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Tonywas superior tothe prin- cipalland-based fighters that initiallyopposed it:the Bell P-39and the Curtiss P-40. lmprovedversions ofthe Tonywere developed but didn't achievetrue mass production. Aslightly enlarged Ki61-ll had a 1,500hpdevelopment ofthe Ha40, designated "Ha 140," butthis engine was plagued withproblems tothe point A flight viewot a KawasakiKi,61-l Tnny tha! was capturetl by the Atliesand tested after being repaintett where275 of the Ki 61-lls were wilh non-standardcoloring. The reslored Japanese insignia was used lor puhlicitypurposes. ilote the completedas"Ki100," with extremelyclean design and radiator in$tallalinn sinilat to theNoilh Anerican p-ii.- 1,500hpMitsubishi Ha112 radialengines. Peak production T HISKawasakifighter, like theycode-named it "Tony." Itsinitial armament was a ofthe Tony (254 a month)was I otherJapanese aircraft of Whilemost Japanese fight- pairol12.7mm machine guns achievedinJuly '1944. WWll, is a sourceof confu- ersused air-cooled radial en- onthe nose, and two 7.9mm Thefinal operations ofthe sionto Westerners because it ginesprior to the war, the gunsin each wing on Ki61-1a Tonywere against Allied air- hasseveral designations. In Ki61 used a Japaneseversion orone 12.7mm gun in each craftthat were attacklng the theofficial ofthe 1,050hp wingon Ki 61-lb. These more Japanesehome islands. 0nly sequential SPECIFIGATIONS German thandoubled the firepower of Ki61-llswith the altitude-rated KitaiArmy Daimler-BenzJapanesefighters then in Ha140 engine could reach, and aircraftnum- ANDPERFORMANCE Kt61-1b DB-601Athat beringsys- theKawasaki fhis groundview of a temadopted Wingspan.....39 ft., 4 7hoin. AircraftEngi- Ki 61-lshows the wide- in1932, it's neeringCo. tracklanding gear and "Ki Length...... 2B ft., I 1/z in. basicnatural-netal lin- 61."lt's builtunder ish.Various camoullage also"Army WingArea ...... 215.2 sq.ft. licenseas the pa{emswere olten ap- Type3 pliedin thelield. EmptyWeight ...... 4,872 tbs. Ha40. fighte/'in the Kawasakithen i+l systemwhere GrossWeight ...... 6,504 tbs. service.Later versions wereeffective against, the op- (7,1 lbs. builtthe Ki 61 thenumber is 65 withoverload) to utilizethis adoptedtwo and even four eratingaltitude ofthe B-29. thelast digit HighSpeed ...... 368nph at engine.This 20mmwing cannon. Afew Othersdid well against carrier- ofthe Japa- 15,945ft. aircraftwas a evenhad 30mm cannon. basedfighters and were out- nesedynastic majordepar- TheTonys went into action classedonly by the U.S. Army Year2603, ServiceCeiling ...... 37,730 ft. turefrom tra- inNew Guinea inApril 1943 P-51soperating from nearby (equivalentto Max Range 684nites ditionalJapa- andquickly became the princi- lwoJima. 1940),the nesedesign, palJapanese Army fighter. Productionofthe Tony yearin which andwas the Largerand heavier than the endedin January 1945, owing theaircraft was designed. Fur- firstto incorporatefeatures JapaneseNavy's Mitsubishi toAllied bombing ofthe air- ther,the Allies, not knowing foundessential inthe first year Zeke,the Tony wasn't a frameand engine factories. thetrue Japanese designa- ofEuropean WW ll opera- dogfighterlike the Zeke, but Altogether,3,078 Tonys were tions,assigned code names to tions-armor,self-sealing fuel wasbetter suited to the hit- built:2,654 Ki 61-ls (per the allknown Japanese airplanes. tanksand heavier firepower. and-runtechniques that the drawing),plus 12 prototype Believingthat the Ki 61 was Theprototype Ki61 first flew Allieshad developed tocom- andpre-production Ki61-ls derivedfrom an ltalian design, inDecember 1941 . batthe Zeke. In any case, the and412Ki 61-lls. I SGALE AIRGRAFT DNAWITIGS
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'---) Scole 2345 This oircrofl wos florn by o 14 yiclorios oc6 of th6 Joponggo Army AirForcc. Ths pitot ros rith lhe 244th Fighlrr Squod. (TYPE3 FIG'{rER .o. bosed ol Chofu n.ot Tokyo. LOCKHEED HUDSL,.\ f HELockheed Hudson isan I outstandingexample ofa successfultransport plane- the1937 14-passenger LockheedModel 14-that becamean even more suc- cessfulbomber. The airliner wasoffered with a varietvof radialengines inthe 7501 .*l 1,100hprange, and 112 were .., sold.lronically, some planes, : ,t witha manufacturinglicense, weresold to Japan. During the s\"nj*r war,the Allies code-named the Japaneseversions "Thelma" andthe imports "Toby." InFebruary 1938, aware of A LockheedHudson I displays the early 1940 lorn ot lhe Britishfin llash,which ran the lult heightol thetin. anupcoming visit by a British purchasingcommission inter- aircraftdetails and equipment, .303-caliberVickers machine border.They were flown by estedin obtaining American theAir Ministry ordered 200 guns.Two fixed .303 guns U.S.crews to airports right on bombers,Lockheed rushed to LockheedB-'l4Ls under the wereinstalled inthe nose, and theborder, towed across the producea wooden mock-up of Britishdesignation "Hudson l" a bombbay for up to 1,400 line,and flown on by Canadian a Model14 bomber fuselage. (ata costof $25,000,000), poundsofbombs or depth crews. TheBritish liked what thev andas many more as could be chargeswas located beneath Altogether,2,940 Hudsons saw,but it didn'tfullv mebt deliveredbyDecember 1939. theairliner floor. The werebuilt under six basic des- theirneeds. The powerplantforthe Hudson I ignationsfor British Common- Theywanted Hudson's wasthe 1,100 takeoff hp wealthforces, two U.S. Army a reconnais-SPEGIFICATIONS airframewas WrightGR-1820-G302A designationsandone U.S. sance ANDPERFORMANCE thesame as Cyclonesingle-row engine. Navydesignation, asfollows: bomberthat LOCKHEEDHUDSON theairliner's, Thefirst flight of the BRITISHHUDSONS wouldhave it marked a WingArea .....-...... 551sq. ft. and Hudsonwas on December 10, Hudson/-The original200 navigatoras thefirst mili- 1938,and in February the first onthe British direct-purchase a keycrew EnptyWeight ...... 11,630 tbs. taryuse of planewas shipped to England,order,plus an additional 150, member.He GrassWeight 17,500tbs. thenew wherearmament was in- allwith Cyclone engines. neededto be Fowlerwing stalled.Inthe absence ofa pic- TopSpeed ...246nph at 6,500 ft. Australiacomplicated the closeto the flapthat had Britishturret in the U.S., the tureby ordering 50 Lockheed pilotand CruisingSpeed ...... ,... 170mph beenintro- firstHudson was tested with a B-14Ssas "Hudson l" but havean ex- Ceiling ...... 25,000ft. ducedon the woodenmock-up ofthe turret. specifiedthe 1,100hp Pratt & cellentfield Model14. lt Theearliest Hudsons were WhitneyR-1 830-SC3G Twin Range...... ofview. 1,700mites extended shippedto Englandfrom Cali- Wasp,atwin-row engine. In Within24 rearwardand fornia,or flown to NewYork recognitionofthe identity hours,Lockheed had modified down,which increased wing andloaded aboard ships. Later problem,afurther 50 themock-up by increasing the area.An advanced feature, by Hudsonswere sent to Canada AustralianHudsons were numberof windows inits U.S.military standards, was a fordelivery to Englandbyair, orderedas"Hudson ll," and nose. BritishBoulton & Paul oow- butbecause ofU.S. neutrality theAustralian Hudson lswere Followingtwo months of ereddorsal gun turret, which atthe time, they couldn't be redesignated"Hudson lV." intensivediscussion about containedtwo British flownacross the Canadian Hudson//- Distinguishing l" WW II SGATE AIRGRAFT DRAWIlIGS
externaldetails of these twin- rowengine Hudsons were A HudsonV withlul a turret0n a tacturytest tlight in June1941. Compare the cowlingtor the Pratl& Whitney deepercowlings fitted with engineswith thoseof Wrighl-powerednodels in thedrawing and other photls. Alsonote the reatward as wellas coolingflaps. The Australian thedownward ertension ot theFowler tlaps. Marklls differed from the Markls in that they had sentto England. theydidn't meet U.S. Army A-294-The184 A-29As constant-speedpropellers and HudsonM-52 MarklVs specificationsatthe time, they wereA-29s with cabins modi- a strengthenedairframe. suppliedtoAustralia under operatedas"Lockheed Model fiedfor alternative use as un- Hudsonllllhe 428 Lend-Leasewith the U.S 414"under their original armedtroop transports. Hudsonllls had the aidrame Armydesignation "A-28." The Britishserial numbers, and A-29Blwenty-four A-29s andpropellers ofthe Mark ll, engineswere now R-l830-45. theyoften used British insig- thatwere modified for use as upgraded'1,200 takeoff hp Hudsonl/-The 408 nia.Under Lend-Lease, new photo-surveyplanes. GR-1820-G205A engines, and HudsonVs with Twin-Wasp Armyspecifications were writ- AT-18-Theonly Hudsons threeadditional .303-caliber engineswere the last Hudsons tento fit the existing airplanes builtfrom scratch for the U.S. machineguns (one on each procuredon British direct- sothat they could be given the Armywere the AT-18 sideof the rear fuselage and purchasecontracts. They had standardArmy designations AdvancedTrainers. Ihe 217 anotherina ventral station). thesame equipment asthe A-28and A-29. AT-'1Bswere gunnery trainers Hudson///-The 616 Markllls. A-28lend-Lease d esi g na- fittedwith American Martin Markllls obtained under the Hudsonl//-lmoroved tionforthe Hudson lVA. Many turretsthat used .50-caliber Lend-Leaseprogram were MarkVs with 1,200 takeoff hp wereretained bythe U.S. Browningmachine guns. The Armyfor use as bomber- engineswere R-1 820-87s. trainers. Af-l84-The83 unarmed A-2fiAlmprovedMark Vs AT-1BAs were navigation deliveredas"Hudson Vl." trainers(with the cabins ar- A-291ighthundred Mark rangedfor trainee navigators lllAsbuilt under Lend-Lease. andtheir instructors). Latein 1941, some were taken PB0-l-TheU.S. Navy ac- fromthe British order, armed ouired20 Hudson lllAs with andused to oatrolthe U.S. Britishturrets late in 1941 and ThisU.S. Navy PB0-1, tornerly a HudsonIllA, caniesearly 1942 Navy na*- coastline.With no British designatedtfrcm "PB0-1 " ings,is littedwith the BritishBoulton & Paulgun turret and retains its original turretsavailable, thearmed ("PB"for "Patrol Bombe/'and British"Sand and Spinach" canoutlage. A-29swere fitted with a "0"for "Lockheed"). Engines designated"Hudson lllA" to R-l830-67engines built by single,hand-swung, wereNavy (even dash num- reflecttheir closer conformity Chevrolet;450 were procured .50-calibermachine gun in an ber)R-1 820-40s. Equipped to U.S.Army specifications throughthe U.S. Army as opencockpit that replaced withfour 325-pound depth andequipment. Because they "A-28A." theturret. bombs,one PB0-1 sank a wereDrocured with U.S. lunds U.S.HUDSONS GermanU-boat on March 1, throughU.S. Army channels, Evenbefore Lend-Lease and 1942,and another sank one theywere given U.S. Army theassignment ofU.S. desig- onMarch 15. These were the designations(inthis case, nationsto theHudsons, the firstU.S. aircraft sinkings of "A-29").The civil Cyclone en- Army"drafted" some U-boats. gineswere redesignated as undeliveredHudsons from Overthe entire Hudson se- ArmyR-1820-87s. Britishcontracts to meetits ries,gross weight varied from Huds on ltl4edesig natio n ownincreasing need for new 17,500pounds (l) to 22,360 ofthe original Australian Mark aircraft.Most of these were A U.S.Arny AT-18gunnery trainer pounds(AT-18A); top speeds "Hudson usedin unarmed transoort with a moldedPlexiglas Marlin gun variedfrom 246 (l) to 261 lsand Mark lls as twrct. fheruhbet de-icer hoots on the lV."An additional 30were andtraining roles. Because wingsand tail arc prcninenton this (Ar-18A). unpaintedairylane. 79
WW II SGATE AIRCRAFT
