Analisis Leksikal Budaya Dalam Rimba Harapan Dan Terjemahannya La Jungle De L’Espoir

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Analisis Leksikal Budaya Dalam Rimba Harapan Dan Terjemahannya La Jungle De L’Espoir ANALISIS LEKSIKAL BUDAYA DALAM RIMBA HARAPAN DAN TERJEMAHANNYA LA JUNGLE DE L’ESPOIR. NORAZIAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ FAKULTI BAHASA DAN LINGUISTIK UNIVERSITI MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2014 ANALISIS LEKSIKAL BUDAYA DALAM RIMBA HARAPAN DAN TERJEMAHANNYA LA JUNGLE DE L‟ESPOIR. NORAZIAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ DISERTASI INI DISERAHKAN BAGI MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN SARJANA PENGAJIAN BAHASA MODEN. FAKULTI BAHASA DAN LINGUISTIK UNIVERSITI MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2014 UNIVERSITI MALAYA PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN Nama : Noraziah binti Abdul Aziz No K.P: No Matrik: TGA 110016 Nama Ijazah: Sarjana Pengajian Bahasa Moden. Tajuk Disertasi: (“Hasil Kerja ini”): Analisis Leksikal Budaya Dalam Rimba Harapan dan Terjemahannya La Jungle de l‟Espoir. Bidang Penyelidikan: Semantik Saya dengan sesungguhnya dan sebenarnya mengaku bahawa: (1) Saya adalah satu-satunya pengarang/penulis Hasil Kerja ini; (2) Hasil Kerja ini adalah asli; (3) Apa-apa penggunaan mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dilakukan secara urusan yang wajar dan bagi maksud yang dibenarkan dan apa-apa petikan,ekstrak, rujukan atau pengeluaran semula daripada atau kepada mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dinyatakan dengan sejelasnya dan secukupnya dan satu pengiktirafan tajuk hasil kerja tersebut dan pengarang/penulisnya telah dilakukan di dalam Hasil Kerja ini; (4) Saya tidak mempunyai apa-apa pengetahuan sebenar atau patut semunasabahnya tahu bahawa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain; (5) Saya dengan ini menyerahkan kesemua dan tiap-tiap hak yang terkandung di dalam hakcipta Hasil Kerja ini kepada Universiti Malaya ("UM") yang seterusnya mula dari sekarang adalah tuan punya kepada hakcipta di dalam Hasil. Kerja ini dan apa-apa pengeluaran semula atau penggunaan dalam apa jua bentuk atau dengan apa juga cara sekalipun adalah dilarang tanpa terlebih dahulu mendapat kebenaran bertulis dari UM; (6) Saya sedar sepenuhnya sekiranya dalam masa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini saya telah melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain sama ada dengan niat atau sebaliknya, saya boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang atau apa-apa tindakan lain sebagaimana yang diputuskan oleh UM. Tandatangan Calon ; Tarikh: 5 SEPTEMBER 2014 Diperbuat dan sesungguhnya diakui di hadapan, Tandatangan Saksi; Tarikh: 5 SEPTEMBER 2014 Name: Dr. Patricia Nora Riget Jawatan: Pensyarah / Penyelia ii ABSTRAK Penterjemahan adalah satu bidang ilmu yang semakin berkembang. Penterjemahan karya sastera merupakan bidang yang penting sebagai penghubung antara dua budaya, untuk memperkenalkan budaya asing kepada pembaca yang mempunyai amalan budaya yang berbeza. Seiring dengan tujuan tersebut banyak karya sastera tempatan yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Perancis antaranya Salina, Ngayau, Hari-hari terakhir seorang seniman dan tidak terkecuali Rimba Harapan salah satu karya terkenal Keris Mas yang telah diterjemahkan sebagai „La Jungle de