Coast. Two fragments of an projects are briefly summarized below. ten more than one feature was present,

The Midden 31 /1 11 resulting in the potential for 75 to I 00 A major project, undertaken for B.C. ACTIVITIES OF TRACES harvesting dates. However, due mainly Gas Utilities Ltd., involved coordination ARCHAEOLOGICAL to the great age and poor health of many ofthe archaeological investigations for the RESEARCH AND CONSULTING of the cedar trees, only 24 samples sur­ Southern Crossing Pipeline between IN 1998 vived falling, sorting, bucking, and ship­ Oliver and Yahk. This second year of the ping. These 24 samples provided calen­ project was undertaken in conjunction FRANK CRAJG and NICOLE JACKMAN write dar dates for 22 features/events, which with Wayne Choquette (independent con­ that TRACES Archaeological Research proved to range in age from about A.D. sultant) and Martin Handly and Rob and Consulting Ltd. conducted nine ar­ 1575 to A.D. 1894. Lackowicz (Kutenai West Heritage Con­ chaeological projects during 1998. All of Millennia Research performed a burial sulting). In addition, Points West was in­ these were within the Nechako Plateau of recovery project north ofSpences Bridge, volved with Stan Copp (Itkus Heritage Central Interior BC, and all were resource on behalf of CP Rail and the Cook's Ferry Consulting), in the assessment ofcompres­ management studies concerned with pro­ Band. The remains of four individuals sor station locations for this pipeline posed forestry operations. The projects were located and reburied. These indi­ project. Representatives of the Ktunaxa included two systematic CMT data col­ viduals date to the proto-historic period Nation, Sinixt-Arrow Lakes First Nation, lection studies, as well as site inventories and include a neonate interred with an the Osoyoos Indian Band, and the Upper and impact assessments. TRACES also abundance of grave inclusions and an ex­ Similkameen Indian Band assisted with participated in archaeological training tremely large dog. these investigations. workshops for Ministry of Forest staff and Further work in Cook's Ferry territory A number of smaller projects were also forest industry personnel in the included impact assessments for forestry completed in BC. One was an overview Vanderhoof and Prince George Forest developments within the Murray and assessment for a proposed mine located Districts, to provide a better understand­ Twaal [Creek] watersheds west ofSpences near Revelstoke. The second involved the ing of archaeology and cultural resource Bridge, at elevations ranging from I ,200 detailed assessment of an archaeological management to these stakeholder groups. m.to 1,700 mas!. Ongoing survey ofthe site near Fort Steele and the third was was The field projects entailed survey of 137 forested slopes of middle and high eleva­ an inventory and impact assessment oftwo individual study areas, primarily logging tion watersheds between the Thompson proposed bridge relocations near Golden. blocks and woodlots. A total of 116 new and Fraser Rivers over a four-year period Members of the Ktunaxa Nation assisted sites were recorded. Ofthese , 92 are CMT has resulted in the location of33 archaeo­ with the inventory. Inventories and impact sites (24 of which pre-date 1846). The logical sites related to resource extraction assessments were also undertaken in Port others include 13 lithic scatters represent­ (approximately one site located per 40 ha Moody and near Okanagan Falls. Mem­ ing short-term occupation or activities, of survey). The majority of these sites bers of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation, seven cultural depression sites, a new sec­ include cambium-stripped pine trees as­ Squamish Nation, and the Penticton In­ tion of a major aboriginal/historic trail, sociated with trails and camps, as well as dian Band assisted with these projects. and a multiple-use site comprised of sub-· hunting, and plant gathering and process­ In the central Northwest Territories, two surface lithics, cultural depression, and ing. projects were undertaken. This was the CMTs, interpreted as an intensively oc­ fifth consecutive year for a diamond mine cupied, late winter-spring village. ACTIVITIES OF POINTS WEST located near Lac de Gras (approximately Again in 1998, forest utilization sites HERITAGE CONSULTING IN 300 km northeast of Yellowknife). Ten dominated the identified cultural materi­ new archaeological sites and four tradi­ als. They represent over I 0,000 individual 1998 tional sites were located; in total, 126 have CMTs, predominantly pine-cambium JEAN BussEY reports Points West con­ been recorded. Representatives of the stripping scars. Based on the high fre­ ducted archaeological investigations in Dogrib and Yellowknives Dene First Na­ quency of cambium-stripped CMTs re­ BC and the Northwest Territories. Most tions, including a number of elders, as­ corded in the Central Interior over past projects involved two experienced archae­ sisted with field investigations. Of particu­ seasons, it is quite conceivable that the ologists and a local assistant. In BC, work lar note is the fact that the Arctic Small pine-cambium stripping scar is the most was conducted for a number of forestry Tool tradition was confirmed in the study common CMT in BC. clients in the Penticton and Fort Nelson area in 1998. The second NWT project A new survey methodology for sam­ Forest Districts and for three gas and oil involved an overview assessment for a pling and recording extensive CMT sites clients in northeastern BC; all but one were proposed diamond mine, followed by the was developed and effectively deployed archaeological inventory and impact as­ initiation of field investigations; the latter for the investigations of two significant sessments. Representatives of the follow­ were prematurely terminated because of sites in 1998. The first was an exception­ ing First Natio!ls were employed on a the onset of winter. This project will be ally large pre-1846 forest utilization site project-specific basis: Fort Nelson Indian completed early in the 1999 season. where 3,020 CMTs were tallied of an es­ Band, Halfway River First Nation, timated total of 7,200-8,400. The other Osoyoos Indian Band, Penticton Indian CMT site was associated with an impor­ Band, Prophet River Indian Band, Upper tant aboriginal trail. Similkameen Indian Band, and Westbank The pine-cambium-stripping classifica­ First Nation. tion scheme originally defined by Arne