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E 0UNDEDin1918, the finsand rudders were at the duceone acute and one gunsthen fired through flat I GlennL. Martin Company endsof a straight,horizontal obtuseangle of intersection. panelsthat opened when re- wasone of the oldest stabilizer,and the wing-tip Thesingle XPBM-2, ordered quired.The most notable out- Americanaircraft manufactur- floatsretracted inward to lay atthe same time, was similar wardchange was the replace- ers.Martin was a major flushagainst the underside of tothe PBM-1, except that it mentof the retractable wing builderof flying boats, begin- thewing. Up to 2,000 pounds hadincreased fuel capacity floatswith the fixed type on ningin 1930 with the Navy- ofbombs or depth charges andwas stressed for catapult fiveIong struts. designedPM-1 and P3M-1 couldbe carried. landing.Production PBM-1 s PBM-?Variants modelsbuilt in its new plant in Baltimore,MD. The most fa- mousMartin flying boat of originaldesign was the four- engine"China Clippe/' (Model 130),that opened trans-Pa- cificmail and passenger routesin 1935. InJune 1937, Martin was awardeda U.S. Navy contract fora single twin-engine flying boat:the Maftin Model 162, designated"XPBM-1." ltwas intendedasa follow-up and possiblereplacement forthe ConsolidatedPBYmodel that wasthen in oroduction. While theXPBM-1 had double the grossweight, and a wing that TheMartin PBM-30 Mariner with late 1943color and narkings. Note the two-gun nose and tail tunets,the larye ratlone wasonly 14 feet longer than ontop ol thehull andllush panels enclosing lhe side guns. thePBY's, it had more power- ful1,600hp Wright R-2600-6 engines.Ina very unusual Ina raremove of its own, beganto reachthe fleet in PBM4B4iXPBM-38 move,Martin built a manned, theNavy ordered 20 produc- September1940 and were weresupplied tothe R.A.F. as quafter-scaleflying model tionPBM-1s inDecember giventhe name "Mariner" in "Mariner1,"but they didn't (Model162A) for aerodynamic 1937,14months before the 0ctober1941. measureupto Britishrequire- testingof the unique gull-wing prototypeflew. They were out- PBM-3-Truemass pro- mentsand were returned to design.The first flight ol the wardlyidenticalto the XPBM- ductionof the Mariner began theU.S. Navy. XPBM-1was on February 18, 1 exceptfor the dihedral inthe withthe PBM-3, 379 of which PBM-gC-Tne274 PBM- 1939. horizontaltail. An odd feature wereordered inNovember 3Cshad increased protective Thenotable features ofthe herewas that the fins and rud- 1940. They had 1,700hp R- armorand could carry up to XPBM-Iwere its gulled wing; ders,instead of beingvertical, 2600-12engines inlength- 4,000pounds of bombs. a Dowerednose turret with a weremounted perpendicular enednacelles that contained Somewere fitted with a large singlegun; a two-gun, pow- tothe stabilizer. Wind-tunnel completelyenclosed bomb radomefor search radar on ereddorsal turret just aft of testshad revealed that there bays.Armament was two .50- topof the hull between the thewing; a singlegun in the wasless aerodynamic drag caliberguns in the nose turret cockpitand the wing. tailcone; and single guns in froma right-angleintersection andone each in the dorsal, tail PBM-SD4reaterchanges hemispherical,hand-swung betweenthe fins and rudders andside positions. The side camewith the 201 PBM-3Ds. blisterturrets on each side of andthe stabilizer than when blisterturrets of the PBM-1 Theyhad 1,900hp R-2600-22 thehull aft of the wing. Twin thefins were vertical to pro- wereeliminated and the side enginesdriving four-blade WW II SCALE AIRGRAFT DRAWII{GS
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: ..: .s :: ^"NNNNS\$\\r$Nqi\(;,r.;il)::\\\\\R\\:r$N!NiNR\\K\\K\\\4.^s*\iidi:l \\\\$.li\I\\S\\R\--\\Wni: ThisPBM-3 with prewat silvet coloring was pholographed in late 1942or early1943. NqIe the unpowered tail nachine-gunturret and llush panels lot side gunstations. fhe redbands on the wings and hull (laterchanged Io grcen)identity an instrunenttrainer. propellers;twin guns in the (essentiallyPBM-3s upgraded callydesignated "PBM-5E," withdrawnfrom souadron nose;dorsal and tail turrets; to usenew, four-row butbecause the use of spe- usein July 1956. andsingle side guns. Bomb 23,000hpWright R-3350-8 cial-missionsuffix letters was It'sodd that the amphibi- capacitywas now 8,000 engines).They weren't pro- justbeginning, thedesignation ousversion of the Mariner pounds,and some Ds had the ducedbecause the PBM-5 was wasseldom used in airplane appearedsolate in its career. largeradome that was intro- builtinstead. paperworkorby the crews. lf thefeature had been added ducedon the PBM-3C. PBM-1-Ihe631 PBM-Ss PBM-iGAuringthe war, earlier,it might have added PBM-gR-The20 PBM-3Rs wereoutwardly similar to the severalPBM-5s were trans- greatlyto the airplane's utility wereunarmed transports with PBM-3D,but they used ferredto the seatingfor 20 passengers and 2,100hpPratt & Whitney U.S.Coast a reinforcedcabin floor for R-2800-22or-34 engines. Guardwithout a heavycargo. Sixwere converted to PBM-SA changeof des- PBM-fl$-Ine156 PBM- amphibians,andone was ignation.After 3Sswere soecialized completedasthe single-tail thewar, these antisubmarineversions that XP5M-1,ofwhich 239 P5M-1 andother Navy carriedfour 325-pound depth and-2 models were built after transfersac- bombs,extra fuel, and only thewar. quiredthe suffix fourguns. PBM-i Variants letter"G" (as ..PBM-5G"), fhe andlhe last:Ihe XPBM-| in itsoriginallorm with PBMll-Therewere to PBM-5E-PBM-5sfitted a straight,'irst horizontal tail andside gun blislerc,and lhe havebeen 180 PBM-4s withsearch radar were techni- whichidentified PBM-1Aanphihian that ended lhe Marinetline in 1949. modifications fhe red barswere addecl to theinsignia in January1947. madefor spe- cializedCoast Guardmissions, mostnotably air-searescue. PBM.5A_ Thefinal pro- ductionmodel Ns+{'": fYryft\Sffq ofthe Mariner wasthe PBM-SA amphibian,with 36 built to (asit haddone with the PBY) one ol six PBM-3Bssent Io Englandas "Mariner1," paintedin lhe British completethe production of andgiven the Mariner a CoastalConnand's white and gray cllor scheme.The Marinerc didn't neet 1,366Mariners by March greaterrole in WW ll naval Britishrequirenents and were retumed to theU.S. Navy. 1949.The last Mariners were aviation. 2 661 2 I =ui h- saF"Fin9 ; r- gF E6E < _j3ts
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I 4F:',., n< ; 3 I z \ d'^29 o , 1-5fre' ig Q = i- ':: EFE s q 5 tc t a / sg ;-u ..t ; 'r d ; :Eqg 9 F r€),&rL!, 2 I :n il ; a;_ Ao 6FiIJ"- - uga @ , 16 t = B?^ 6l Es :, i ,rfll *"e E a t : i68' I i 9r,'g il.+ il;;:; ii'EEt :iie;ans: ;El1 5 c i:,i AFE:PnEf;F?Hg;E";i =e"aP.='*'3; i FFi il;9 ?oo;Bla 5:ci =E Y; "8[ rc:9io E 0" 9:s 3!B:3 :9H93€eEgEriEiHl: ;q;s;! ?-: I 3i:1 6 e"Ei3 ;;:Y i 9 t< q;g;:i:E:.'i5f!.6 3eB :ru z4\z_l d N .-"1-""o I Naddition to itsimpressive againstother proposals, the fiedthe pilots-and time was Thisearly 8-26 shows the initial in- I recordas a warplane,the Armyawarded Martin a con- tojustify stallationol a .30-calihertail nachine theirfears. The early gun.fhe photo was laken late in 1941, Martin8-26 Marauder should tractfor 201 oroduction modelsused for crew training belorethe U.S.Army serial nunber beconsidered anhistoric U.S. bombersand designated them soonearned the nickname wasadded to lhe verticallail. Armydesign for another rea- "8-26." "WidowMaker," and they al- *** son:it was the first warolane B-261irstflownon No- mostlived up to the derisive followedby 139 B-26As with everto be ordered into mass vember25,1940, the new reference"One a Dayin minorrefinements anda fuse- production"right off the draw- 8-26was oowered with TampaBay" at a Florida lagethat was lengthened by2 ingboard" without having a 1,B50hpPratt & Whitney trainingcenter. feet,3 inches.All four guns prototypetested first. In Janu- R-2800-5engines. lts initial Latermodels had more werenow .50 caliber, and pro- ary1939, the U.S. Army, fore- armamentwas a singleflex- spanand area, but the wing visionwas made for carrying seeingan immediate need for ible,.30-caliber machine gun loadingdidn't decrease, be- navaltorpedots and bombs. new,high-pefformance air- inthe nose and another ina causethe gross weight was B-268-Therewere 1,883 planes,asked for proposals mannedtail position, and two increased.The early "Short B-268s,but a majorchange fromthe aircraft industry for a .50-caliberguns in a powered,Wing"B-26s were the lastest wasmade with the 8-268-10 newmedium bomber that Martin-designeddorsal tur- ofall, with top speeds of thattamed it, and almost wouldhave an unprecedented ret-thefirst such device to 317mphat 15,000 feet. madeit a differentairplane. highspeed for the industry beinstalled ina U.S.bomber. B-264-TheB-26s were Thewingspan was increased andcarry five crew men, four The8-26 was also the first .30-calibermachine guns and U.S.warolane tohave been Note:While Bill Wylam'sdrawing is titled "B-26D,"the pounds air- 2,000 ofbombs. By designedfrom the start with planeshown is actuallyrepresentative of tate 8-268 models. omittingrequirements forlow- self-sealingfueltanks. The Althougihdetailed phltos werereleased to thepublic during speedhandling characteris- bombload was 4,800 pounds. thewa4 accurate designations weren't given. For security rea- tics,the Army implied that it A wingspanofonly 65 feet sons,all information relative to the8-26 was given under the waswilling to accept a "hot" withan area of 602 square designation"Marauder," without reference to thepafticular airplanetoget the desired top- feetcombined with the stageof modeldevelopment. This performance. wasa majorreasan for the end TheGlenn 32,000-poundgross weight to useof "popular"names for lJ.S. military airplanes. Mr. Wylam L.Martin Co. submitted its createthe highest wing load- madeas close a guessas hecould for thedesignation based paperModel 179 on July 5, ingever used on an Army air- on theinformation that was available to him- 1939.After evaluating it planeto that time. This horri- WW II SCATE AIRGRAFT DRAWIlIGS \:;*G{SV; j]+: ;Ni k::r_il: -i"'rili; ; 1*' 'i., I -": _",.:-:.liyryi*N;.rN!ury:L;**- +a . . -,. '" - , ...- ,' itt ui;iN*., -,"***,- . ' .' A B-26F'1-MAin the natural netal linish adoptedtor most U.$. Arny conbat planes early in 1944.NoIe the external "packageguns" on the lower fuselage. by6 feetto makeit 71feet; newMartin plant in Omaha, Cmodels except that the angle REDESIGNATEOB-26s thewing area increased to659 NE,where slightly different ofincidence ofthe wing was Someoroduction Marauders squarefeet; and the height of manufacturingmethods were increased31/z degrees tofur- weremodified for use as crew theveftical tail was increased. used.The designation became therimprove the takeoff and trainersand redesignated: 208 Otherchanges common toall "B-26-M0."Gross weight in- landingcharacteristics. formerB-268s became "AT- 8-268swere a 24-volt(rather creasedto38,200 pounds; the B-26G-The893 23AAdvanced Trainers," while thana 12-volt)electrical sys- topspeed dropped to B-26G-MAswere similar to 350B-26Cs became "AT-238." tem,2,000hp R-2800-41 en- 282moh. theF model except that they Thesewere soon redesignated ginesand increased protective 8-260and E-These two hadonly 11 .50-caliber ma- "T8-268"and "C" after 203 of arm0r. production8-268s were modi- chineguns. A further57 were theAT-238s were transferred Fordefense, thesingle fiedfor experimental projects. builtas unarmed crew train- tothe Navy as unarmed JM-1s hand-swungtailgun was re- B-26F-Ihe300 B-26F- ers,and were designated ("J"for "Utility," "M" for "Mar- placedwith two .50 calibers in MAswere similar to the B and "TB-26G." tin").The Navy also received a ballturret, and two .50 cali- 47of the TB-26Gs asJM-2. berswere mounted inthe TheJMs were used primarily lowerwaist. The drawing astow-target tugs. showsthese in socket fittings ROYALAIR FORCE aheadof the "openable" panel, MARAUDERS butthey fire through the pan- TheR.A.F. received 544 B-26s els(as shown in the photo). underLend-Lease asfollows: Forground attack, afixed, 52B-26As as Marauder l; a .50-calibergunwas installed further19 B-26As as Ma- insidethe nose, and four oth- rauderlA; 123 B-26Cs as Ma- erswere added as "package rauderll; and a combination guns"on the outside ofthe of350 B-26Fs and Gs as Ma- fuselage. rauderlll. Thenormal gross weight of MARAUDERSINACTION the8-268 increased toonly Thefirst few B-26s were re- 34,000pounds, but the bomb tainedfor testing, but the loadwas reduced to3,000 squadronsbegan to get B-26s oounds.Overloads were com- inthe spring of 1941. They mon,however. and with a servedin every theater of U.S. 5,200-poundbomb load, the ArmyAir Force operations, grossweight rose to 36,500 startinginNew Guinea inApril 00un0s. 1942,where the distance be- Thetail number on the tweentargets and U.S. bases Wylamdrawing isaccurate for reouireda reduction ofthe a 8-268-25-MA("MA" identi- bombload because ofthe fiesthe main Martin olant in extrafuel tanks that were car- Baltimore). riedin the bomb bays. B-26As B-260-fhe1 B-26Cs ,235 Thisclose-up llight viewol theB-268-30-MA shows the bail tail lurrel, waist wereused as torpedo planes weresimilar to the B-26Bs gun portswith the guns ertended, and the double-hinged doorc ol a bonb bay inthe Battle of Midway in exceptthat they were built in a containing500-pound honbs. June1942. Et +' 3l' 9l vir {l \l Ir$l st ii ,!l -91 vt al YI slsi$i qt ^QI ;lN| $1, ^-t .tJ ^t .tiil qrpl il g9ll ststNtisi x:$iii ir il$r iJ sl 5l xtlli r - : il Hl$l qtiuti r atdi sl 3$SHE;$i$isisjgI / s s$lsl ,,' q cl 3ifi5 .