l'Espoir‟. Bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Perancis sangat berbeza baik dari segi bahasa mahupun budaya. Sehubungan dengan itu objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti leksikal budaya dan menganalisis persamaan dan perbezaan leksikal budaya menggunakan analisis komponen makna. Seterusnya pengkaji juga mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi persamaan dan perbezaan leksikal budaya antara bahasa Perancis dan bahasa Melayu. Hasil analisis komponen makna menunjukkan sememangnya wujud perbezaan antara leksikal budaya bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Perancis. Antara faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi persamaan dan perbezaan adalah selain daripada aspek kemahiran penterjemah itu sendiri, perbezaan dua budaya juga mewujudkan jurang leksikal. Dalam menangani masalah ini, peranan penterjemah amat penting dalam penterjemahan leksikal budaya. Katakunci: Leksikal budaya, terjemahan, semantik, bahasa Perancis, bahasa Melayu iii ABSTRACT Translation is one of the knowledge areas that is widely evolving. Translation of literary works is essential as a link between two cultures; with the intention of introducing foreign culture to readers who different cultures. Aligned with this intention, numerous local literary works were translated into French, including Salina, Ngayau, and The Final Days of an Artist (Hari-hari Terakhir Seorang Seniman) including Jungle of Hopes (Rimba Harapan) one of the Keris Mas‟ famous works translated as „La Jungle de l‟Espoir‟. Malay and French are remarkably dissimilar in terms of language and culture. In this regard, the objective of this study is to identify the cultural lexicon and analyse similarities and differences of cultural lexical using the componential analysis. Hence, the researcher also identifies factors that influence the cultural lexicon similarities and differences between French and Malay. The results for the componential analysis show differences between cultural lexicon of Malay and French. Apart from the skill aspects of translator themselves, the factors influencing similarities and differences include the differences between two cultures which create the the lexical gap as well. In addressing this problem, the role of the translator is vital in the translation of cultural lexicon. Key words: Cultural lexicon, translation, semantics, French, Malay iv PENGHARGAAN Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Syukur ke hadrat Ilahi kerana dengan izin dan kurniaNya, penulis dapat menghabiskan kajian ini. Penulis juga mengucapkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan kepada penyelia Dr Patricia Nora Riget kerana dengan bimbingan dan tunjuk ajar beliau, penulis dapat menghabiskan kajian ini. Begitu juga dengan pensyarah-pesyarah yang pernah membimbing dan memberi tunjuk ajar. Sekalung penghargaan juga kepada Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris kerana memberi peluang kepada saya untuk menyambung pengajian dan membiayai pengajian saya. Tidak lupa juga kepada sahabat dan rakan-rakan seperjuangan kerana tidak lokek dalam berkongsi ilmu. Kepada suami Zaidi bin Zakaria dan anakanda Nur Farhana yang menjadi inspirasi dan memberikan sokongan dalam meneruskan perjuangan . -TERIMA KASIH- v ISI KANDUNGAN PERAKUAN KEASLIAN ii ABSTRAK iii ABSTRACT iiv PENGHARGAAN v ISI KANDUNGAN vi BAB 1: PENGENALAN 1 1.1 Pendahuluan 1 1.2 Latar Belakang Kajian 6 1.3 Pernyataan Masalah 8 1.4 Objektif Kajian 11 1.5 Persoalan Kajian 11 1.6 Kaedah Kajian 11 1.7 Batasan Kajian 12 1.8 Kepentingan Kajian 13 1.9 Definisi Konsep 13 1.9.1 Budaya 14 1.9.2 Leksem, Leksis, Leksikal atau Leksikon ? 