12 The Midden 31/1 Carlson was corroborated by the 1998 in the stand having at least one scar on it. N BEHALF OF ALL PAST AND PRESENT findings. The first is the "Travel or Trail Recorded CMT densities range between O TRACES employees we would Type." CMTs at such sites commonly oc­ approximately 30 to 130 per hectare. like to extend our deepest sympathies cur in relatively small clusters, distributed These large sites are interpreted as evi­ to all family and friends of Arne and in zones between 20 and I 00 m wide and dence of intensive cambium-harvesting, Lesley. Arne was a receptive and gen­ centred on or near a trail, or natural travel which product was carried back to settle­ erous employer. He was able to make route such as a lakeshore or wetland mar­ ments, and perhaps preserved for later potentially monotonous -.york forever gin. Functionally, such sites are interpreted consumption. Scar dates from these large interesting. He had exemplary ethics as representing harvest and immediate use sites tend to span 30-to-50-year intervals, and was a motivational force to all of of cambium which was eaten on the spot. and multiple scars are frequently present, us. Arne's parting words at the begin­ Scar dates obtained from .these sites tend representing repeated use of the site. There ning of each day of fieldwork were to to be tightly clustered. The second CMT are many challenges still to be addressed "find sites." site is the "Cambium Harvest Area Type", with such sites, notably in terms of what Arne and Lesley treated us like family. wherein up to thousands of CMTs can be constitutes appropriate levels of cultural We shared their cabin in the summer, scattered throughout an extensive area. resource management in relation to tim­ cooked Thanksgiving dinners with Such sites are found within approximately ber-harvesting developments. them, and celebrated every birthday in 5 or I 0 km of permanent or semi-perma­ Frank and Nicole go on to provide the some way. They even rented and fur­ nent villages, and also commonly within following dedication to the Memory of nished a house to provide us with a 5 or I 0 km oflarge lakes. These large sites Arne and Lesley Carlson, originally read home away from home during the are perhaps better described as "culturally at their memorial service at UNBC (Prince field seasons. modified forests," in which it is not un­ George) on 8 January 1999: Arne and Lesley will be deeply common to find virtually every pine tree missed by all. FIND SITES!

Howie Alexis, Frank Craig, Curtis George, Nicole Jackman, Vandy Boyer, Remi Farvaque, Mary Quirolo, Dave Cruz, Paul Prince, Lisa Rankin, Rick James, .Amanda Smashnuk, Jackie Mitchell, Derek Bliss, Jim Morrison, Joe Morris, Nadine Grey, Maralyn Ketlo, Cecilia Thomas, Yvette Munger, Vanessa Williams, Mike Harrower, Jim Spafford. BOOK REVIEWS

The Petroglyphs on form the database. Individual carved and salmon-shaped boulders that also exhibit pecked boulders are described, with fine Quadra Island surficially-pecked spirit figures and/or pit quality sketch maps illustrating locations designs. on public beaches for readers who may Joy's training as an anthropologist is Spirit in the Stone wish to visit them. readily apparent throughout the individual The Quadra Island petroglyph data dis­ site descriptions as well as in her infer­ By JOY INGLIS cussed includes most of the known sites ences regarding the functions and mean­ located on the southern portion of the is­ ings of site features. This is reflected in Horsdal & Schubart, Victoria, 1998. land. Each site is described with the de­ the organization ofthe book into two parts. 129 pp., ill us., apps., endnotes, refs. Price: sign motifs present as well as the site lo­ Part One, entitled "The Stone", describes ISBN 0-920663-58-3 (Pb) $9.95 CDN. cation (setting) and relation to nearby the differences between petroglyphs and petroglyph features. pictographs, problems with site dating, Joy Inglis has written an important book Ninety separate rock features form the and provides detai Jed information of eth­ documenting petroglyph sites on Quadra basis of the book. Forty-four have been nographically recorded activities which Island. Although short-the text and fig­ identified as spirit figures as opposed to help explain the sites. Inglis also serves ures number only Ill pages including the 46 features characterized solely by pits as a tour guide to some ofthe sites through bibliography- this work will stand along­ pecked into the rock surfaces. An addi­ her role as an interpreter with the side other important Pacific Northwest tional four features are classified as bowls Kwagiulth Museum and Cultural Centre Coast and Plateau Rock Art sources for pecked into boulder tops. on the island. years to come. Spirit features are characterized by an­ The ethnographic record, as interpreted Quadra Island, off the northeast shore thropomorphic or zoomorphic figures, by Inglis, indicates that some of these cul­ of Vancouver Island, is located in the tra­ some possibly representing masks, others turally modified boulders functioned in ditional territory of the Lekwiltok-speak­ representing more or less complete indi­ shamanic rituals - particularly those as­ ing We-Wai-Wai band of the viduals. Of particular interest are the few sociated with salmon and rain. Salmon, Kwakw~~ ·wakw (Kwagiulth) First Na­ boulders that exhibit external shapes of of course, were an important subsistence tion. Eleven of 19 known petroglyph sites animals. These include whale, seal and food as they were integral to many myths