} g sHl 5 .83.il sl$ts \l ;l*itil dsl dst $l qil !t qt sl ,rll sl al itl tll!l sl 5*lil Ftl 'tl NIsl$l ) uil \il e|tt$ EI {l tl $t{l al El >t Yl rl tl It )=)-lt|di| t, \t I 9l q !d q]-l \i +l d al {l :l JI si ht ul sl *tl$&t gst $I€l {l 3l tl *td cl EI stl€1 Sr. iI (lu sl$lpl FI SI !'ll s| ,rol}| $il H$il:l >l :l rl Ql ill $|$$ ull*l ilsl !l q:l $i]$ Hel H$ ))$l$5 ) BI$I l tl .1 ,!l (l ri tl ql UI tl :i ul QI ql FI YI YI *ol OI +l \at l9t sl H 'Lf tl ct !l HS >[ -- si, s*il !l :-l!l*i lti "nlql 3l tl si qt qt st vt pl gl. {r fili stsl )€l WW II SGATE AIRGRAFT DRAWIIIGS {--- ,-) Y $sC /\-.,--\ \___y f\ f, ii(rr \_,/ il' A ${$' f\ >is:FM ^.\ q< \l flr\, \__-y /\ ' O t |J3 Y /-l\ T t--f\ r \i/ ,/ A . r/ ttI\ l EI W 3l all :l cfl sl sl al *tl 5n rl sil :t qtlXI {ll sl ail il {l sil 9l EI 5lSIal ql tl s\l$ ITi zl 9l ll cl sl {ial qlE ql MESSERSCHMITT ME 109 thepilots serious problems whenthey landed. PROTOTYPES ThreeMe '109 prototypes were orderedin1934 and desig- nated"Me 109V-1" through "V-3"("Versuchs," or"Experi- mental").These were followed by10 more prototypes mixed withpre-production Me109B models.Designated V models continuedtoappear until late inthe war (reaching V-55). Mostof these were adapted fromproduction models rather thanbuilt from scratch as ex- perimentalmodels. Me 1098-Thiswas the AnMe 1098-2in 1938canouflage and markings. Note the white circle around the swastikas,the narrow white horderc firstproduction model be- for all crosses,and the wing crcsses c/ose Io lhe wingtips. causethere was no Me 109A assuch. lt usedthe 635hp f heMe 109 was one of the countriesafter the war, serv- invertedV-l2 engine, the Me Jumo210 engine and drove a I world'sgreat fighter ingin Spain until 1967. 109V-1prototype had to use fixed-pitchwooden propeller, planesand it enjoyedthe dis- TheMe 109 was designed anupright 625hp British whichwas later replaced bya tinctionofhaving been built in in1934 in a four-way design Rolls-RoyceKestrel engine two-blademetal controllable- greaternumbers than any competitionfora modern whenit flew in September pitchtype. lts initial armament other-some33,000 were fighterto beused by the 1935.While it differedlittle in wasa pairof 7.9mm machine built.lt wasmass-produced in brand-newLuftwaffe. Al- outlinefrom the new mono- gunsthat fired through the Germanyfrom 1936 through thoughit wasdesigned to use planefighters that were being propeller,with a third gun that 1945and it was built in other thenew 61 Oho Junkers Jumo developedinother countries, firedthrough the hollow pro- theMe 109 was almost revo- pellershaft. Early combat ex- lutionaryinits use of a greatly periencewas gained by 45 Nlte: The"Me 109J" designation that's used on the Wylam drawing 'l09Bs neverofficially existed. lt wasan in-housedesignation used by simolified.all-metal structure thatwere sent to the Messerschmittfor someMe 109Gmodels that were being built for formass production and ease GermanCondor Legion, which Spainlate in the war.The drawing shaws the configuratian of the ofmaintenance inthe field. wasfighting in the Spanish prewarMe 1098through D modelsfitted with the three-blade pro- Thedesign was also suit- CivilWar.The Me 1098's pellerof theMe 109E. The markings are for early Me 1098sas seen ablefor "stretch"-the use of grossweight was 4,740 in 1938.The "J" wasiust a guesson Mr. Wylam's paft. as accurate higherpower, heavier arma- poundsand its top speed was designatiansfor manyGerman aircraft weren't readily available to mentand other state-of-the- 2B9mphat13,120 feet theAllies in 1940,when the drawing was made. "Me" artchanges that kept it com- (4,000meters). Also,note that the abbreviations "Bf" and areboth used in petitive referenceto theMesserschmitt airplanes. Although the planes were withlater Allied fight- Me1fl90-This modelwas designedby WilliMesserschmitt and were referred to as such,they ersuntil the war's end. About outwardlysimilar to the B, but werethe product of theBayersche Flugzeug Werke (Bavarian Air theonly serious deficiency of it hadan imoroved Jumo 210C planeWorks) of Augsburgand were officially designated "8f." The theMe 109 was the design of engineand two additional nameof thefirm was changed to Messerschmittin July 1938,so thelanding gear. The gear was gunsin the wings. Some Cs "Me"became the officialabbreviation, but"Bf" also remained in use ona narrowtrack and the wereused to test a 20mm alm^stufltil the war'send. Because "Me' is thenost commonly wheelsweren't 90 degrees to cannonthat fired through the usedterm today, it's used here even for theearly, "true" Bf modefs, theground. This often gave propellershaft, but this wasn't 92 W III' I I SGATE AIRGRAFT DRAWIIIGS .',"1;i:i;l,lj :,;,.-;,.'.:. yetstandard equipment. .';f.-;;:.i;;;i;iiff;f1;;;1fi,-;-: 5;f,1:,,'r,.: extramachine guns and rock- Me1090-The Me 109D, AnMe 109E-4/8,in 1940coloring, carrying a 550-poundhomb. Note the wide ets.lts gross weight was whichkept the Jumo engine whiteborders on the luselage and the underwing crosses, and the wing crcsses 6,945pounds; the high speed andtwo-blade propeller, was nowlocated hrther lromthe wing tip. was387mph at 22,967 feet thefirst true mass-produced (7,000meters). model,with several hundred Me109H, J-A smallse- built.Although it rapidly be- riesof Me '109H prototypes cameobsolete, some D mod- (whichwere intended to be elssaw action during the Ger- high-perf ormance fighters) maninvasion ofPoland in wasstarted, using F-4 air- September1939. They were framesfor prototypes and G- then"retired" tofighter-pilot 5sfor early production mod- schools. els.0nly a few were delivered Me109E-A major change beforethe program was can- camewith the Me 109E, which celled.The "J" designation usedthe 960hp Daimler-Benz wasused by Messerschmitt as DB600 engine, (an invefied V- itsown designation for25 G 12like the Jumo) but had a Thenainr changein theappearance ol theMe 109Fresulted lron thelarger airframesthat were shipped to three-bladepropeller and a propellerspinner and round wing tips. Shown here is an earlyMe 109F-0. Spainwithout engines. notablydifferent radiator ar- Me109K-The final pro- rangementunder the nose. ductionmodel, which was ProductionEswith 1,100hp similarto the late 109G, ap- DB600A engines entered ser- oearedlate in 1944. The Me vicewith the Luftwaffeearly in '109Kused the 1,500hp DB 1939.A greatvariety of arma- 6051engine with a two-stage mentwas incoroorated inthe superchargerthatcould de- Eover its production life, and liverup to 2,000hp for short thenose-mounted cannon dashes. wasstandard equipment. Itsgross weight was 7,400 Someother Es had cannon pounds,and its high speed installedinthe wings. Provi- was452mph at 19,606 feet. sionwas also made for the Thesewere figures that em- installationofracks under the TheMe 109Gwas outwardly similar Io theF nldel, excepll0r thebulges lor phasizedthe ability of the largernose-gun ammunition drums located ahead ol lhecockpit (which shrted wingsfor bombs, and either a withthe G-3). Shown here is anME 109G-1081. 1934design to grow and re- 300-literdrop tank or a 550- maincompetitive with later ooundbomb could be carried fighterdesigns. '1942 underthe fuselage. larged,nearly hemispherical wasthe most-produced POSTWARPRODUCTION Incombat, the Me 109E propellerspinner, rounded model.Some featured cockpit TheAvia plant in Czechoslova- wasslightly superior tothe (insteadofsquared) wing tips, pressurization(anew feature kiahad been building Me BritishHurricane I and far bet- anda horizontalcantilever tail forfighters atthe time), and 109Gs,and after the war, it terthan the Curtiss Kittyhawk. thateliminated the bracing fromthe G-3 on, the nose continuedtobuild them for Itwas about even in perfor- struts.From the F-3 model on, gunswere 13mm. The larger thenew Czech Air Force, using mancewith the early British theengine used was the ammunitiondrums reouired bothDB 605 and Jumo en- Soitfires. 1,350hpDB 601E. lts gross forthese guns caused con- gines.Spain also built Me Mel09F4liajor changes weightwas 6,063 pounds and spicuousbulges on each side 109Gsafter the war, using inappearance came in late itshigh speed was 391mph at ofthe fuselage ahead of the Hispano-Suizaengines, which 1940with the Me 109F. Most 19,680feet (6,000 meters). cockpit.Again, wing arma- werelater replaced byBritish notablewere a greatlyen- Me 109G-TheMe 109G of mentvaried between cannons, Rolls-RoyceMerlins. WW II SCATE AIRGRAFT DRAWIlIGS 0tl q5ll !4lFll olu I a[)]l dbllrllql . t,l zil '1 3il {tl |/i rfi {lll 6il 6il Ffl v ull ,i llil!lil 3u |t : qt t- ttr{ rll ||tl 'A' 7 <[ ql Jtl I 0.ll I n ol I Ftl 41 oll L ir >ll ;1, ll -[{|l g UI at 0il I I I I t ly ";I i I I I MESSERSCHMITT ME 262S\AALLOW it AnMe 262A-1a tested in theU.S. after the war. fhe originalGerman luselage ma*ings had been painted oul, but enoneous crosses in WWI stytewere painted on laterlor puhlicity putposes. f HEGerman Messerschmitt subsequentfighters, but all of velopmentofjet and rocket A detailnew to fighters atthe I Me262 has the distinction today'sfighters are powered powerplantsformilitary air- timqbut soon to be widely ofbeing the first turbojet air- byturbojets. craft.As a result,the newly adopted,was the use of a planeto see combat. lt wasn't Itwas fortunate for Allied namedMesserschmitt A.G. cockpitcanopy that was en- thefirst fighter without propel- airpower that deployment of ("A.G" for "Aktien tirelyabove the fuselage, not lersto do so, however. theMe 262 was held up, first Geselleschaft,"orProprietary fairedinto it ason the Me 109 Thathonor went to the bydelays in jet-engine devel- Company)was invited to de- andits contemooraries. MesserschmittMe162 Komet, opmentand then by official signa jet-powered fighter. Thefirst four Me 262s (Me whichwas powered by a indecisionasto how it should Messerschmitt'spreliminary 262V-1 through V-4) featu red liquid{uelrocket engine and beused. The initial planning designstudy received the conventionaltail-wheel land- wentinto action on August 14, forits use as a fighter was Ministry'sProject No. P.1065, inggear. This was