14 1.9.3 Leksikal Budaya 15 1.9.4 Terjemahan 16 1.9.5 Semantik dan komponen semantik 16 1.10 Latar Belakang Budaya Melayu-Perancis 17 1.11 Kesimpulan 18 BAB 2: SOROTAN KAJIAN BERKAITAN 19 2.0 Pendahuluan 19 2.1 Budaya 19 2.1.1 Unsur budaya dan terjemahan 22 2.1.2 Kajian dalam dan luar negara berkaitan unsur budaya dalam terjemahan. 25 2.2 Semantik 31 vi 2.3 Pendekatan terjemahan dalam memaknakan leksikal budaya 35 2.4 Teori Analisis Komponen Makna 38 2.4.1 Analisis komponen mengikut Katz dan Fodor 41 2.4.2 Analisis komponen makna mengikut Palmer 42 2.4.3 Analisis komponen makna mengikut Ruth Kempson 43 2.4.4 Analisis komponen makna menurut Geoffrey Leech 45 2.4.5 Teori analisis komponen makna menurut Nida 46 2.4.6 Analisis Komponen Makna menurut Lyons 51 2.4.7 Analisis komponen makna dalam penterjemahan 53 2.5 Aplikasi Analisis Komponen Makna dalam Kajian Lepas 54 2.6 Kajian lepas berkaitan dengan Rimba Harapan 59 2.7 Pertalian kajian lepas dan permasalahan kajian 61 2.8 Kesimpulan 62 BAB 3: METODOLOGI KAJIAN 64 3.0 Pendahuluan 64 3.1 Persampelan Data 64 3.1.1 Latar belakang sampel kajian 65 3.1.2 Sinopsis Novel Rimba Harapan 65 3.1.3 La Jungle de l‟Espoir 66 3.1.4 Latar Belakang Penulis 66 3.1.5 Latar Belakang Penterjemah 68 3.2 Instrumen Kajian 68 3.2.1 Bahagian semakan 69 3.3 Prosedur Kajian 69 3.3.1 Kaedah Kepustakaan 70 3.3.2 Pengumpulan Data 70 3.3.3 Kerangka Konseptual Kajian 70 3.4 Kesimpulan 83 BAB 4: ANALISIS DATA DAN DAPATAN KAJIAN 84 4.0 Pendahuluan 84 vii 4.1 Dapatan kajian secara keseluruhan 85 4.1.1 Kategori leksikal yang berunsurkan budaya dalam Rimba Harapan dan La Jungle de l‟Espoir. 85 4.2 Klasifikasi leksikal budaya dalam Rimba Harapan 88 4.2.1 Ekologi 88 4.2.2 Material 92 4.2.3 Budaya sosial 93 4.2.4 Budaya Organisasi, Konsep, kepercayaan, agama, adat resam dan kesenian . 97 4.2.5 Gerak laku dan tabiat 100 4.3 Faktor ketakterjemahan leksikal budaya 101 4.4 Analisis komponen makna leksikal budaya. 103 4.4.1 Kategori ekologi 103 4.4.2 Kategori Sosial 116 4.4.3 Budaya material / bahan budaya 127 4.4.4 Budaya Organisasi, konsep, kepercayaan adat resam dan nilai kesenian 147 4.4.5 Gerak geri dan Kebiasaan 159 4.5 Pendekatan terjemahan dan makna 163 4.5.1 Pengekalan aspek semantik bahasa sumber 164 4.5.2 Kesepadanan budaya dalam teks sasaran 166 4.5.3 Aspek Kehilangan makna 168 BAB 5: PERBINCANGAN DAPATAN DAN KESIMPULAN 170 5.0 Pendahuluan 170 5.1 Perbincangan Dapatan 170 5.2 Rumusan Keseluruhan 181 5.2.1 Rumusan dari sudut strategi terjemahan 182 5.2.2 Rumusan dari sudut semantik: 183 5.3 Implikasi Kajian 185 5.3.1 Penterjemahan 185 5.3.2 Bidang Semantik 186 5.4 Batasan Kajian 187 viii 5.5 Cadangan Kajian Akan Datang 188 5.6 Penutup 188 BIBLIOGRAFI 189 LAMPIRAN 1 198 LAMPIRAN 2 227 ix SENARAI RAJAH Rajah 2.1 Segitiga Semiotik 35 Rajah 2.2 Aspek kehilangan makna 38 Rajah 2.3 Rajah Pohon AKM Katz dan Fodor 42 Rajah 2.4 Model perhubungan menular AKM Nida 47 Rajah 2.5 Rajah perhubungan bertindih 48 Rajah 2.6 Rajah perhubungan terkandung 49 Rajah 2.7 Perhubungan salingan 50 Rajah 3.1 Kategori budaya Newmark 71 Rajah 3.2 Kerangka teoretikal kajian 75 Rajah 3.3 Kategori budaya sosial
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