The Midden 31/1 13 BOOK REVIEWS (CONT.) No Stone Untrod

and rituals conducted by the indigenous Native Americans and data and interpretations had been in­ peoples. They are also found in the ar­ cluded. My criticisms include only an un­ Archeologists: Step­ chaeological record of the region. necessarily frequent repetition of some Part Two ("The Relationship ofQuadra ideas throughout the text and a lack of ping Stones to · Com­ Island Petroglyphs to Features ofthe Sites specific in-text referencing for some bib­ Where They are Found") provides maps mon Ground liographic entries. to the eleven site locations. This section From the perspective ofthe general pub­ illustrates the spatial relationship between lic, this little volume represents a gold Edited by NINA SWIDLER, KURT and among the stone features and contains mine of information not generally avail­ E. DONGOSKE, ROGER ANYON, wonderful pen and ink sketches of indi­ able in one place at such a reasonable and ALAN S. DOWNER vidual design motifs by well-known artist price. I strongly recommend that anyone and writer Hilary Stewart, and additional interested in Rock Art studies acquire it. information drawn from the ethnographic AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA, 1997 Spirit in the Stone now resides in my record as well as from local informants. 289 pp., illus., refs., index. Price: ISBN library adjacent to copies of favourite Inglis's analysis of the Quadra Island 0-7619-8900-5 (He) $49.00 US; ISBN 0- Rock Art volumes including Mallery sites tends heavily towards that character­ 7619-8901 -3 (Pb) $24.95 us (1893), Comer (1968), Keyser (1992), istic of the post-processualist, that is the York et. al. (1993) and, of course, Beth archaeologist who is concerned with the Judging by the appearance of this volume, and Ray Hill's (1974) and Beth Hill's diversity of plausible cultural interpreta­ the winds of change are blowing some (1975, 1994 and 1997) coastal works, all tions for data. Whereas a processualist fresh air into American archaeology. of which provide insight into the people would have provided detailed charts and Thirty-three authors contributed twenty­ who study the sites and the sites them­ graphs showing statistical associations of five articles that explore the relations be­ selves. sites as well as of intra- and inter-site stone tween Indians and archaeologists, they Stanley A. Copp features and design motifs, Inglis has cho­ address the on-going efforts to forge an equitable discourse on antiquity, they re­ sen to focus more on the cultural context Stan Copp teaches Anthropology/ of the sites. At a slim Ill pages, one Archaeology at Langara College and visit contentious issues that have long doubts if a more processual approach is continues to attempt to finish a PhD on dominated the debate, and they propose even possible. Similkameen Valley Archaeology at SFU. models of cooperation that could be By describing the sites in terms of a practiced on future archaeological cultural landscape and thus contextualized References projects. Twenty authors representing fif­ in both Euro-Canadian and First Nations' Mallery, G. 1893 Picture-Writing ofthe teen first nations share their views on their realities, Inglis achieves a blending of the American Indians. 1972 Dover Publica­ common interest as stewards of their cul­ scientific and local cultural perceptions­ tions Inc., New York originally pub­ ture's heritage. While not all are archae­ lished in the Tenth Annual Report ofthe although logically treading much more ologists by profession, nevertheless their Bureau ofEthnology (1888-i889. work places them in an intermediary role. heavily in terms ofthe First Nations' per­ Smithsonian Institution, Washington, A II contributors have either worked with spectives. DC. Especially interesting is Inglis's inclu­ Corner, J. 1968 Pictographs (Indian Rock tribal governments on heritage projects or sion of two appendices which document Paintings) in the interior of British Co­ have published works regarding Indians a more spiritual, or psychic, approach to lumbia. Wayside Press, Vernon. and archaeology. Of the twenty-one male site interpretation. Appendix One docu­ Hill, B. and R. Hill 1974 Indian Petroglyphs authors eleven are Indian and ten non-In­ ments the impressions of a psychic to a ofthe Pacific Northwest. Hancock dian, and among the twelve female au­ House, Saanichtown. site near Kulleet Bay. Appendix Two deals thors, nine are Indian and three non-In­ Hill, B. 1975 Guide to indian Rock Paint­ dian. The current list price for a hard cover with another psychic's impressions ings ofthe Pacific Northwest. Hancock through "psychometry" (reading energy copy makes it an expensive addition to any House, Saanichtown. Canadian bookshelf; fortunately an afford­ within objects) of a Seawolf image. -,- 1994 Seven-Knot Summers. Horsdal able soft cover version is available. The Although studies of this type are often and Schubart, Victoria. regarded as less "scientific" than those -,- 1997 Moonrakers. Horsdal and book is dedicated to William V. Turnbull, offering huge portions of strictly empiri­ Schubart, Victoria. a Northern Cheyenne elder who has gone cal data this reviewer found the approach Keyser, J. 1992 Indian Rock Art ofthe Co­ to live in the spirit world. His efforts at both refreshing and informative even if it lumbia Plateau. Douglas and Mcintyre, heritage preservation served as the inspi­ Vancouver. is more difficult to verify compared to a ration for the articles that evolved from York, A. , R. Daly and C. Arnett 1993 They d1e three sessions organized for the 1996 more strictly empirical approach. Write Their Dreams on the Rock For­ I must confess I hugely enjoyed this annual meeting of the Society for Ameri­ ever: Rock Writings in the Stein River can Archaeology (SAA). book and found myself wishing that more Valley of British Columbia. Talon books, Vancouver. 14 The Midden 31/1 From the outset it is recognized that past NAGPRA there are more questions than description, and as advocates for tribal relations between Indians and archaeolo­ answers at this time. The recurring theme governments they have to deliver cultural gists have been strained and lop-sided and reminds archaeologists to be more cogni­ concerns to the profession and interpret this volume is intended to open channels zant of the need to inject some humanism professional practices for the tribe. Far of communication to introduce some bal­ into interpretations ofarchaeological data. from having an adverse effect on their ance to the dialogue, particularly now that Past failure to do so dehumanized Indi­ work, these two poles will likely create a passage of the Native American Graves ans by reducing their ancestors to simply dynamic tension that can only benefit their Protection and Repatriation Act ( 1990) another class of artifacts to be collected, work. · and amendments to the NAGPRA (Na­ catalogued and curated. These practices This book is a necessary addition to the tional Historic Preservation Act, 1992) has are now relics themselves, and the arti­ archaeology section ofthe book shelf be­ legislated a fundamental shift in the way cles presented in the six sections of this cause it provides a glimpse of the state of archaeologists practice their trade. As the volume report on how practices have affairs in Indian/archaeology relations. If editors note they, "asked the authors to changed in the post-NAGPRA era. there is a shortcoming it is the lack of a suggest ways to integrate Native Ameri­ Now that researchers have been man­ detailed discussion to deal with archaeo­ can opinions and needs into the main­ dated by law to work with Indian commu­ logical theory, or any discussion ofexactly stream of American archaeology and to nities they are fmding a receptive and cu­ how traditional knowledge will contrib­ discuss and consider other valid ways to rious audience. Some even lament the fact ute to knowing about the past. Perhaps the know the past" (p.12). One of the greater that as university students majoring in ar­ next words in this dialogue will be spo­ challenges identified for archaeology is to chaeology they seldom had any meaning­ ken by Indian archaeologists as they con­ demonstrate its relevancy to an Indian con­ ful contact with Indians, which left them tribute their perspectives. Clearly Native stituency that has not been well served by "ill prepared to deal with the types of is­ people are struggling to make up for lost the discipline in the past. Integrating sci­ sues" (p.l75) confronting archaeologists time and they are taking this opportunity entific methods and Indian traditions is today. Archaeology is proving to be rel­ to influence the way archaeologists do considered a crucial stage in this dialogue evant to Indian tribes which only stresses their work. It seems the phrase "opportu­ because they are the stepping stones to the importance of communication as op­ nity for change and cooperation" (p.248) common ground. posed to just talking archaeology, espe­ may yet become the zeitgeist for archae­ It used to be only scientific motives cially since most Indians are not privy to ology in the nineties. could satisfy a systematic study of the ar­ its esoteric language. It may be a sign of chaeological record. In this milieu the laws the changing perceptions of archaeology Eldon Yellowhorn dealing with artifacts favoured an archaeo­ in the First Nations but increasingly tribal logical perspective until the emotional governments are of the opinion that ar­ Eldon Yellowhorn is an archaeologist from debate over the repatriation of human re­ chaeology "is neither good or bad... [it] is the Peigan Nation in southwestern Alberta. mains caused the US Congress to enact a tool that can be used to further knowl­ In 1993 he received an MA in Archaeology the NAGPRA which "changed every ~ edge and to support business and land use from Simon Fraser University, and he is thing" (p.25). Suddenly archaeologists planning" (p.l60). Professional archae­ currently a graduate student at McGill University where he is completing his PhD. were directed by federal law to reappraise ologists who work with tribal government His interests include the use of Native their work. It is taking some time for eve­ must become accustomed to their new role traditional knowledge for interpreting ryone to adjust to the new regime and be­ as cultural mediators. As tribal employ­ archaeological material. cause of the recent vintage of the ees consultation is embedded in their job LOOK FOR

Pacific Latin America in Prehistory: The Evaluation ofArchai c and Formative Colutures, edited by Michael Blake. 1999 Wasington State University Press, Pullman. 233 pages. This is the second volume to come out of the Circum-pacific Prehistory Conference, held in Seattle in 1998 to mark Washington State's Centenial. In this volume 21 specialists discuss their recent findings. The book looks at the remark­ able range of ancient societies and economies that florished in the environmentaly diverse costal regions from Mexico to Chile. In broader terms, this volume helps to address the question of how the ancient civilizations of the Pacific region first arose?