quickly 1944.Although the Me 262 faulty,and then Adolph Hitler whichappeared asa wooden changedtolhe tricycle type, didn'tgo to war until October orderedthat it beproduced as mock-upinMarch 1940. Ap- andfor good reason. The let 3,1944,its impact on aircraft a bomberrather than a fighter, provalof this resulted inan blasthit the pavement, dam- designwas great. Rocket pro- ln1938, the German Air orderfor three all-metal oroto- agingit, and also bounced pulsionwasn't adopted for Ministryencouraged thede- types,designated "Me 262." upwardto scorch the tail sur- Thenew fighter eventually faceswhile further damaging receivedthe name "Schwalbe" themwith blown-uo debris. (Swallow). Significantly,allsubsequent Asa fighter airframe, the jetairplanes used tricycle Me262 was a relativelycon- landinggear with their jets ventionaldesign, but it fea- paralleltothe ground (notable tureda slightlyswept-back exceptionsarelatter-day verti- wingto reduce compressibility caltakeoff types such as the athigh speeds. Two axial-flow BritishHarrier). turbojetengines were installed Airframe development got innacelles onthe underside of farahead of jet-engine devel- .:, llt*| "siis.Ynd{slfiffis: thewing, outboard ofthe in- opment,so the Me 262V-1 Me 2624-1asin Gemany.Note that the tail swastikais blackwith a white ward-retractinglanding gear. washurriedly fitted with a horder,but that the tuselagecross cor,sists only 0l a whiteoulline over the WW II SGALE AIRGBAFT DRAWITGS \,' A two-seatMe 2628-Ia/lJl night 1,200hpJunkers Jumo piston steadof fighters. A redesign morethan BOmph faster than tightertested in the U.S.atter the engineina modifiednose. lt programgot under way, and thebest Allied fighters of the war Notelhe nose radar antennas andthe auxiliary tuel tanks where madeits first flight on April theMe 262A-2 version could time.lts speed was an asset in bombswerecarried on the bonber 18,1941 . Later attempts tofly carrytwo 500k9 (1 ,100- hit-and-runattacks on the ve/rsions. it andother protogpes with pound)bombs under the fuse- bomberstreams and allowed earlydevelopmental jetsfailed lage.The bomber version was itto avoid mixing with the de- 1,430Me 262s were built out becausethe engines weren't named"Sturmvogel" (Storm fendingfighters. The powered ofthousands ordered, and deliveringsufficient thrust Bird).Reason prevailed inthe gunturrets of the bombers thenthey were a classic ex- ('tpound of thrust equals t hp AirMinistry, however, and couldn'tfollow the Me 262's ampleof too little, too late. atapproximately 375mph; 1 Hitlerwas oersuaded toallow high-speedpasses. Most of Hadthey been available ayear poundof thrust equals more simultaneousproduction of theMe 262s that were shot andhalf earlier (before long- thant hpabove that speed and boththe Me 262 bomber and downwere victims either of rangefighters began to ac- lessbelow it). thefighter. The fighter was theirown pilots' errors or of companythe bombers), the Finally,powered bytwo usuallyfitted with four 30mm slowingdown for more careful outcomeofthe Allied strategic 1,848-pound-thrust(static) cannoninthe nose, but other aimor for landing. Some Me bombingprogram might have Junkers109-004A engines, armamentarrangements were 262swere designed with a beendifferent. thefirst all-jet Me 262 flight alsoused. single50mm (2-inch) cannon wasmade by the V-3 on July ByApril 1944, '12 proto- inthe nose to permitthe Me 18,1941. Orders were then typesand 10 Me-262A-0 pre- 262sto attack the bombers placedfor production Me productionmodels had been whilesafely out of range of Alate:The designatians "FE' 2624-0and -1 fighters,but for built.Initial production models their.50-caliber guns. This and"T2" on the rear fuselages awhile, itlooked like they wentto fighter-pilot schools, version.however. was never of Germanaircraft photo- wouldn'tbe delivered assuch. notto the front, because con- produced. graphedin the U.S.during Hitlersaw a demonstration siderabletraining was needed Theincreasing need for andafterthewar aren't arigi- flightof theMe 262V-6 in No- forexperienced fighter pilots nightfighters resulted inthe nal Germanmarkings. "FE" vember'1943 impressed theirtransition tothe installationofspecializec means"Foreign Egufpment,l and, during "T2" byits speed, decided that it newjets. The first Me 262 night{ightingradar into some and is thenumber of the just perticulaf Tethnicallntelti was thething for hit-and- combatmission against U.S. single-seatMe-262A-1 s, com- geneeoffice that testedthe runbombing raids on En- daylightbomber formations pletewith an impressive array aircraft. gland.He ordered that the new wason October 3,1944. ofantennas onthe nose. Two- ietsbe built as bombers in- Theoerformance ofthe Me seatMe 2628s were devel- 262handed opedspecifi- theAllies a callyas night nasrysur- fighters. prise:it was Altogether, Me262 nose details. At left. an Me 262A-2awith two 250k9(550- pound)bonbs underthe luselage. At righl,an Me 262A-1a tightet. Nlte the portstor the 30nn cannonin the uppetnose. idg ! AJ "ei9i (! "94? AJ 9;-r I 6b rer , :i IU "o Zz7:. i;pE; llliiilssisliss:silIsilils$iils$$i*$ssi:sisFsiii$i$F$$$iiiiiisi[i$$$iiliFiilsii$fu$iiFSiii3I ps";;;l .!i.:.l "1 iF: : l!. s .Qn\ .qr s 3 i$FSs"j a s: ;slli "1 s:---iF {\ 3 i." I s! \l l d : R8 ri T i. T \r iA I \ f5- ll r, I si- llf\ I Q5 iltn\ I €: - F B ;{ !l l lsr$$ I :$"i I lFlts ic- I R I isFi s ii: CR ."dli R Y- Et :eisi:-qtS *50 ddEEiE.,- lR \3F dl''- Fs"; :Ftq- ,: + :Fp lr I :3! 3 i ri\ l!..1 > :.id \_ : s S $i r\ iSIJ dlr\ do ts I dt4 t^i li r& i>" i5$tsr;j s\^*Rb a: FiFSg (F s6 ssi$: B$$ n$$ iii[$i$$$E$ss$n$*xFi$FFFiFssiF*5l,$S*$*'c"ats*rrr ii $$p:5 pRRir 5dA q; Fiiis!$illliiii$ililttiititt$iFgs$$5ig* si5 iiss*siir$iE$tiiiil$:.so SS5$5g$iE$$iil$$$il*iiS$SsiFis* alR : 98 WW II SGATE AIRGRAFT IIRAWIilGS RII *I lq gii h FFT \ d T / d "T - $ F L a:iis: I R q g' - e I I !$E L\ 6' I t:l F I e : ! l \r q= i i" I .i q\ S: | . Nd rs I 6Nt,/ ti t_a R : ,/ { R 'i I -t !c F ( )\ f /---1,' i 13 6 R\,/ I /--- S ll / -!ie I { \l , "1\\ F; ! a i t 3FF i{i \s r s< _r 3 i"' ;: i R I -- i - --rHi 6 II i: $i :ffiFt3 :t 93 J !iisll:r st i! iE tdtf + i t* d 66! Q oi l d st 6t' si s"l 3t-.F t$ *ia i.etssl"!*c "$fi Qsil' s r9{ la E{E i*trli FSFsSlFir: Ta' SrxspE P R:i' ,:E :F$$istg s:!F !i: td *Fif EiH$ Issr$ i l:Si 6F6 .38ii s:i;is : ddd s S:S !-IH!: tr.r n6H siiF ql3 6 <\ i Firtt I r:f SsS rE! e*Fs {XFEESih\ i $!iiIts 3 i!Pigi: iss* iii$iiiiFEliSsSsisdF9S gEi qiis$!ii: i.t F td{ BEi ti usRY*i r'S:{. -\ rsq 8xt ro6 di 8:; IiF:ii d *.ui.' d'f o- !:i$E 13l Ei:!s!5E: tF! i\ a$$c:si: slqi $Sit \q E dt' sss[$$ i:i$5 irlEI iis Pss!$i:l iiiiiEi$$Ii$i R$Eiiii$iiiiilii*si*s iIii!iiiiiiiili!siil xiiisii$stqii!ta s: L: iSl!F $i-$s-is$Fi6b !e !5 ut' E$iHf- u'd S Is sgsi 9G *$ilssl$ii$$$ii$$i$i$$i$$$issssmssii$FIii![$:q 3 Ro i$i$$iiiii$ii$Fiii[ii isF$lsslss*s$ls$s$isi$s$$iEss WW II SGATE AIRCRAFT DRAWII{GS \_{ 3: :::i: r! i$F$is '"E1?i ds 9:;: "{i $siF$$ s!ssF$ ilil$sslisislss$iB,i; sil;;*$;$;i$l$sE=2:z iEi Si; $s$$$i$Iisiss s E5F: $F' $F's is l----l d\ $: i 3 Fos I t $i_ '--! I :$ I Fi:a I €itl r-f EI 5!F !pP - s3a'd iid dit iESiFs i, lr' SssiI !fi;sEst E!F$ It \:!:ss:: x I IL-- 1 { | --'l rilli R I $,'l)" t W, cd t__ t ed ,Y\\,,r' R. \ 5{ A isi H{sssi$i it 3 #+\\iat i l-4, kfr]! i \ .\ i 6-l\,/ -- 3 i W TI F i.. +b d e"sE^l 5r '*-J Gi c s5 td -: 6-\ ] i5. I Fl $ t 5eR-:" i IF$: i\.\ ; :!$$$sI !i $ 3t {': ss ;$te{ i[(L .ti 3l r_< 98 l L. /\ R i EJ s9 6 9,/ Ri !\ \R ir 3.5- lj I d{ c8 - i o\ i: sa d 3< gF -l :JE g i' $ e$$ I I i l1 Sr a "t,,, 6 t i f\t !a s,i !J( ;i EF$sEuF "r tt R :q SFru l9 lo il U- l/'"hl s ;\: S"ss i I c,a l! 5;S {: t i t-: /l-,its -qlr '/ 9iP F d" Fsia / gssJss i st :F l.- .s dF s\ q . range.lts shortcomings in- cludeda lack of armor orotec- tionfor the pilot, a lightstruc- tureand fuel tanks that weren'tself-sealing. TheZero wasalso highly vulnerable to the.50-caliber guns of U.S. fighters-whenthey were able tohit it. Itsinitial armament was two 7.7mm machine guns in the noseand two 20mm cannon inthe wings. Armament varied duringproduction toa maxi- mumof a single 13.2mm gun A restoredMilsubishi A6M-5C Zeke 52. ttsmarkings are morc accurate than 0n mostrcstontions, but the inthe nose, two more in the rearluselage rloesn't natch thedrawing. wings,plus the two cannon. Itsbomb load ranged from two132-pound bombs to a f HEMitsubishiA6M, called Model11, while the A6M-2 April1, 1939,and was quickly single1,102-pounder, orup to l "Zero"."7eke"and becameModel 21, and the orderedinto production as eight "Hamp" 22-pounders.Late -6 bythe Allies, was one A6M-3became Model32, etc. Type0 fighterModel 11. lt and-B versions could also be ofthe maior technological TheAllies also referred toit enteredcombat inChina in fittedwith rockets. surprisessprung by the Japa- broadlyas "The Zero," but July1940. Allied Intelligence Althoughit was obsolete by nesein WW ll. Because thev whencode names were ap- reportedon its capabilities, mid-l943,when new Allied hadlong been contemptuously pliedto Japanese military air- butthe warnings were disre- fightersopposed it,the Zero regardedasbeing capable craft,the standard models garded,which caused later remainedinoroduction until onlyof copying foreign air- werecalled "Zeke," and the regrets. theend of thg war, with 3,879 plane designs,their highly short-wingModel32 was Fortwo years, the Zero was builtby Mitsubishi and 6,570 original,carrier-based fighter called"Hamp." superiortoany plane itfought. builtunder license by wasstartling. Theprototype, which was Itwas fast and highly maneu- Nakajima,fora total of Thedesignation "Zero" poweredby a 780hp verableand, thanks to its aux- 10,449. camefrom the Japanese Navy MitsubishiZuisei engine, flew iliaryfuel tanks, it hadlong MostZeroes-Models 11, practiceof designatingair- 21,52and64 (AM6-1 ,-2,-5 planetypes by the last two and-8)-had wingspans of12 digitsof the Japanese Dynas- meters(39 feet, 4 inches),but ticcalendar. The Japanese Model32(A6M-3) had its year2600 matched our calen- spanshortened by1 meterto daryear 1940, so "00," was 36feet. Other data torZero shortenedto "Type 0" for the Model52(A6M-5): A6M,which was named powerplant:1,130hp Nakajima "Raiden."The naval model Sakae21; wing area: 229.27 designationof"46M" reflected squarefeet; empty weight: thesixth A-model built No,the Luftwatle didn't use Zeroes. fhis AOM-2 Zeke 21, photographed in China bv iustatter the war, carries the green cross on a whitenarking used by some ot 4,136pounds; gross weight: Mitsubishi(M). The sub-des- theJapanese airplanes that were allowed t0 continueflying during tie swren- 6,025pounds; high speed: ignationfor the AOM-1 was det.neg0tiations.Note that a souvenilhunter has cut the unit narking ofl the '19,685 rudder. 351mphat feet. WW II SGALE AIRGRAFT IIhAWIT{GS fuIODEL ENGINE H.P SPEED AI ALTITUDEOF A6M2 SAKAE t2 (Hd.35/t2) 925 3t7 16,400 FT A6M3 SAKAE2t(Ho.35/2t) t,t30 34t 2O,5OO A6M5 358 22,OOO A6M5c 346 t9,600 77mm MACHINEGUNS SPINNERRED 50 CAL THIS SIDE ONLY ALL TYPES EXCEPT PROPBLACK FOLDINGWING TIPS ON NAVY TYPE THE A6M5c TIPS STRIPED .50 CAL. BOTH _/i A6M2 ONLY RED OR 20mm CANNON A6M5c A6M5 oNLY 99 A6M5c'S wlTH THE ,5OCAL. GUNSWERE BUILT SINCE THE ADDITIONALWEIGHT AFFECTEDTHE PERFORMANCE SO BADLY. YELLOWID BAND A6M2 PORT SOTTOM VIE\IY --- w2 YELLOWOR WHITE BAND SOMETIMESOUTLINED IN RED F8 zommCANNON I f1 F3 F4 F5 I l I I ANTI GLARE ELACK COLORLINE ON MODELS TOR HOOK 20mm CANNON METERS 0123 Ittl il-r-l--r--T--r--r--r-.l-l A6M3 5 COLORNOTE: FEET MOST WIDELYUSED SCHEME. A BROWNISHOLIVE GREEN ON UPPER SURFACEWITH A .5OCAL. MACHINEGUN WARM LIGHT GREY UNDER. zomm CANNON BOMB RACKS SIDE. MITSTJBISHI G4M BETTY increasedlo 2,205 pounds, andoower was increased to 1,B00hp(takeoff), with Kasei 21 MK4Pengines driving four- bladepropellers (the G4M-1 hadthree-bladers). A new wingwith laminar airfoil was used;gross weight increased to27,588 pounds, but high Thisview ot theMitsubishi G4M-2 Betty bomber shows the powered upper turret and lour-btade propellerc added to speedincreased toonly thismodel. The color is da* grcenon lhe uppet surtaces and silvery giay underneath. 