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Turkish Olive and Olive Oil Sectoral Innovation System: a Functional - Structural Analysis

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Turkish Olive and Olive Oil Sectoral Innovation System: a Functional - Structural Analysis TURKISH OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL SECTORAL INNOVATION SYSTEM: A FUNCTIONAL - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY NİLGÜN PEHLİVAN GÜRKAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE PROGRAMME OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY STUDIES OCTOBER 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. M. Teoman Pamukçu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mücahit Taha Özkaya Prof. Dr. Erkan Erdil Co-Supervisor Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Erkan Erdil (METU, ECON) _________________________ Prof. Dr. M. Teoman Pamukçu (METU, STPS) _________________________ Prof. Dr. Onur Yıldırım (METU, ECON) _________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Renan Tunalıoğlu (AMU, AGR) _________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mücahit Taha Özkaya (AU, AGR) _________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Üstüner (METU, ADM) _________________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Nilgün PEHLİVAN GÜRKAN Signature : iii ABSTRACT TURKISH OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL SECTORAL INNOVATION SYSTEM: A FUNCTIONAL - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Nilgün PEHLİVAN GÜRKAN Ph.D,. The Programme of Science and Technology Policy Studies Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Erkan Erdil October 2015, 411 pages The main purpose of this thesis is to explore problems that inhibit development of the olive and olive oil sector in Turkey. Olive productivity and olive oil product quality is low in Turkey compared to leader olive producing countries, Spain and Italy. Turkey is at the low end of the global olive oil value chain with high share of bulk olive oil exports and low share of high value added, branded exports. The competition in global markets is increasing and product standards are more stringent. Informal production, adulteration and low olive oil consumption are among the problems. The sector faces challenges specific to agricultural and food sectors, such as climate change. Tackling these challenges requires product, process and organizational innovations based on multidisciplinary knowledge. A holistic sectoral policy based on innovation system (IS) approach that target problems and enhance innovation is needed. According to IS approach, innovation is a result of interactive learning of sectoral actors, which is context specific and path dependent. In this study, coupled functional-structural analysis framework with IS perspective is used to identify barriers to innovation processes in olive and olive oil sector. Actors of olive and olive oil sectoral innovation system are defined. Current structural (actors, institutions, interactions and infrastructure) weaknesses, i.e. systemic problems that negatively affect functioning of the sector are identified. The analysis of systemic problems indicates the need for a sectoral policy in congruence with national, regional and technological policies of the government. Policy recommendations that target systemic problems are proposed accordingly. Keywords: Olive, olive oil, sectoral innovation system, systemic problem, functional structural analysis iv ÖZ TÜRK ZEYTİN VE ZEYTİNYAĞI SEKTÖREL YENİLİK SİSTEMİ: FONKSİYONEL - YAPISAL BİR ANALİZ Nilgün PEHLİVAN GÜRKAN Doktora, Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikası Çalışmaları Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Erkan Erdil Ekim 2015, 411 sayfa Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Türkiyede zeytin ve zeytinyağı sektörünün gelişimine engel olan problemlerin araştırılmasıdır. Türkiye’de zeytin verimliliği ve zeytinyağı kalitesi lider zeytin üretici ülkeler olan İspanya ve İtalya’ya göre düşüktür. Türkiye, küresel zeytinyağı değer zincirinin aşağı kısmındadır. Dökme zeytinyağı ihracatı yüksek ancak katma değeri yüksek, markalı zeytinyağı ihracatı düşüktür. Küresel rekabet ortamı artmaktadır ve ürün standardları