Basketry & Cordage from Hesquiat Harbour, by Kathryn Bernick. 1998 Royal British Columbia Museum, distributed by UBC Press. 160 pages. Kathryn Bernick, a wetside archaeologist for more than 25 years, documents an archaeological collection of 19th cen­ tury plant-fibre Nuu-chah-nulth artifacts from Hesquiat Harbour on the westcoast of Vancouver Island.

The Midden 31/1 15 ANNUAL INDEX TO THE MIDDEN VOL. 30, 1998 compiled by Heather Myles and Fred Braches *indicates illustrated article AUTHOR School. 98, 30/3:2-5 AcHESON, STEVEN: Behind the Mask: MacDonald's Haida Art - Alvin L. Jules Archaeology Scholarship for First Nations and the Art of Mythmaking [Book Review: Haida Art, by Students. 98, 30/3: II George F. MacDonald]. 98, 30/2: I 0-12 REIMER, RuoY: On First Nations Archaeology: Some Thoughts ALEXANDER, DIANA: Re-evaluating Historical Archaeology by a First Nations Archaeologist. 98, 30/2:8-9 [Book Review: Making Alternative Histories: The Practice -Beach Grove: *The 1998 Community College Field School of Archaeology and History in Non-Western Settings, ed­ at DgRs I. 98, 30/3:8-10 ited by Peter R. Schmidt and Thomas C. Patterson]. 98, SH AEPE, DAVID M.: *Revisiting the Maurer Site. 98, 30/4:6: II 30/ 1:12-13 SPURGEON, TERRY: Proposing a Coordinated Archaeological BAILEY, JEFF: Mountain of Glass [Book Review: Batza Tena: Site Protection Program for BC. 98, 30/4:1-2 Trail to Obsidian Archaeology at an Alaskan Obsidian THOM, BRIAN: *The Marpole-Late Transition in the Gulf of Source, by Donald W. Clark and A..McFadyen Clark]. 98, Georgia Region. 98, 30/2:3-7 30/4:16-17 WOLLSTONECROFT, MICHELE M.: The Traditional Cuisine of the BRACHES, HELMI: Skookum Wawa [Book Review: A Voice BC Plateau [Book Review: Food Plants of Interior First Great Within Us, by Charles Lillard with Terry Glavin]. Peoples, by Nancy J. Turner]. 98, 30/3:12-13 98, 30/4:18-19 WYATT, GARY: Behind the Mask: MacDonald's Haida Art and CARLSON, ARNE K.: *A Plateau Horizon Site on the Nechako the Art of Mythmaking [Book Review: Haida Art, by Canyon. 98, 30/1 :59 George F. MacDonald]. 98, 30/2:12 __:_*Dating the Likeley Mamoth. 98, 30/4:4-5 ZACHARIAS, SANDRA: The Separation of Home and the CARLSON, R.L.: *Dating the Likeley Mamoth. 98, 30/4:4-5 Workplace [Book Review: The Archaeology of Gender: CHATAN, RoBBIN: Laboring to the Changing Rhythms and Mo- Separating the Spheres in Urban America, by Diana tions of Industry [Book Review: Culture Change and the diZerega Wall]. 98, 30/1: I 0 New Technology: An Archaeology of the Early American Industrial Era, by Paul A. Shackel]. 98,30/1:11-12 TITLE - A Classic Study Republished [Book Review: The Indian 7th Annual BC Archaeology Forum: Hosted by the Mount History of British Columbia: The Impact of the White Currie Indian Band & Creekside Resources Inc. 98, 30/2:2 Man New Edition, by Wilson Dufi]. 98,30/3: 13 100 Years Ago. 98, 30/3:7 DAHLSTROM, BRUCE: *Internet Resources & BC Archaeology. A Classic Study Republished [Book Review: The Indian His­ 98, 30/1 :2-4 tory ofBritish Columbia: The Impact of the White Man DEPAOLI, MAURICE: Repatriation Forum at University of Brit­ New Edition, by Wilson Dufi]. 98,30/3:13 ish Columbia, August 17-18, 1998. 98, 30/2: 19 Alvin L. Jules Archaeology Scholarship for First Nations Stu- - *Recent Surveys of the Lower Lillooet River Valley. 98, dents. 98, 30/3: II 30/4:12-16 Annual Index to the Midden Vol. 29, 1997. 98,30/1:14-16 HosLER, PHILIP M.: Out ofthe Mud [Book Review: Hidden *A Plateau Horizon Site on the Nechako Canyon. 98, 30/1:5-9 Dimensions: The Cultural Significance of Wetland Ar­ Beach Grove: *The 1998 Community College Field School at chaeology, edited by Kathryn Bernick]. 98, 30/2: 13 DgRs I. 98, 30/3:8-10 KEw, MICHAEL: The St6:lo. Voice Their Heritage [Book Re­ Behind the Mask: MacDonald's Haida Art and the Art of view: You Are Asked to Witness: The St6:lo in Canada's Mythmaking [Book Review: Haida Art, by George F. Pacific Coast History, edited by Keith Thor Carlson]. 98, MacDonald]. 98, 30/2: I 0-12 30/2:10 Better Late than Never! [Book Review: Brooks Peninsula: An LEo, LYLE : 7th Annual BC Archaeology Forum: Hosted by the Ice-Age Refugium on Vancouver Island, edited by Richard Mount Currie Indian Band & Creekside Resources Inc. 98, 1. Hebda and James C. Haggarty]. 98, 30/4:20 30/2:2 Branch Updates its Contract List. 98, 30/1 :21 LYONS, NATASHA, AND TONY VANAGs: *Scowlitz News: Report Conferences. 98, 30/ 1:22; Conferences. 98, 30/2:21 on the 1998 Excavations. 98, 30/3:6-7 Conferences. 98, 30/3:21; Conferences. 98, 30/4:21 MATHEWES, R. W.: Better Late than Never! [Book Review: Courses. 98, 30/3: 19 Brooks Peninsula: An Ice-Age Refugium on Vancouver Is­ Culture Library Update. 98, 30/ 1: I land, edited by Richard J. Hebda and James C. Haggarty]. *Dating the Likeley Mamoth. 98, 30/4:4-5 98, 30/4:20 Debitage. 98, 30/4:2 MYLES, HEATHER: Annual Index to the Midden Vol. 29, 1997. Exhibits. 98, 30/1 :21 ;Exhibits. 98, 30/2:18 98,30/1:14-16 Exhibits. 98, 30/3:20 NICHOLAS, GEORGE: *Putting Archaeology into Context: The Fondly Remembered. 98, 30/3: I SFU-Secwepemc Education Institute Archaeology Field FYI. 98, 30/2: 19; FYI. 98, 30/3:20