272mphat 15,090 feet. The finalproduction version of the ! HEJapanese Naval Air bombersthen in use for the 13,780feet. Bettywas the G4M-3, which I Armwas unusual inthat it fulldistance. The G6M-1 con- TheG4M-1s enjoyed great hada redesignedtailturret madeextensive use of land- ceptdidn't work out, so the 30 successon raids into China as anddihedral inthe horizontal basedbombers, and used planesthat were built in 1940 farinland as Chungking, and tail. themfor long overland flights wereconveded totrainers and theirlack of armor and heaw Bettyswere in production deepinto enemy territory in transpolts. defensive untilthe war's whatwould usuallybe consid- ProductionBettys, which armament SPECIFICATIONS end,and they eredan Army-type operation. weredesignated Navy Type 1 wasn'ta operated TheMitsubishi G4M, code- AttackBomber Model 11 handicap ANDPERFORMANCE everywnere named"Betty" by the Allies (G4M-1),were first delivered whenthey G4M.2 therewere butnot officially named in inApril'1941. ltsinitial facedthe Wingspan 82 ft., rh in. targetsfor Japan,did acquire the powerplants(contrary unoffi- tothe weakChi- 1ength...... 65ft., 7 in. land-based cialnickname of"Hamaki," or drawing)were 1,530hp nesefighter bombers "Cigar,"inan obvious refer- MitsubishiMK4A Kasei 11 resistance.lt WingArea ...... 840.9 sq.ft. (eitherland enceto the shaoe of its fuse- engines;the bomb load was did,how- EnptyWeight ...... 17, 1 99 tbs. targetsor lage.The G4M prototype flew 1,764pounds or one standard ever,cause GrossWeight...... 27,588 lbs. shipsat sea). inSeptember 1939, but its navaltorpedo; defensive sen0us Anunusual productionwas delayed in armamentwas four 7.7mm problems HighSpeed ...... 272mph . conversion favorof theGGM-'1, which had machineguns-one in the whenthey at 15,090ft. wasmade on thesame airframe but was nose,one in topside a blister, encounteredRange...... 3,765 statute nites theG4M-2e, equippedasa long-range oneeach in side blisters, and a eventhe whichhad its escortfighter. This was neces- 20mmcannon inthe tail second-rate bombbay saryfor raids deep into China, turret.The G4M-1's range was butdetermined fighters that modifiedtocarry the MXY-7 becauseJapan had no 3,256nautical miles theU.S. and British defenses 0hka("Cherry Blossom," but conventionalfighters that were (3,749statute miles), and its firstput up against it. called"Baka," or"Fool," by the capableofescorting the topspeed was 266mph at lmprovementswere made Allies)single-seat suicide onthe G4M-2 Model 22. The bomber.Carrying the 0hka topblister was replaced with a greatlyreduced the pedor- poweredturret that contained manceof the Betty, and made a20mm cannon. The nose it aneasy target for U.S. and gunswere doubled, the side Britishfighters. Sixteen were blisterswere removed and shotdown during asingle J replacedwith flat hatches (still attack. containing7.7mm guns), and Altogether,1,200 G4M-1s, a revisedtail turret retained its 1,154 G4M-2s and 60 G4M-3s Thisview ot lhe G4M-2BeW bonber shows the llushhatches that replaced 20mmcannon. Bomb load werebuilt. side nachinegun hlisierc,and the lail twrcI rcdesignedwith two vertically alignedtransparent clan shellsthat openetl to permit novenenl ot the20nn 104 cann0n. WW II SGATE AIRCRAFT DRAWIIIGS *,n, /l\ :l ll$lsFI $r,xirl s|jliim \/ 1l dl ql \l /+\ \-l t fio -f- $s4b. \l-./ I ,'--T--r /\ dl T i-- r- {ltl at \-/ q &V il rltt {l Ql ol al i, L rl ol sl s{t t9t alflGI tl .l qFI $l ,i !l {l *t /\ illir sr 9l '-t il {l I I rol;l t |l silrilst q $tsl it{il ltl hl€ al "V itiiql TI {l tl :I|:il $t[| {t tl :l fll cl Fl 3/[ilq l !l :l$1q^t!l /-T-\ "' f l O) it it sl t/ ---l- "ele 6l t{'l r v \ \ ,-+\ +- + -+rd) '-..* \ ,/v atortD h ,.a*EEae igrrttt ilit if Sl v tl*l -: rf. *t$I Y NAKAIIMAKI-84 FRANK lmprovedversions ofthe Ki-84quickly followed the Ki-84-la.The Ki-84-lb elimi- natedthe two machine guns andused four cannon. The fewKi-84-lcs (specialized bomberinterceptors) hadtwo 20mmcannon and two 30mm cann0n. Becauseofthe serious shortageofaluminum in Japan,wood was substituted formany parts of the Ki-84. Theresulting composite modelhad a 1.990h0Ha-45 A NakaiinaKi-84 "Frank" 0l the1lth Sentai(gr0up), captured in thePhilippines. Note lhe lightningllash Sentai mark- Type23 engine and was des- ingon the lail andthe plane's well-worn appearance. The numeral "46" onthe rudder is anallied inventory number l0l ignatedthe "Ki-84-11." Produc- capturedairylanes. tionwas also seriously ham- peredby the B-29 raids on f HEbest all-around Japa- Theprototype had provision fastas the latest U.S. P-51s Japan,and an engine shortage I nesefighter developed in fora single drop-tank under andP-47s, but afterthe en- responsetothe new U.s. thefuselage, butthe produc- itcould out- ginefactory modelswas the Nakajima tionmodels could carry two maneuverand SPECIFICATIONS WAS Ki-84Hayate ("Gale"). lt was 44-gallontanks, or up to two out-climb ANDPERFORMANCE bombed. codenamed "Frank" by the 550-ooundbombs under the them. Kt-84-tA Asin Ger- Allies,but its official designa- wings.lts initial armament "Franks"first many,much tionwas Type 4 (forthe Japa- wasa pairof 12.7mm ma- wentinto Wingspan...... 36 ft.. 10 z/ra in. of Naka- neseyear 2604) Model 1A chineguns in the nose and combat Length...... 32 ft.,6 sha in. jima'sfighter Fighter.lt was designedand two20mm cannon inthe againstthe WingArea ...... 226.0a sq. production builtby the Nakajima Aero- wings.The Ki-84 was up-to- U.S.14th Air !t. wasforced planeCompany, Ltd.; the pro- datein its use of heavy armor Force(the EmptyWeight 5,864tbs. intounder- totypeflew in April 1943. andprotection forthe fuel formerFlying GrossWeight . 7,955lbs. groundfac- Theengine was a 1,800hp tanks,and it featured special Tigers),in TvertoadWeight ....,..... lbs. tories. NakaiimaHa-45 Type 11, and "ButterflyFlaps" that could be Chinain 8,576 Altogether, theairplane's lines were simi- loweredtoimprove maneuver- March1944. 3,509Ki-84s larto Nakajima'sKi-43 "0s- abilityin combat. Soonafter, '10 three-squadron werebuilt (contrary tothe car"and Ki-44 "T0j0". TheKi-84 wasn't quite as fightergroups that were drawin g)-'1 27 prototypes, equippedwith Franks were servicetest and pre-produc- stationedinthe Philippines to tionmodels; and 3,382 pro- resistthe impending Allied ductionKi-84-ls and -lls by invasion.The Franks didn't live Nakajimaand the Mansyu upto their potential there, be- AeroplaneManufacturing Co. causethey were badly out- inManchuria. Thedrawing numbered,andalso because totalincludes derivative de- theysuffered from luel and signswith other designations, A woldenluseldgeNakajima Ki-8411 on displayaI WrighlField afler the wat. hydraul ic-system malf unctions suchas the Ki-87 variant with Thecoloring is standadU.S. Arny olivedrab and gray. Unbordered and unrler- andthe failure of less-than- aturbo-supercharger andthe sizedHinonaru markings have been re-applied tor displaypurposes. standardlanding gear. lightweightKi-116. 106 w w SGALE AIRGRAFT IIRAWIlIGS 12.7mmMACHINE GUNS 20mmCANNON(2) WHENTWOLONG RANGE TANKS WERE INTHE ROLE OF DIVEBOMB. CARRIEDIT'S RANGE WAS I,8I5 MILES IT CARRIEDTWO BOMBS AT I73 M.PH. FROM66 TO 55OLBS.APIECE WINGCENTER SECTION IS A NUMBEROF FRANKS WERE CONSTRUCTEDWITH WOODEN AN INTEGRALPART OF THE PANELSIN OROERTO SAVE WEIGHTA MATERIALWITH NO FUSELAGE SUCCESS. IT'S RUGGEDNESS,HOWEVER, MADE IT THE MOST VERSATILEARMY FIGHTEROF THE TIME. w2 NAKAJIMABUTTERFLY ENGINE NAKAJIMAHo.45lII TYPECOMBAT FLAPS H.P t,9oo MAX.SPEED 388M.PH.AT 19,680FT RANGE I,O2SMILES AT I78M.PH. ON INTERNAL FUEL RATE OF r 5 MtN. 54SEC. TO t6,4OO FT. cLrMB L il MtN, 40SEC. TO 26,240 FT. CEILING 34175O FT WEIGHT 5,864 CMPTY (LBS.) 7,965 NORMAL 9,t94 MAX. OESIGNWORK EEGAN APRIL '42, THE PROTOTYPEFLEW IN THEFRANK WAS FLOWN BY'iHi: FEB.43, a tT WENT |NTO COMBATOVER CHTNAtN AUG.44. FOLLOWINGSQUADRONS: A VERYSTURDYSTRUCTURE, IT COMBINEDTHE EEST QUALIT- THE I st, lOth,lllh,22nd, 513f, IES OF THE OSCARA TOJO. THE FRANK WAS SLIGHTLY 52nd, & 2OOth. tN ALL 3,577 SLOWER THAN THE P.sIH E P-47N. BUT COULD OUT- WEREBUILT CLIMB A OUT-MANEUVERBOTH. HAD IT NOT BEEN PLAGUEOWITH ENGINE,HYDRAULIC, FUEL A OIL PRESSURE,AND LANDINGGEAR TROUBLES,IT WOULDEASILY BE RATEO AMONG THE BESTOF WWII. YELLOW F3 F4 BLACK I ROYAL BLUE BLACK RED OVERALLCOLOR IS NATURALALUMINUM METERS tz n ,^lr,^ibn a I{-8 4" lr r-o,".ll, I MODEL Io DRAWNBY cfral&rl 5/3t'= 12345 FEET to FI SCALE: t' I{OR|H AMERICAN P-51B MTJSTANG $ F Merlinengines. The perfor- f mancegain was impressive, andthe U.S. Army and NAA w wereencouraged totry Mer- linsin P-5'1s on their own. Twofour-cannon P-51s were fittedwith 1.380ho Packard- builtV-l 650-3 Merlins.. andthe rest is history. Productionorders followed for1,998 P-51B-NAs at Inglewoodand 1,750 similar A canoullagedP-518-5-NA Mustang, phot0graphed with the Ninth Air Forcein England.The letterc "AX" identily the P-51C-NTs from a newfactory 12thSquadron ol the67th Beconnaissance Group, identified by thelefter "M." inDallas, TX. Armament was thesame as in the P-51A. The I N1940, the British Purchas- quiredby the U.S. Army, but ductionmodels took oart in P-51Bs and Cs through B-1 0 I ingCommission (inthe theyweren't yet called P-51s. theinvasions ofNorth Africa andC-3 had 1.380h0 V-1650- U.S.)wanted North American TheU.S. Army wasn't par- andSicily. The dive-bombing 3 engines,while higher dash (NAA)of lnglewood, CA, to ticularlyinterested inthe new tactic,however. was soon numbersofeach had 1,490hp buildthe Curtiss P-40 under design,but it did direct that abandoned,andthe dive V-1650-7engines. license.NAA engineers had thefourlh and tenth produc- brakeswere wired shut. TheBritish designated their beenresearching a new fighter tionMustang lsbe tested by Thefirst Army fighter order 275P-518s "Mustang lll," but designthat would overcome theArmy as "XP-5'1." Despite wasfor 310 P-51As with theymade no distinction for someof the notorious defi- goodmaneuverability andhigh 1,200hpV-1710-81 engines. 636P-51Cs, which carried the cienciesofthe designs used speed,the Army still wasn't Armament samename. earlyin the war. The design interestedinoroduction. The wasfour .50- SPEGIFICATIONS Therewere wouldalso incorporate a new 150supplied toBritain as caliberguns in ANDPERF{IRMANCE als0camera- aerodynamicfeature: the "MustanglA" under Lend- thewings. carryrngver laminar-flowwing. Leasewith four 20mm cannon Britainob- P.51B sionsof the In120 days, NAA built a weredesignated "P-51" tained50 Win7span...... 37tt. P-5'1. Such prototypethat used the same thoughtheir armament and P-51Asunder Length...... 32 ft.,3 in. P-51swere 1,100hp Allison V-1 71 0-F3R otherdetails differed from the Lend-Leaseas designated enginethen being used in the XP-51s.These carried both "Mustangll." WingArea ...... 237.7 sq. ft. "F-6A"; P-40.The first flight of the U.S.Army and British serial Atthis time, EmptyWeight ...... 17,199 lbs. P-51Asbe- NA-73(the company{unded num0ers. theArmy GrossWeight ...... 11,00A bs. came prototypewith civil registra- Thefirst Army order to NAA didn'tsend "F-68";and tionNX19998)was made on wasfor 500 examples ofan P-51Asover- High9peed ...... 