sıkılaşmaktadır. Sektör, iklim değişikliği gibi gıda ve tarım sektörlerine özel zorluklarla da yüzleşmektedir. Söz konusu sorunların üstesinden gelebilmek, çok disiplinli bilgiye dayalı ürün, süreç ve organizasyonel yenilikleri gerektirmektedir. Mevcut sorunları hedefleyecek ve yeniliği teşvik edecek, yenilik sistemi yaklaşımıyla bütüncül bir sektör politikasına ihtiyaç vardır. Yenilik sistemi yaklaşımına göre yenilik, sektördeki aktörlerin beraber öğrenmesinin bir sonucu olup mekan ve patikaya bağlı gelişmektedir. Bu çalışmada, zeytin ve zeytinyağı sektöründe yenilik süreçlerinin önündeki engelleri belirlemek amacıyla, yenilik sistemi yaklaşımına dayanan fonksiyonel - yapısal analiz çerçevesi kullanılmıştır. Sektörün işleyişini olumsuz etkileyen mevcut yapısal (aktörler, kurumlar, etkileşimler ve altyapı) zayıflıklar yani sistemik problemler tespit edilmiştir. Sistemik problemlerin analizi, devletin ulusal, bölgesel ve teknolojik politikalarıyla uyumlu bir sektörel politika oluşturmasının gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Bu çerçevede, bu çalışmada tespit edilen temel sistemik problemler için politika önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Zeytin, zeytinyağı, sektörel yenilik sistemi, sistemik problem, fonksiyonel yapısal analiz v To olive tree and olive farmers “Zeytin Emekçisi” “… kutsal zeytin ağacının meyvesi, Zeytin; Hangi çabalarla hasat edilir? Hangi acılarla? Ayazda, yağmurda, hastalıklarla, traktör sırtlarında; sakatlık ve ölümlerle sonuçlanan kazalar sonunda toplanır, Zeytin. … Yeşil zeytin, kara zeytin, o güzelim zeytin! Ne diyordu Bedri Rahmi? “Önde zeytin ağaçları, arkada yar, Yar, yar, seni karasaplı bir bıçak gibi sineme sapladılar…” Sevgili zeytin, seni çok seviyoruz da, Hak ediyor muyuz acaba? Toplanır zeytin, O altın renkli kutsal su, Kimlerin gücüyle üretilir? Verilen onca emeğin karşılığı nedir? Yoksulluk mu, hastalık mı, ölüm mü? Bu mu zeytin emekçisinin kaderi? ...” Tuncel Kurtiz Turkish Actor (1936-2013) vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Erkan Erdil for his patience, support, valuable guidance and belief in me throughout the research. I am very grateful to my Co- Supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mücahit Taha Özkaya and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Renan Tunalıoğlu for their enthusiasm, encouragement and valuable contributions. Without them, I would not easily find my way. I am equally grateful to my examining committee members Prof. Dr. M. Teoman Pamukçu, Prof Dr. Onur Yıldırım and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yılmaz Üstüner for their constructive remarks and supports. I am deeply grateful to all representatives of olive and olive oil sector that I had the chance to meet and interview. They warmly welcomed me, sincerely answered my questions and patiently sacrificed their precious time to help me. Without their valuable contributions, this study could not come into existence. In this respect, I would like to present my warmest thanks to Ahmet Baç, Ahmet Selim Kantarcı, Ahmet Sucu, Ali Çelik, Ali Kürşat, Atilla Totoş, Ayhan Güneri, Aykut Bulut, Ayla Özcan, Berrin Taşkaya Top, Can Karadeniz, Çağlayan Karataş, Doğan Doğan, Doğan Güner, Ercan Güler, Ercan Türktemel, Faruk Besli, Fatma Akkaya, Fatma Öztürk, Gülşah Örnek, Gürkan Kantar, Haluk Baliç, Hasan Yıldırım, Hulusi Bayrak, Hüseyin Durmaz, İhsan Ümit Karatepe, İlhami Akkılıç, Kadriye Yılmaz, Kazım Arsoy, Korkut Yavuz, Mahmut Solaksubaşı, Mehmet Ali Gündoğdu, Mehmet Balcı, Mehmet Besli, Mehmet Cömert, Mehmet Hakkı Semerci, Melek Gürbüz, Melih Karbay, Mine Yalçın, Muhammet Demirtaş, Murat Çetin, Murat Küçükçakır, Mücahit Kıvrak, Nejdet Kaplan, Nesrin Aktepe Tangu, Nilüfer Kaleci, Nizamettin Şahin, Nurdan Zincircioğlu, Osman Bostan, Salih Madra, Seçkin Cenkış, Sedef Çağlayan, Serdar Öçten Ünsal, Sertaç Dokuzlu, Şahin Anıl, Taylan Kıymaz, Teoman Özkahraman, Turgut Orman, Ümmühan Tibet, Ünal Kaya, Yasin Özdemir, Yaşar Bozbay, Yılmaz Boz and Yusuf Aygün. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ........................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. iv ÖZ .......................................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................
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