16 The Midden 31/1 *Internet Resources & BC Archaeology. 98, 30/1 :2-4 SUBJECT Laboring to the Changing Rhythms and Motions of Industry ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERJCA [Book Review: Culture Change and the New Technology: FYI. 98, 30/2:19 An Archaeology of the Early American Industrial Era, by ARCHAEOLOGY BRANCH Paul A. Shackel]. 98, 30/1:11-12 Branch Updates its Contract List. 98, 30/ 1:21 Lectures. 98, 30/2:20 Culture Library Update. 98, 3011: I Look For.. . 98, 30/1: 13 Proposing a Coordinated Archaeological Site Protectio_n Program MOA Volunteers. 98, 30/1 :20 for BC. 98, 30/4: 1-2 Mountain of Glass [Book Review: Batza Tena: Trail to Obsid­ ARCHAEOLOGY PERMJTS ian Archaeology at an Alaskan Obsidian Source, by Donald Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, January-May 1998. W. Clark and A. Mcfadyen Clark]. 98, 30/4: 16-17 98, 3011:17-20 On First Nations Archaeology: Some Thoughts by a First Na­ Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, May-August 1998. 98, tions Archaeologist. 98, 30/2:8-9 30/2:15-18 Out of the Mud. 98, 30/2: I Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, August- December Out of the Mud [Book Review: Hidden Dimensions: The Cul­ 1998.98,30/3:14-18 tural Significance of Wetland Archaeology, edited by ARCHAEOLOGISTS, LOCAL Kathryn Bernick]. 98, 30/2:13 Fondly Remembered. 98, 30/3: I ASBC Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, January - May Out of the Mud. 98, 30/2: I 1998. 98, 30/1 : 17-20 Proposing a Coordinated Archaeological Site Protection Program Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, May - August for BC. 98, 30/4: 1-2 1998. 98,30/2:15-18 BOOK REVIEWS Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, August - Decem­ A Classic Study Republished [Book Review: The Indian History ber 1998. 98,30/3:14-18 of British Columbia: The Impact of the White Man New Edi Proposing a Coordinated Archaeological Site Protection Pro­ tion, by Wilson Duff]. 98, 30/3:13 · gram for BC. 98, 30/4: I -2 Behind the Mask: MacDonald's Haida Art and the Art of *Putting Archaeology into Context: The SFU-Secwepemc Mythmaking [Book Review: Haida Art, by George F. Education Institute Archaeology Field School. 98, 30/3:2-5 MacDonald]. 98, 30/2: I 0-12 Recent Publications. 98, 30/2:14 Better Late than Never! [Book Review: Brooks Peninsula: An Ice­ Recent Publications. 98, 30/4:19 Age Refugium on Vancouver Island, edited by Richard J. Hebda and James C. Haggarty]. 98, 30/4:20 *Recent Surveys of the Lower Lillooet River Valley. 98, 30/ Laboring to the Changing Rhythms and Motions of Industry 4:12-16 [Book Review: Culture Change and the New Technology: An Re-evaluating Historical Archaeology [Book Review: Making Archaeology of the Early American Industrial Era, by Paul A. Alternative Histories: The Practice of Archaeology and Shackel]. 98, 30/1:11 -1 2 History in Non-Western Settings, edited by Peter R. Mountain of Glass [Book Review: Batza Tena: Trail to Obsidian Schmidt and Thomas C. Patterson]. 98, 30/1: 12-13 Archaeology at an Alaskan Obsidian Source, by Donald W. Repatriation Forum at University of British Columbia, August Clark and A. McFadyen Clark]. 98, 30/4:16-17 17-18, 1998. 98,30/2:19 Out of the Mud. 98, 30/2: I Out of the Mud [Book Review: Hidden Dimensions: The Cultural *Revisiting the Maurer Site. 98, 30/4:6: I I Significance of Wetland Archaeology, edited by Kathryn *Scowlitz News: Report on the 1998 Excavations. 98, 30/3 :6-7 Bernick]. 98, 30/2:13 Skookum Wawa [Book Review: A Voice Great Within Us, by Re-evaluating Historical Archaeology [Book Review: Making AI Charles Lillard with Terry Glavin]. 98, 30/4: I 8-19 ternative Histories: The Practice of Archaeology and History in Summary of Work by the Bastion Group for 1997. 98, 30/1:20 Non-Western Settings, edited by Peter R. Schmidt and Thomas The Arne and Lesley Carls'on Memorial Scholarship. 98, 30/ C. Patterson]. 98, 3011: 12-13 3:18 Skookum Wawa [Book Review: A Voice Great Within Us, by *The Marpole-Late Transition in the Gulf of Georgia Region. Charles Lillard with Terry Glavin]. 98, 30/4:18-19 98, 30/2:3-7 The Separation of Home and the Workplace [Book Review: The Archaeology of Gender: Separating the Spheres in Urban The Separation of Home and the Workplace [Book Review: America, by Diana diZerega Wall]. 98, 30/ 1: I 0 The Archaeology of Gender: Separating the Spheres in Ur­ The St6:lo Voice Their Heritage [Book Review: You Are Asked to ban America, by Diana diZerega Wall]. 98, 30/1: I 0 Witness: The St6:lo in Canada's Pacific Coast History, edited by The St6:lo Voice Their Heritage [Book Review: You Are Keith Thor Carlson]. 98,30/2:10 Asked to Witness: The St6:lo in Canada's Pacific Coast The Traditional Cuisine of the BC Plateau [Book Review: Food History, edited by Keith Thor Carlson]. 98, 30/2:10 Plants of Interior First Peoples, by Nancy J. Turner]. 98, 30/3:12- The Traditional -Cuisine of the BC Plateau [Book Review: 13 Food Plants ofinterior First Peoples, by Nancy J. Turner]. Two BC Archaeology Books Top Winners. 98, 3011 :21 98,30/3:12-13 CuLTURAL REso uRc E MANAGEMENT Two BC Archaeology Books Top Winners. 98, 30/1 :21 Courses. 98, 30/3: 19