440mph bothP-51 Bs October25, 1940. Production oddtype-a single-seat dive- seasfor at 30,000ft. andCs modelswith British-soecif ied bombervariant designated combat. Armament...... Four .10-caliber 0ecame armamentofsix .303-caliber "A-36A."This had dive brakes, The guns,plus two 1,000-lb. bonbs ,,F-6C." gunswere flying in May 1941 . racksfor two 500-pound Mustang's Becausethe NAAhad originally called it the bombsand an armament of onlyserious shortcoming was Wylamdrawing shows the "Apache."but this was soon six.50-caliber machine guns itslack o{ performance atalti- P-51Bwith high turtle deck, changedto"Mustang." The (fourin the wings and two in tude,which was attributable to thelater bubble-canopy vari- initialBritish contract was for thelower nose). The engine theAllison engine. The British ants(P-51 Dthrough P-51 K) 320Mustang ls, and this was wasthe 1,325hp V-1710-87. weresufficiently concerned won'tbe detailed here, but the soonincreased byanother TheA-364 first flew on aboutthis to upgradefour Britishcalled them all 300.Some of these were ac- September21,1942, and pro- Mustangswith Rolls-Royce "MustanglV." ww rr scALE ATRcRAFT DRAwtucs oo lr 1rr 'i+ri+rt I Hff+r +{#F-- t-l J-H CL +J+1_F ,ul, , *: ,.++F!+t -u#5 \9 trrfr-if o fFtrt-t---r-- =-- Er€p.E# f+f ** loo -lFf1\'e+fiT !J+t+ l-d -+++f-14 I Vl t q:r rJ- '5€ nt r6 _il <,3 (t r Z* Th-e.g.lo.ssyhlagk ry9rl\ryp P-618 ol a tactorytest llight. Notethe radar antenna alongside the cockpit. The arny seilalnumher hetow the fin is paintedin red, whichis slandardtor blacknighl tighterc. nl 0SI ofthe night fighters ratherthan in a full-length Europeand participated inthe TwoXP-61Ds were former Ill usedin the war were fuselage.The radar operator Normandyinvasion. P-61Aswith R-2800-77 en- adaptedfrom existing designs satalongside the pilot. Two TheP-61As were followed gines,and two XP-61Es were fora specific mission. The XP-61prototypes were or- by450 improved P-618s onlyfighter that was specifi- dered,followed by 13 YP-61 P-61BsinJuly SPECIFICATIONS thatwere callydesigned fornight mis- servicetest models. 1944.Most of ANO converted sionswas the three-seat, twin- Thefirst XP-61 had a matte- theserestored the PERFORMANGEto day engineNorthrop P-61. lt was blackfinish and flew on May tooturret and P-61B fighters "The named BlackWidow" 26,1942. Satisfactory tests couldcarry either Wingspan ...... 66ft. withfour becauseofits overall glossy resultedinan order for 200 four1,600-pound cannonsin blackcoloring. productionP-61As with glossy bombsor two Length...... 49ft., 7 in, thenose, TheU.S. Army became in- insteadofdull paint, and deliv- 300gallon drop WingArea 664 sq.ft. noradar terestedinspecialized night eriesbegan late in 1943. From tanksunder their GrossWeight tbs. ortop tur- fightersas a resultof British the38th aircraft on, the top wings.Final pro- ,...... 29,700 retand the experiencewith German night turretwas deleted inthe belief ductionversions Highilpeed ...... 366nph two-man raidersin 1940.Nofthroo Air- thatadded speed was a better ofthe Black at 20,000tt. crew craft,Inc., of Hawthorne, CA, defenseatnight than manually Widowwere 41 seatedin respondedtoan Army request aimedguns. The P-61As were P-61Cswith 2.B00ho R-2800- tandemunder the longest one- andsubmitted a design with sentto the Pacific and scored 77engines. piecebubble canopy built to fourfixed, fonruard-f iri ng, theirfirst night victory on July SubsequentP-61 designa- thattime. A P-61Cconversion 20mmcannon inthe belly; 7,1944.Others were sent to tionswere for conversions. toXP-61F was cancelled. Six- British-designedradarin the teenP-61 Bs were convefted to noseto detectand track the unarmedP-61G Weather Re- enemy;and four .50-caliber connaissanceolanes. The first machineguns in a powered XP-61Ewas converted tothe turretfor defense. XF-15"photo plane" with cam- Theengines were 2,000hp erasin the nose, along with Pratt& WhitneyR-2800-10s. oneP-61A that became the Theplane's most unusual fea- XF-I5A. Thirty-six production turewas its twin-boom layout, P-61As(with black and white "lnvasion Stripes") over Europe after the invasion F-15Asfollowed, but they were pod otJuly 6, 1944.The wartine censor has leltlhe seilalnunberc on the airplanes withthe crew in a short buthas blacked out the radar antennas. Note the "Sha* Face"painted on the outof service by 1952. nearcstplane. 11,0 R> *\r 3trRao- s*$ = I l ll I l J 1 I 66 @ (2 €) @ = t /\ ,r---T--\ .. v {-ll'--r- f-i)\__+_-r -A r----t--\ Y T_V -A-r---r- €) xrll Y P :t \t cl st\t 5lit {l f sl Yt il el cll $t5t aT :l qlEl :t- FIqt .l sl *t tl o &lnat I -qlcl dl atl al I 0rl $nfrl *[ [-h _-=:+ q7.|\ " r T-7" -_-t-- .+--...-h +A v Tp- s\r A r-h A rq T]7 Y REPUBLICP-47 IHI.]NDERBOT| ',,..F .. ?iii$,;ii',ifi ", A BepuhlicP-470-25 in seruicewith the Boyal Air Forceas "Thundefuoltil." Theslreanlined shape untler lhe wingis a racklor eithera drcptank u a 500-or 1,000-poundbonb. Notethe ahsence ol a dorcallin. 7 HERepublicP-47 Hisfirst airplane was built by backward-retractinggear. wasrenamed "Republic. I Thunderbolt,commonly Edoof College Point, NY, a Severskywon a production Thenew features ofthe XP-4'1 called"The Jug," is an excel- famousbuilder ofall-metal orderfor 77 P-35s with 950h0 wereincorporated intoa new lentexample ofa successful seaplanepontoons. Now, with R-1830-9 engines, backward- model.the P-43. which used fighterthat evolved through a asuccessful design tosell, retractinggear and an arma- the1,200hp R-1830-35 engine seriesof designs from the Severskyestablished afactory mentof one .30-caliber and anda standardarmament of samedesign team. inFarmingdale, Longlsland, one.50-caliber machine gun. two.30-caliber and two TheJug's distinctive con- NY.The second Seversky air- Deliveriesbegan in 1937, and .50-calibermachine guns. figurationcan be traced back plane,which was similar to thelast production aircraft Thefuselage had refined lines tothe 1 933 appearance ofthe andwas nearly 2 feetlonger SeverskySEV-3 twin{loat thanthe P-35IXP-41. There amphibian.Theplane's dis- were272P-43s and P-43As tinctivefeatures were its built.Meanw[ile, Republic had all-metalconstruction, its beenselling expoft versions of fuselagewith a nearlycircular theP-35. 0f 120ordered by cross-section,andits wing Sweden,60 were drafted by planform(straight sweepback theU.S. after the Arms Em- onthe leading edge and an bargowent into effect, and ellipticaltrailing edge and wing theywere designated "P-35A." tips).This trademark wing Mostwere shipped tothe Phil- planform(shared with the A P-47Cshows ott lhe sharp-toppedluselage structure hehind the cockpit that ippines,where fell "Razorback." theysoon SupermarineSpitfire) was earnednodels belue theP-470-25 the nicknane victimto the Japanese Zero. retainedforall subsequent Therewas to havebeen a Severskyand Republic fight- thefirst, was initially tested as wasfitted with a turbo-suoer- P-44-essentiallytheP-43 ersthrough the P-47 and atwo-seat, land-plane fighter chargerinthe belly, and a new fittedwith the new 1,850hp someof its experimental withfixed landing gear. lt was wingof the same span and Pratt& WhitneyR-2800 en- derivatives. soonmodified (for a U.S areaas the XP-41, but with a gine-butit wasdecided that AlexanderSeversky, a Armyfly-off design competi- differentcenter section and theengine was too big for the formerlmperial Russian Air tion)to a single-seaterwithan inward-retractinglanding gear. existingairframe. A new Forcepilot, didn't have a fac- 850hpPratt & Whitney Bythat time, Seversky had Republicmodel that was then torywhen he stafted business. R-1830Twin Wasp engine and beenousted, and the company beingdesigned (the lighl- WW II SGATE AIRCRAFT DRAWINGS weightXP-47) was cancelled, firstpiston-engined plane to andthe designation "XP-478" exceed500mph; the XP-47K wasgiven to an enlarged de- testedthe bubble canopy; and ThisP-47D-30 with a dorsalfin and 1d0-gallondrop tanks has the darkblue veloomentofthe P-43 that stripesol theFi|s,t Air ConmandoGroup, which was based in SoutheastAsia in theXP-471 had increased woulduse a bigengine and 1944-45. internalfuel capacity. eight.50-caliber machine P-47M-4need for a fast, guns(the heaviest armament 150-gallondrop tanks under carrying10 rockets under the high-altitudefighter was met thenfitted to a single-seat thewings or a 250- to 1,000- wingsin addition tothe withthe P-47M.0nly 150 fighter).The XP-47B, with a poundbomb on the same bombs.England received 240 werebuilt after three P-47Ds 2,000hpXR-2800-21 engine, streamlinedrack, plus a RazorbackP-47Ds as weremodified asYP-47M flew on May 6, 1941, and it 500-poundbomb under the "Thunderbolt1,"and 590 P- prototypes.The bomb and wasfollowed bV P-47 produc- fuselage.A new Republic planl 47D-25sand on as "Thunder- rocketracks were deleted, and tionmodels through P-47N wasbuilt in Evansville, lN, boltll." The gross weight of special2,800hp R-2800-57 (toa total of 15,683 planes), and2,350 P-47D-RAs were lheP-47D-25was 19,400 enginesgave a topspeed of whichare detailed here. builtthere. pounds;its high speed was 473mphat 32,500 feet. Most P-478---Thiswas the first Therewere two notable 428mphat 30,000 feet. ofthe P-47Ms were in combat productionmodel, and 171 externalchanges during XP-47E-fhelast P-478 inEurope inthe closing werebuilt. Deliveries started P-47Doroduction: a cut-down testedwith a pressurized monthsof the war. latein 1942, and some went rearfuselage and a bubble cockoit. P-47N-Thefinal produc- intoaction in Europe on April canopy(as tested on the XP-47F-4neP-478 tested tionmodel, P-47, was pro- B,1943. In combat, the XP-47K)became standard on witha laminar-flowwing. ducedsolely for action in the P-478-REhad inadequate theP-47D-25 and on, and a P-47 G-4 uolicatesof the Pacific.lts new wing had a climband maneuverability, long,shallow dorsal fin was P-478built by Curliss to com- spanof 42feel,10inches, an butit hadplenty of speed and addedto theP-47D-27 and pensatefor the cancelled areaof 322 souare feet and fireoower.lt also had excellent on.Because ofthe two differ- P-60Acontract. squared-offwing tips. With divingability, and its heavy entfuselage configurations, XP-47H,J, KandL- additionalinternal fuel (as structurecould absorb terrific theP-47 models prior to D-25 Experimentalconversions testedon the XP-471), two punishment.ltswingspan was becameknown as whichtested new features and 93-gallondrop tanks under 40feet, 9 inches;area, 300 "Razorbacks." equipment.The XP-47J tested thewings and a 100-gallon squarefeet; gross weight, TheP-47D proved to be a new,liquid-cooled, 2,300hp, droptank under the fuselage, 13,360pounds; high speed, moreeflective asa fighter- 16-cylinder Chrysler XIV- theP-47N had a total fuel ca- 429mphat 27,800 feet. bomberthan as an escott 2220-1engine; the lightened pacityof 1,266 gallons and a P-47C-The602 P-47Cs fighter,and from P-47D-30 XP-47Jwith a 2,100hp rangeof 2,350 miles, which wererefined P-478s that had on,provision was made for R-2800-61engine became the wasenougfito enable itto theirnoses lengthened 13 escortB-29s to Jaoan in the inchesand were equipped to lastmonths of the war. With a carrya 200-gallondrop tank 2,800hpR-2800-77 eng ine, underthe fuselage, Although it theP-47N had a grossweight wasn'tquite as fast as the of20,700 pounds and a high P-478,its greater range speedof 467mph at 32,500 enableditto be used on long- feet. rangeescort missions. Republicbuilt 1,667 P-47Ns P-470-Thismodelwas inFarmingdale and149 in themajor production version, Evansville.Afurther 5,934 and6,315 were built. The ini- olaneswere cancelled. The tialimprovement was a water- P-47was retired as a first-line injectedversion of the fighterright after the war, but 2,000hpR-2800-21 engine, bubble-canopyP-47Ds and whichgave it atop speed of P-47Nsstayed in the reserve Thisis thelinal "Jug"nodel, theP-47N, wilh a lengthenedand square'tipped trainingsquadrons until 1955. 