The Midden 31/1 17 FIELD NOTES Conferences. 98, 30/1 :22 Summary of Work by the Bastion Group for I997. 98, 3011 :20 Conferences. 98, 30/2:21 FIELD SCHOOLS Conferences. 98, 30/3:21; Alvin L. Jules Archaeology Scholarship for First Nations Stu­ Courses. 98, 30/3: 19 dents. 98, 30/3: II Exhibits. 98, 3011 :2 1 Beach Grove: *The I998 Community College Field School at Exhibits. 98, 30/2:18 DgRs I. 98,30/3:8-10 Lectures. 98. 30/2:20 *Putting Archaeology into Context: The SFU-Secwepemc Educa­ MOA Volunteers. 98, 30/ 1 :20 tion Institute Archaeology Field School. 98, 30/3:2-5 OBITUARIES *Scowlitz News: Report on the I998 Excavations. 98, 30/3:6-7 Fondly Remembered. 98, 30/3: FIRST NATIONS P ALEONTOLOGY 7th Annual BC Archaeology Forum: Hosted by the Mount Currie *Dating the Likeley Mamoth. 98, 30/4:4-5 Indian Band & Creekside Resources Inc. 98, 30/2:2 P UBLICATIONS 100 Years Ago. 98, 30/3:7 FYI. 98, 30/2:19 A Classic Study Republished [Book Review: The Indian History FYI. 98, 30/3:20 of British Columbia: The Impact ofthe White Man New Edition, Look For. .. 98,30/1:13 by Wilson Duff]. 98, 30/3 : 13 Recent Publications. 98, 30/2: 14 Alvin L. Jules Archaeology Scholarship for First Nations Stu­ Recent Publications. 98, 30/4:19 dents. 98, 30/3: II REPATRIATION Behind the Mask: MacDonald's Haida Art and the Art of Courses. 98, 30/3: 19 Mythmaking [Book Review: Haida Art, by George F. MacDonald]. Repatriation Forum at University of British Columbia, August 17- 98, 30/2: 10-I2 18, 1998. 98, 30/2: 19 Exhibits. 98, 30/I :21 ;Exhibits. 98, 30/2:18 Exhibits. 98, 30/3:20 S CHOLARSHIPS On First Nations Archaeology: Some Thoughts by a First Nations Alvin L. Jules Archaeology Scholarship for First Nations Students. Archaeologist. 98, 30/2:8-9 98,30/3:11 *Putting Archaeology into Context: The SFU-Secwepemc Educa­ The Arne and Lesley Carlson Memorial Scholarship. 98, 30/3: 18 tion Institute Archaeology Field School. 98, 30/3:2-5 SITES: GULF ISLANDS *Recent Surveys of the Lower Lillooet River Valley. 98, 30/4 : 12- *The Marpole-Late Transition in the Gulf of Georgia Region. 98, 16 30/2 :3 -7 Re-evaluating Historical Archaeology [Book Review: Making Al­ SITES: INTERIOR ternative Histories: The Practice of Archaeology and History in *Putting Archaeology into Context: The SFU-Secwepemc Educa­ Non-Western Settings, edited by Peter R. Schmidt and Thomas C. tion Institute Archaeology Field School. 98, 30/3:2-5 Patterson]. 98, 30/ 1:12-13 SITES: fRASER VALLEY Repatriation Forum at University of British Columbia, August 17- *Scowlitz News: Report on the 1998 Excavations. 98, 30/3:6-7 18, 1998. 98, 30/2 :19 *Revisiting the Maurer Site. 98, 30/4 :6: II *Scowlitz News: Report on the 1998 Excav.ations. 98, 30/3:6-7 SITES: LOWER MAINLAND The St6:lo Voice Their Heritage [Book Review: You Are Asked to Beach Grove: *The 1998 Community College Field School at Witness: The St6:lo in Canada's Pacific Coast History, edited by DgRs I. 98, 30/3:8-10 Keith Thor Carlson]. 98, 3 0/2: I 0 *The Marpole-Late Transition in the Gulf of Georgia Region. 98, The Traditional Cuisine of the BC Plateau [Book Review: Food 30/2:3-7 Plants of Interior First Peoples, by Nancy J. Turner). 98, 30/3:12- SITES: NORTHERN BC 13 *A Plateau Horizon Site on the Nechako Canyon. 98, 30/ I :5-9 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Laboring to the Changing Rhythms and Motions of Industry SITES: VANCOUVER ISLAND [Book Review: Culture Change and the New Technology: An Ar­ *The Marpole-Late Transition in the Gulf of Georgia Region. 98, chaeology of the Early American Industrial Era, by Paul A. 30/2:3-7 Shackel]. 98,30/ 1:11-12 SURVEYS Re-evaluating Historical Archaeology [Book Review: Making Al­ *Recent Surveys of the Lower Lillooet River Valley. 98, 30/4:12- ternative Histories: The Practice of Archaeology and History in 16 Non-Western Settings, edited by Peter R. Schmidt and Thomas C. THE MIDDEN Patterson]. 98, 3011:12-13 Annual Index to the Midden Vol. 29, 1997.98,30/ 1:14-16 The Separation of Home and the Workplace [Book Review: The UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICAL S OCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Archaeology of Gender: Separating the Spheres in Urban America, Lectures. 98, 30/2:20 by Diana diZerega Wall]. 98, 30/ 1: I 0 WET SITE ARCHAEOLOGY "INTERNET Exhibits. 98, 30/3:20 *Internet Resources & BC Archaeology. 98, 30/1:2-4 Out of the Mud. 98, 30/2: I Debitage. 98, 30/4:2 Out of the Mud [Book Review: Hidden Dimensions: The Cultural MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY Significance of Wetland Archaeology. edited by Kathryn Bernick). Exhibits. 98, 30/3:20 98, 30/2: 13 MOA Volunteers. 98, 30/ 1:20 NOTICES

18 The Midden 31/1 PERMITS Issued by the Archaeological Branch, January-mid March 1999

As always, the as~istance ofRAv KENNY (Manager, Assessment and Planning Section) and ALAN RlcHEs (Branch Secretary) in providing the following information is greatfully acknowledged. A number of recurrent abbreviations appear in this list, and are described herein. The most commonly used abbreviations are "AlA" (Archaeological Impact Assessment), "MoF'' (Min­ istry of Forests), and "CMT" (Culturally Modified Tree). Many forest industry-specific abbreviations occur throughout, in­ cluding "CP" (Cutting Permit), "FD" (Forest District), "FL" (Forest License), "TSA" (Timber Sales Area), "TFL" (Tree Farm License), and "TL" is (Timber License). Terms often used in legal descriptions also appear: "DL" (District Lot), "Sec" (Sec­ tion), "Tp" (Township), "Rge" (Range), and "r/w" (right-of-way). Lastly, the following abbreviations refer to the different types of Permit issued by the Archaeology Branch: ALT =Alteration; INS= Inspection; fNV = Investigation.

1998-355 lan Wilson INS AlA for proposed residential development of Plan 438, DL 7, Nelson District near Union Bay 1999-001 Kevin Twohig INS Site inventory for proposed subdivision within DL 10180, Cariboo LD, on Lynx Peninsula, N side of Quesnel Lake, in vicinity of FcRh 1 1999-002 Kevin Twohig INS AlA of Cariboo Forest Consultants Ltd. forestry operations wi thin WL 806, Quesnel FD 1999-003 Richard Brolly INS AlA for Phase 1 of RapidTransit Project 2000 Ltd. proposed ALRT (Skytrain) system extension from Clark Drive to Lougheed Mall and New Westminster . 1999-004 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of MoF/Small Business Forest Enterprise Developments (SBFEP) forestry operations with in TSL A58484,on Smith Island, near mouth of the Skeen a River, North Coast FD 1999-005 Heather Pratt INS AlA of MoF/SBFEP forestry operations within CBKH1 , TSL A34814, at Matchlee Bay, west coast of Vancouver Island, Campbell River FD 1999-006 Bruce McKerricher ALT Alterations to CMTs within DjSm 7 and DjSm 8 by forestry operations with in Blocks BH1, MH1, MH2, TS A34814, Matchlee Bay, within the asserted traditional territory of the Mowachaht/Muchalat First Na lions 1999-007 Susan Woods INS AlA of TFL Forest Ltd. forestry operations within Block 5203-A and associated haul road AR-200, Kyuquot Development Plan, on the E side of Tahsish Inlet, north of Artish, Campbell River FD 1999-008 Rob Cooper ALT Alterations to DgSI75 by proposed youth hostel development with in Lot A, DL 114, L.D. 09, Plan 45912, Clayoquot LD, at 180/190 Grice Road in Totino 1999-009 Sheila Minni INS AlA for proposed Ministry of Transportation and Highways (MoTH) developments as described: (1) widening of Hwy 1 between Annis Road and Hwy 9; (2) Hwy 1 realignment from Sumas Lake Drainage Canal to Vedder Canal; and (3) Corridor Study, Hwy 11- Sumas Way to Harris Road 1999-010 Paul Hett INS Alterations to the Manson Creek Trail (temporary site #984501) by construction of proposed crossing road and nearby esker trail (temporary site #984502) from construction of two crossing roads, all within TSL A58924, S of Kalder Lake in Fort St. James FD 1999-011 Brian Hayden INV Excavation at EeRI 7, Keatley Creek, near Lillooet 1999-012 William Prentiss INV Excavation at EeRI 7, Keatley Creek, near Lillooet 1999-013 Maria/Tony Gledd ALT Geotechnical testing within that part of DgRs 9 on Lot 1048, Sec 3, Tp 5, NWD, Plan 47966, at 782 Tsawwassen Beach Road, Delta 1999-014 Rod Heiztmann INV Excavation at EdQa 121, on the W bank of the Columbia River near lnvermere 1999-015 Heather Pratt INS AlA of Western Forest Products forestry operations within TFL 19, FL A19231 , TO 381, and associated tenures in the Nootka Sound area, Campbell River FD 1999-016 Rick Howard INS AlA of MoF/SBFEP forestry operations within TSL A59852, on the W shore of Kashutllnlet, Kyuquot Sound, Campbell River FD 1999-017 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Port McNeill Division) forestry operations within TFL 39 and associated tenures, Campbell River, Port McNeill, and Mid-Coast FDs 1999-018 Bruce McKerricher ALT Alterations to CMTs #1-23, #31-61 , and #67-68 in DjSm 9, by forestry operations in TSL A34814, Block KH1, at Match lee Bay within the asserted traditional territory of the Mowachaht/Muchalaht First Nations, Campbell River FD 1999-019 Jean Bussey INS AlA for 6 proposed MoTh bridge crossings, including West Fernie/East Fernie crossings of Elk River, Elk River at Hosmer, and 3 bridges across Michel Creek, on Hwy 3 between Fernie and Crowsnest Pass 1999-020 Gail Wada INS AlA of Pretty's Timber Co. Ltd. forestry operations within Block 3125, on N side of Twenty Mile Creek, W side of Harrison Lake, Chilliwack FD 1999-021 Rob Field INS AlA of lnterFor (North Coast Operations) forestry operations in Blocks H2B, 60F, H60G, 60M, H60M, 60N, 60P, 60Q, H75, H76, 85C, 87C, 87D, H87F, and possibly others, in the Kumealon Inlet area of FL A16841 , North Coast FD