433mphat 30,000 feet. Provi- wing. lhis planeis in fighter-bomhetcunliguratiun, with two 1,000-pound sionwas made for two bomhsand 10 rockets. 113 q ll $ -q,l cl :l 9i $ s4l NI a Fo tl slNl r {l ql&l YI :l *l sl s$ :l ql il sl Nl EI \| ,81 sl sl &lgel-\l No- stsl .Fr{! |aI q $il$*1i st a rl $l qil "'l$|$-ta $t .xl ,sl TI FI *-l #r$l )' il$lr st sl l/ flr N1 ll $i', T-- /' hrn$lj ril- $l +tf Nl l$r #il3 \l YI dl Nl )l r-l \l tl 9l cl qI I sl \l >i FI $fl$$H tl ql stl I ql.Bi sl Slgulr' d !.1 al HI talGI &f {l $ a sri :l qt {l tl ir il sl €l€i E si st{l sl \l \ .ql ! $1 \l sl grl Qr v il $.xl a u s tl ': Sl*l ##ll $t tl :1s|9l NRl al r-- t_ -hc /31 /xl ir;l xl .l ri :t er.81 WW II SGATE AIRGRAFT TTRAWII{GS STEARMAN KAYDETry. f HEKaydet was the most I usedU.S. military primary (GFE)as engines and instru- trainerof WW ll, but there's ments,ranged from $7,713 to oftenconfusion surrounding it $10,412. becauseit had two builders' Untilthe spring of 1942,the names-Stearmanand ArmyKaydets had colorful Boeing.In1934, after the bluefuselages, chrome-yellow breakupofthe United Aircraft wingand tail surfaces, and the andTransport companies, the distinctiveArmy rudder stripes StearmanAircraft Company of thathad been used since Wichita,KS became a wholly 1926.Subsequent Army deliv- ownedsubsidiary ofBoeing. erieswere all silver and with- Itbecame Boeing's Stearman outstripes. The winterized PT- Divisionin1938, and the 27ssupplied toCanada under WichitaDivision ofBoeino in Lend-Leasewere all yellow, '1941,when the airplanes-offi- andsome had cockpit cano- ciallybecame pies.Early Navy Kaydets were Boeings,even yellow. thoughthe old Stearman all Mostof the later modeland serial numbers modelswere all silver, but a few yellow. werecontrnued. However, all weredelivered all thoseassociated with the air- Beforeinter-service stan- planes-buildersandusers dardizationwith the E-75 alike-stubbornlycontinued model,the Army and Navy tocall the planes Stearmans, frequently exchanged their A StearnanPT-13A banketl over t0 rcvealthe undercide detail. The lJ.S. Kaydets.Oddly, andtoday they're still referred Arny letteringis 24 incheshigh; the star insignia is 30 inchesin dianeter thedifferent Navy toas such in the antioue air- underthe wing and 42 inchesabove. dashnumbers weren't plane equallysignificant: thediffer- movement. waren0uses. 8,504biplanes were built in Inthe case of the Stearmani encebetween the N2S-1 and Model75,which was intro- theModel 70-76 series, with -2was the same as between BoeingModel 75, the use of ducedin October, 1934. was spareparts "Kaydet" raisingthe widely theArmy PT-l7 and PT-13, thename madeit similartoModel 73, but it publicizedtotal to 10,346 readilyidentifiable, even withentirely different engines, usedthree different 220h0 (onlythe U.S. military Model whilethe N2S-J, -3 and -4 thoughthere were eight radialengines and won large 75sare shown in the table). manufacturers'sub-desiqna- differedonly in the dash orderslrom both the Army Unitprices, less such govern- numbersofthe same tions,four U.S. Army model andthe Navy. Altogether, ment{urnishedequipment designationsandfive U.S. ContinentalR-670 engine. NavyN2S series designations (seetable). Stearman U.S.Army U.S.NaW Theoriginal Stearman Model Designation Designation Engine Ho.Built Model70 trainer, with a welded-steeltube fuselage and wooden-framewings, flew late in1933. The U.S. Navy bought 61improved ModelT3s in 1934as NS-1 ("N" for trainer, "S"for Stearman) and had themfitted with 220hp Wright J-5engines that had been out ofproduction since 1929, but werestill plentiful inNavy WW II SGATE AIRCRAFT DRAWINGS tr- 2F :r I 9> i< o'v F h F I F 0$il A |||t $\$ l'll ffi!N -t- +.- 'rI 1' _E :f_.t 'LI I Illtl $lslril ililllllilil$r @--- STJPERMARINE 119#l+3#fthl#Sjftgilir#;ffi{##W.#Sni&F-ffil'HiS}ffi,#AEI*.9,}SY#ffi}agffi#Fs-Y:Fffi#ryffiffiffiyffi;#t##i*ffiHffi;#,#r.{ffiffiS?ffiffiHSPITFIRE f HEBritish Supermarine planformfor maximum aero- I "Spitfire"was one of the dynamicefficiency, which was greatestall-around fighters of supposedtooffset the handi- thewar. lts lines and oerfor- capof added structural com- mance,however, weren't the plexity.The narrow landing resultof a longline of pedi- gearretracted outward into greedfighters, inthe way that thewing, which, in its initial theHawker Hurricane evolved form,contained eight .303- fromHawker and Sopwith calibermachine guns. The fightersdating back to WW l. semi-monocoouemetalfuse- Rather,the Spitfire evolved lagewas so narrow at the froma line of monoplane An earlySpitfire I witha fixed-pilchwooden propeller and a strcighttop sea- canopy.Note the Type A roundelunder the wing and lhe lypeA.1 roundel on pilot'sshoulder level that it planeracers that was started thefuselage. wasnecessary to install a bydesigner Reginald J. hinge-downdoor on the left Mitchellin1925. His S-4 speedof 340.Bmph around a cooledengine. This practice sidefor access. modelchanged the develop- triangularcourse, and it later continuedwith the Spitfire, Theprototype flew on mentof high-speed aircraft seta newabsolute soeed whichwas built in response to March5, 1936, and produc- frombiplanes tolow-wing recordof 407.5m0h. a 1934Air Ministry request for tionorders soon followed. monoplanes.Later S-models Mitchell'sracers were mas- aneight-gun {ighter. The pro- Spitfirelswith 1,030hp setnew speed records. The terpiecesinthe way they fit totypeused a 990hpRolls- Merlinsdriving fixed-pitch, 5-68of 1931 retired the theslimmest possible fuselage RoyceMerlin Cengine, and woodentwo-blade propellers SchneiderTrophy with a arounda pilot and a liquid- featuredan elliptical wing beganto reach the squadrons ' ,. ':: :irSs: l: F) A Mk V Spiltirewith a fin ltashand an A.1 roundet on the tuselage, as usedlron Deeember1940 thrcagh June 1942. The Type B roundelwas rctainedon the wingsalnlsl until the war'send. NoIe the rear-view mindrabove the windshield and lhe tapeover lhe gun nuzzles. WW II SCATE AIRGRAFT DRAWIl{GS itirl inMay 1938. Later articles withthe stan- featuredthree-blade, control- dardwing and lable-pitchmetal propellers. fuselage,the Ninesquadrons ofSpitfires followingtext werein service by the start of andphotos thewar, and 19 were in ser- coverall of the vicewhen the Battle of Britain variants startedinAugust 1940. Spit- throughthe firesfought in all theaters postwarSpit- wherethe R.A.F. ooerated. tire24, and A SpittireH.F.VIl with extended tilangular wing tips (above) and a SpittireVB with clipped Theearly Spitfires were identifythe wingtips (helow). slightlysuperior tothe Ger- significantcon- manMe 109E in soeed and figuration maneuverability,butthe changes.The Me109 could out-climb and higherMark out-divethem, and its guns (Mk)numbers hadgreater range. To meet the areout of se- competition,theSpitfire was quenceDecause continuallyimproved through- theSpitfires outthe war years, using two withMerlin en- differentengines and a variety grnesare ofwing planforms and struc- groupedsepa- turesto accommodate varying ratelyfrom armament.lt also used differ- thosewith entfuselages and tail shapes. Griffonengines. In1 940, three of the Itshould be famousEagle Squadrons, notedthat Spit- mannedbyAmerican volun- firesthrough Mk XX were onaircraft carriers. This was ellipticalplanform, a span of teerpilots, flew Spitfires. identifiedbyRoman numerals, donewith the Spitfire, which 36feet, 10 inchesand an area Becauseofthe shortage of whilelater ones were identi- thenbecame the "Seafire." ol 242square feet. lt wasbuilt Americanfighters in1943, the fiedwith Arabic figures. (Thebasic Seafire and its vari- inthree types: A, B and C. The Britishprovided two U.S. antsare described following A-Winghad provision for four ArmyAir Force fighter groups SEA.GOINGSPITFIRES theGriffon Spitfire write-ups.) oreight .303-caliber machine inEngland with Spitfires. Itwas inevitable that a suc- gunsentirely enclosed within Altogether,theU.S. ob- cessful land-based fighter SPITFIREWINGS it.The B-Wing had provision tained600 Spitfires under wouldbe considered foruse Thebasic Spitfire wing had an fortwo20mm cannon inolace ReverseLend-Lease outof the oftwo machine guns. The 21,767built. These weren't C-Wingwas called the "Uni- givenstandard U.S. Army des- versalWing," and it could ignationsorserial numbers. carrytwo 20mm cannons and Instead,they flew with British eithertwo or four .303 guns. designations,serial pumbers, Thefinal wing was the E- equipmentand coloring, with Wing,which had only 1 inch onlythe U.S. star insignia to morespan but 2 feetmore identifythem as being oper- area,because ofits different atedby the USAAF. rootand tip shapes. This wing Althoughthe accompanying wasfitted with four 20mm A SpittircMk VB0l the309th Fighler Squadrun, 31st Fighler Group, with U.S. drawingsshow the Spitfire V insignia.Note lhe bulge0n the winglvet lhe cannonbrcech and the hinge- cann0ns. downdoor necessary lor pilol accessto thenarrow cockpit. 119 SUPERMARINE SPITFIRE P.B.Mark lll-Unrelated to fighterwith a pressurized theMk lll prototype,many cockpitand 1 ,415hp Merlin 47 MksI andll werefitted with enginewas developed from camerasinthe fuselage and theMk VB. This model intro- redesignated"P.R. Mk lll" (for ducedthe extended, pointed "Photorecon naissance"). wingtips. Gross weight 7,178 P.B.Mark tll-This un- pounds;high speed: 364mph armedphotoreconnaissance at22,000 feet. variantappeared inSeptember MarkVll-A designed- Inall cases, the structure of MklA. lt hadno protective 1941. Extra range was ob- for-the-purpose high-altitude theA-, B- and C-wings al- armor.The Mk 1B had a tainedby building fuel tanks fighterwith a two-stage, lowedfor planform variations. B-Wing. intothe leading edge of the 1,710hpMerlin 64 engine, a Thewing-tip panels could be Markll-This was just like wing,thereby eliminating the C-Wingand a retractabletail removedand the ends covered theMk I buthad a 1,050hp guns.Various cameras were in wheel.lt was delivered inApril toproduce a "clipped wing" MerlinXllengine and 73 thefuselage, asthey were on 1942.Gross weight: 7,875 witha 32{oot,7-inch span. poundsofarmor. The Mk llB theP.R. Mk lll. pounds;high speed: 40Bmph Thespan could also be in- hadtwo 20mm cannons and MarkV-A majoradvance, at25,000 feet. creasedto40 feet, 2 inchesby four.303 guns in the B-Wing. usingthe Merlin 45, 50, or F. Markt////-This was addingnew triangular tips in A fewflew in theBattle of Brit- 50A(1,470hp at9,250 feet), similarto the Mk Vll, but placeof the ellipticals. These ain,and some were later con- orthe -46 engine that deliv- didn'thave the pressurization. spanchanges could be made vededto MkV with more ar- ered1,415hp at14,000 feet. Thehigh-altitude version with withinthe various Spitfire morand a Merlin45 engine. MksVB and VC could carry anextended wing was desig- Markswithout affecting the Marklll-Ihis wasa single 115or 175 lmperial gallon nated"H.F. Mk Vlll"; the low- Marknumbers. Some of the prototype,strengthened to auxiliarytanks under the fuse- altitudeversion with clipped SpitfireMark numbers men- takethe two-stage Merlin XX lageand either two 250- or wingswas designated "1.F. tionedbelow were assigned to enginethat delivered 1,2B0hp one500-pound bomb. The Mk MkVlll." Several Mk Vllls Seafires. fortakeoff and 1,480hp at VCintroduced the C-Wing and wereused for exoerimental 12,250feet. lt hadadditional enteredservice inMarch modifications,butretained MERLIN.POWERED armor,a strengthenedstruc- 1941.Some were modified for their"Mk Vlll" designation. SPITFIRES ture,a retractabletailwheel low-altitudework with Mark[X4lr|ith the Mk V Markl-This was the initial andclipped wings. The 1,000 1,585hpMerlin 45M, 50M, or outclassedbylater Me 109s production model,with a oroductionversions ordered 55Mengines, and were andthe new [ocke-Wulf Fw 1,030hpMerlin ll engine and a werecompleted as"Mks V" redesignated"1.F. Mk V" (for 190,Mk V airframeswere re- non-retractabletailwheel. The and"lX," and a further 120 "Low-AltitudeFighter"). fittedwith 1.720h0 Merlin 66 earlystraight-top canopy werecancelled. Ma rk VI-Thishig h-altitude enginesand redesignated "Mk changedto lX."There thebulged werethree typeto in- versions- creasethe standardF, pilot'shead- H.F.and roomand L.F.