The Midden 31/1 19 1999-022 Duncan Mclaren INS Site inventory and assessment along the shoreline of BC Hydro's Stave [Lake] Reservoir 1999-023 Keary Walde INS AlA of petrochemical developments within those part of map areas 93P/15&16, 94N2-15, 96G/1-2,7-9, and 94H/2-15, that are of heritage interest to the Blueberry River First Nation, and for which the propo nents have agreed to contract archaeological services directly from the Blueberry First Nation, NE B.C. 1999-024 Michael Graup ALT Alterations to CMTs within GiTt 8 and GiTt 9 by Skeena Cellulose Inc. (Terrace Operations) forestry op erations in Settings No. 317676 & 317677, TFL 1, located NW of Dragon Lake, Kalum FD 1999-025 Gail Wada INS AlA of BC PARKS proposed developments at Davis Lake Provincial Park, Golden Ears Provincial Park, and Rolley Lake Provincial Park 1999-026 Richard Brolly INS AlA for proposed rock quarry and ancillary facilities on unsurveyed Crown Land and DL 2803, plus fore shore license area 2401959, located at Watts Point on theE side of Howe Sound 1999-027 Dave Schaepe INS AlA for BC PARKS proposed campground development and ancillary activities for theW side of Cultus Lake, Cultus Lake Provincial Park, near Chilliwack 1999-028 James Haggarty INS AlA of Palmer Bay Logging Ltd. forestry operations within Lot 1876, Rge 1, Coast Land District, on theN side of Chatham Channel, Vancouver Island, in the vicinity of EdSn 28 and EdSn T001, Campbell River FD 1999-029 John Waring ALT Alterations to CMTs #1, 4-6, 9-11 , 20-21 , 23-24, within DkSp 40, by Western Forest Products forestry operations in Block A202, FL A19231, on Bligh Island, Campbell River FD 1999-030 Dave Schaepe INS Site inventory of Silverhope Creek area, Chilliwack FD 1999-031 Gordon Mohs INS AlA of Canadian Forest Products forestry operations within FL A19208, Blocks 39, F010, and F011, lo cated in the Chehalis River watershed, Chilliwack FD 1999-032 John Waring ALT Alterations to CMTs #1-52, 54-56, 58-59, 61-65, 67-85 within DjSp 44, by Western Forest Products for estry operations in Block A200, FL A19231, on Bligh Island, Campbell River FD 1999-033 Tom Miller ALT Alterations to CMT #11 within EdSm 12, in TFL 47, Block 5-20C, Campbell River Fd 1999-034 Gordon Mohs INS AlA for BC PARKS proposed campground development at Hicks Lake, Sasquatch Provincial Park 1999-035 Robert Vincent INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. forestry operations within TFL 39, including Blocks 8274, 8275, 8288, 8287, 8314, 8315, 9205, 9365, 9366, 9386, associated roads, and other possible areas, Mid-Coast FD 1999-036 John Wild ALT Alterations to DiRw-2 by construction of a sidewalk and watermain along Davis Bay Road and Laurel Avenue, District of Sechelt 1999-037 Sandra Witt INS AlA for MoTH South Coast & Vancouver Island regions; proposed Speich, Rutherford Creek, Mount Currie, Devine, and Devine East gravel pits 1999-038 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of lnterFor forestry operations within TFL 38 and FL A19209 , in the Squamish River valley, Squamish FD 1999-039 Angus Hope ALT Alterations to CMTs #1-2, and 5 within FbSw-1 0, by forestry operations in Block DL-1, TL T0572, on Cousin Inlet, Mid-Coast FD 1999-040 Rick Howard INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. forestry operations within TFL 44 and associated tenures within the asserted traditional territory of the Huu-ay-aht First Nation, Southern Vancouver Island FD 1999-041 Normand Canuel INS AlA of Northwood Inc., and possibly MoF, other licensees, and Woodlot holders' forestry operations within the Bulkley FD 1999-042 Normand Canuel INS AlA of Northwood Inc., and possibly MoF, other licensees, and Woodlot holders' forestry operations within the Morice FD 1999-043 Normand Canuel INS AlA of Northwood, Canadian Forest Products, The Pas Lumber Company, MoF, other licensees, and Woodlot holders' forestry operations within the Prince George FD 1999-044 Heather Pratt INS AlA of TimberWest (Honeymoon Bay Division) forestry operations between Port Alberni and Port Renfrew, South Island FD 1999-045 Heather Pratt INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Stillwater Division) forestry operations on the N coast of VI and adjacent Mainland, within the Campbell River, Port McNeill, and Sunshine Coast FDs 1999-046 Angus Hope ALT Alterations to CMTs #3-5 within FbSu-5, by forestry operations in TL T0572, near the mouth of Green River on King Island, Mid-Coast FD 1999-047 Erika Laanela INS AlA for MoTH proposed improvements to Highway 99 between and in the vicinity of Culliton Creek and the S end of Cheakamus Canyon 1999-048 Peter Dady INS AlA for proposed residential development on Lot 10, Sec 16, Rge 2 West, North Saanich District, at 675 Towner Bay Road, vicinity of DeRu 11 1999-049 Rick Howard INS AlA of MoF/Woodlot License 0012 forestry operations, WSW of Brannan Lake, South Island FD 1999-050 Peter Merchant INS AlA for developments proposed within portion of Plan LMP 2316A, 2316B, and 2316C, located at 5353/ 5361/5375 Teskey Road, Chilliwack 1999-051 Heather Pratt INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Stillwater Division) forestry operations within TFL 39, Setting 156, Sunshine Coast FD 1999-052 lao Wilson INS AlA for proposed access roads, reservoir, and disposal site near Bluejackets Creek , Graham Island, QCI 1999-053 Bruce Ball INS AlA of MoF/SBFEP and Woodlot forestry operations within the Kamloops FD 1999-054 Marianne Berkey INS AlA for BC PARKS proposed campground development and ancillary facilities for Kekuli Bay Provincial Park, on the W shore of Kalamalka Lake between Oyama and Vernon 1999-055 Rob Field INS AlA of lnterFor forestry operations within FL A16841 , Surf Inlet Chart Area, and associated tenures on Princess Royal Island, North Coast FD 1999-056 Vicki Feddema INS Site inventory for proposed MoF Woodlots 1439 & 1788, located on Malcolm Island, Port McNeill FD

20 The Midden 31/1 CONFERENCES

1999

April 7-10 Northwest Anthropological Association, Annual Conference Newport, Oregon, USA

Contact: Karen Mills, Department ofAnthropology, 238 Waldo Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-6403; Tel.: (541) 737-3847; E-mail: [email protected]

Apri128-May I Canadian Archaeology Association (CAA), 32nd Annual Meeting Whitehorse, Yukon

The 1999 Canadian Archaeological Association Conference will be hosted by the Government of Yukon Heritage Branch.

Contact: Ruth Gotthardt, Programme Coordinator, Tel.: (867) 667-5983; Fax: (§67) 667-5377; E-mail: Ruth. [email protected]. ca; Web page: www. canadianarchaeology. com

November 12-15 Chacmool, 32nd Annual Conference "Indigenous People and Archaeology" Honouring the Past, Discussing the Present, Building for the Future Calgary, Alberta

Currently, there is a trend in archaeology in which traditional schools of thought concerning the past are being augmented and adjusted as a result of increased exchanges with indigenous people. This interaction has generated both cooperative efforts and strained relations between indigenous people and archaeologists. The purpose of this conference is to share information on the mutual benefits of cooperative ventures and to open a dialogue on issues of controversy. Now is the time to hear from the many voices that speak for the past, present, and future.

Contact: 1999 Chacmool Conference, Department ofArchaeology, University ofCalgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4; Tel.: (403) 220-7120; E-mail: [email protected]; Web page: http://www. ucalgary. ca!UojC/faculties/SSIARKY/chacmool. html I . .

Jfi\MIDDEN P.O. Box 520 Bentall Station Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3 ------~.. ~------