-allwith visibility. theMk V's Therewere fixedtail four.303 s' wheel.Deliv- ii gunsin the eriesbegan in MkI because July1942. ofa shorl- H.F.Ml( IX age;but grossweight: therewere 7,500 eightin the pounds;high W W -I I SGATE AIRGRAFT IIRAWIlIGS Thelinal vailantot the Spittireline: theSeatire Mk 46 with c0nlrc+0lalingpropellerc. Note the erlension ol therudder caniedby the stinger-typearreslet hook. The laler Mk 47 wasvery similaL exceptfor its greatertuel capacityand foldingwings. s t ffi $ r speed:416mphat27,500 feet. P.R.Mark )?A oressur- izedohoto-reconnaissance versionof the Mk lX. P.B.Mark XFJust like the sions:a strengthenedMkVC Thisdesign was made too late ducethe height and clear the P.R.Mk X butwithout pres- airframefor low-altitude fight- forcombat; only 122 of the ceilingof the below-deck surization.lt was delivered in ingwith a fixed tail wheel; and 1,500Mk 21s ordered were hangars.ltsarmament was 1942. a MkVlll airframewith retract- built.Gross weight: 9,200 two20mm cannon and four MarkXVIA|milar to the abletail wheels. All entered pounds;high speed: 454mph .303guns. The fuselage was MklX; some had a C-Wing, serviceearly in '1943 and had at26,000 feet. reinforcedforcatapult launch- andlater versions had an largervedical tails and lour- Mark22-This was similar ing,and up to 500 pounds of E-Wingand an enlarged verti- bladepropellers. Gross tothe Mk 22, except for its bombscould be carried. caltail. Others had a cut-down weight:7,400 pounds; high cut-downrear fuselage and Variantswere the L.F. Mk lll rearfuselage and a bubble speed:393mph at 18,000 feet. bubblecanopy. Some had andF.R. Mk lll. Engine: canopy.lt was delivered in MarkXIV-These had Mk contra-rotating propellers. 1,470hpMerlin 55; gross 1944with a low-altitude, Vlll airframeswith five-blade Mark24-The lastof weight:7,100 pounds; high American-builtPackard propellers.Some late articles 21,767Spitfires and Seafires speed:352mph at12,250 feet. Merlinengine. hadcut-down rear fuselages builtwas the Mk 24, which MarkXV-This was essen- andbubble canooies. The F.R. wassimilar to the Mk 22, bul tiallya sea-goingvariant of the GRIFFON.POWEBED MkXIVE was a fighter-recon- hadincreased fuel capacity. MkXll Spitfire, with a 1,850hp SPITFIRES naissancevariant with fuse- Thelast one was delivered to GriffonVl engine and a four- Theneed for greater pedor- lagecameras and a 2,050hp theR.A.F. inOctober 1947. bladepropeller. After the first manceresulted inthe installa- Griffon65 engine. Gross SEAFIRES 50,the arrester hook was tionof the 1,735-2,050hp weight:8,500 pounds; high MarkIB-This was a con- changedfrom the A-frame Rolls-RoyceGriffon engine. speed:448mph at 26,000 feet. versionof A-Wing Mk VB typeto a stingertype below Thiswas larger than the MarkXUlll4uilt from Spitfireswith A{rame arrester therudder which was fitted Merlin(2.240-c ub ic- inch scratchintwo versions: the hooks(see "Hawker Sea Hur- witha fairing that continued displacementvs.1,650). The F.MkXVlllfighters and the ricane").They were put into therudder contour. Gross largersize resulted inpromi- F.R.Mk XVlll fighter- serviceinJune 1942. Seafires weight:8,000 pounds; high nentbulges inthe longer nose reconnaissanceplanes. Both pafticipatedinthe invasion of speed:383mph at '13,500 feet. tocover the cylinder banks. versionshad a reinforced NorlhAfrica in November MarkXVll-Similar to the Four-and five-blade propellers fuselageand wing, and carried 1942. MkXV except for the bubble wereused, and some variants additionalfuel. They were Markll0-These were built can0py. usedtwo three-blade counter- deliveredtoo late to serve in asnew aidrames similar to the Mark45-The postwar rotatingpropellers. Altogether, thewar. MkVC Spitfires with C-Wings. equivalentofthe Spitfire Mk 2,053Spitfires were delivered P.B.MarkXD?Unarmed Itcame in two versions, the F. 22,with non-folding wings withGriffon engines. MkXIV airframes with a Mk MkllC and the L.F. Mk llC; the anda Griffon61 engine with a MarklV-The Griffon pro- VCwing. The first 20 weren't latterhad a 1,645hpMerlin 32 five-bladepropeller. totype,with a 1,735hpengine, pressurized,butthe linal225 engineand four-blade propel- Mark46-Similar to theMk afour-blade propeller and an were.They were operational in ler.Some L.F. llCs were fitted 45,except that it waspowered extensivelyreinforced struc- theclosing months of the war. withcameras and ooerated as bya Griffon87 engine driving ture.A mock-upwing was MarkXX-The Mk lV pro- "P.R.Mk llc." co-axialpropellers. Also, it had fittedwith six 20mm cannon, totyperedesignated. MarkIl14 disadvantage thefuselage structure and butno six-cannon Spitfire was Mark21-A majorredesign ofthe early Seafires was their bubblecanopy of the Spiffire everoroduced. Toavoid con- withnew E-Wing and fuselage lackol folding wings for ship- Mk22. fusionwith the Merlin-pow- structurebut old-style cockpit boardstorage. 0n the de- Mark4T4imilartothe Mk eredP.R. Mk lV, the Mk lV canopy.lts powerplant was a signed{or-the-purposeMk| | l, 46,except that its wings prototypewas redesi gnated panels ,,M|( 2,050hpGriffon 61 engine theouter wing folded foldeduoward outboard ofthe XX.'' drivingafive-blade propeller. upwardnear the root, and the cannon,and it wasn't neces- MarkXIIAuiltin two ver- Ithad four-cannon armament. tiosfolded downward to re- saryto fold the wing tips. =Fs:Si$i i g ! EiHiS:F: Q:' iiisi;si$$lsssPi s 6'{= FF 3 i$:.\;Fs 9^\) lr R iiiSlrit siHisig q'R s-. Si': i-s\i! SE ts. *$mss ris$[$i:*isiis$F ESH sss$$s$s$$ssils$$I$i$$i$is$ $sis$s$s$$$s$itus$s$ssi$Ssis[-e ! F-q e- s, IOP,PP, I 3S c €\ $ {19. l\6 ffi-F $*sr$ ss ! -s$ss$5:8€i >5i{s 'l r \ Gs#:- sssss a eE!Fi lli -tru sl r*i t, l! t*t:} RiBHI .1 Fd I i s!sF! I .ltx i"'.' n- : s a; -xl\ D@O@( 9@6r, -t E3* lr sp iq .l : * sS : t"el ri 'i . ! 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FF "\ -q { qt FI !: 3 f .s: ^-p R $Pr ts s\ \E ro\ s {; :s ES xi $i!s R 9S :d ut ,\R E dd \ R Ei F:s$ a:- sss*ssi$ss*s*s:i$sssll*$suisil$s$$$i$i$$$F$s sis$iss$$ss !c- t: a 3F \: 3q I {'A St ).. //i{B s _ii i-i {a ia .'+ I t: /U ! s YP l<" FF:s$* 6S iti l I t "l 6l 6 .1I o1!I s a !s I :i *l -d3 *$I R I t b i l, 8p R d ai x qr c' _- a \sp R s Essi- d \ S 3 E l r' :s sis$$* I is.-!s l ll-l ,lFselil' \- IFL !3i (p i:u tFsl i :. I i'i\ l sr11 r"lj i*"i I$$Fie.",/ -isiS iEiEr:8 +s:i3Sq\. iisF ,i t+N 3 isdS EI :qo ss$$3ss i :FS $F :iii . dd s$iliE$s5$ i il! 5 S:EI 16= s' lr[ $F --i i.:Ed :$i{ss _! i +F-r.l P il.$Fxe!s \ s l" il Ri;'*t=t$ i L fSF L\] E$ii:S td ! s -l s 'J; I l€ ,:f.;e=* f -. il i}r^aU )l n-; sEdi!: ,{ \ rll ; iiiisir'! lo i '0 li F::::F S 3 -r5 NE II r.i I l/i $is:di I Ssis ssi *" I I rs d \l $ (( -l RsF$q$Es q9F Vr ili s q elt s x F!3 r a Stii + R - F s ttH r t $ Rii 9 dr? ts I s! iisHRFR tE:lisSS$Rii$s: I'rl iEis b$ i!il3i* :dr iliEi \ .tS F*s -t{-} x3s Qd\ EI:H Ri! oS Fti i$sis:\el iiisii$iEisF$si[E PC 3."-i $irrlilli xeP :oc iiiIlEi i$sFi$IiiiiilsiIiIiIis3setr ll\ i$$$i$iiF,iis*iili$sliIiiisiiuiriiIiiiii$is$iiiii THEVEGA VENTURA ,!ii*. **:::,:i inthe ventral station. The VenturaI could also carry 2,500pounds of bombs.The firstMark ls were Powereo with1,B50hP civil engines. Deliveriesbegan in SePtember 194'1,and Venturas were in serviceby November. Venturall-The 487 Venturalls carried more fuel, 3,000pounds ofbombs and 'r-il\ ,}'i:'l').\"],-,ii-"uN**N gunsin the turret, and iili:;ji;i:,ili',,.::'i:1 butthe gunsaren't in four ini'iilsi iiititii-titiiiiit ii ariiiin ona tactorylest ttishl' The E turretis i Yet. theywere powered with taitlor the ventnl gunnet's stati1n' Notethe step-up torward of {he 2,000hpU.S. ArmY engines. 1938,Lockheed intro- theone on the Hudson. theVentura, hence its identitY R-2800-31 I N lll-These were I animproved version Lockheedgave the new asa Vegarather than a Ventura duced product. planesoriginallY ordered ofits Model 14 airliner asthe bombera new model number Lockheed 0n Novem- 200 "Model The (37),and the British, after ber30, 1943, Vega was ab- forBritain under Lend-Lease 18Lodestar." ArmY pleasedwith the placingan initial order for 300 sorbedby Lockheed, and the thatcarried the U.S. Britishwere "B-34."0nlY 25 conversionof inMay 1940, named it factory,where 2,750 Boeing designation Hudsonbomber R.A.F.;others theYasked "Ventura."Afurther 375 were B-17swere also being Pro- weresent to the theModel 14, and "Lockheed forces- thesame with orderedlater that andits duced,became wentto otherEmPire Lockheedtodo Year, 25to Canada Model18, but with more firstflight was on JulY 31, Plant1A." Some Ventura vari- 20to Australia, the serialnumbers, changes. 1941. antsfor the U.S. ArmY were withR.A.F. major NewZealand. The Theprincipal change was TheVenturas weren't built builtin the main Lockheed and23 to olant. restremained inthe U.S. and theuse of the new 1,B50hP inLockheed's Burbank Plant, "RB- 51A4-G oreven by Lockheed assuch. Ventural-These had ar- weresoon designated Pratt& Whitney weren'tcon- (R-2800)Double WasP engine VegaAircraft CorP., awhollY- mamentoftwo fixed and two 34,"since t[eY place '1,200hP subsidiarywith a fac- flexible.303-caliber machine sideredsuitable for combat in ofthe 875 to owned as powerplants.TheR- toryadiacent tothe Lockheed- gunsin the nose; two or four missions.Most were used airliner work. or ownedUnion Air Terminal in morein the dorsalturret; two trainersand for utilitY 2800sused wide-blade, /l/-The "paddle,"propellers because Burbank,was selected to build inthe waist Positions; and two Venturalll and na- Venturalll wasto have been thelocation ofthe engine theU.S. wing anR.A.F. version of celleson the Lodestar (laterthe B-37), precluded diameters, Army0-56 larger themwere unitsweren't butnone of Pro- and{our-blade No"Ventura lV" desig- A bombernose and cured. desirable. nationwas assigned. a bombbay similar to those were fitted,but Ventura[/-These onthe Hudson were "navalized"versions ofthe fuselagewas thelower rear suPPliedunder Lend- toaccommodate a Ventura modified Leaseby the U.S. NavY from ventralgunner's station, which forces uP- PV-'lorders. British resultedina distinctive andmany were thetail. A acquired388, wardstep toward toAustralia, Canada, powereddorsal turret was viewlron aboveof a ll.s. Armyvega B-34, with two lired .'0-caliber machine diverled L'iii'iii'tiiniiinte .s0_cati6ergluns in thenose; .S0-catiber guns arc in lhe NewZealand and South Africa. installedfarther forward than -Martinpowered tufiet and the ventnl gun stalion' 126 ww tl SGATE AIRGRAFT DRAWINGS I Theprefix "G.R." was given to B-34s:66 went to Britainand Long-rangereconnaissance version ol theU.S. Navy Vega PV-I wilh 155- reconnaissanceversions asin theothers went to the U.S. gallondrop tanks. Note the painled-over (once transparcnl) bnmbet nose, "G.R.Mark V." Armyas follows: 101 B-34A-2 andthe oddity ot the statinsignia on both the noseand the aft fuselage. AmericanVenturas-The bombertrainers, 28 B-34A-3 causethe planes had 1,700hp additionalinternal fuel, plus U.S.Army took over some of gunnerytrainers and 16 WrightR-2600-13 Double two155-gallon drop tanks and theBritish-contract Ventura ls, B-34A-4target tugs. Cycloneengines instead of fittingsfor 10 S-inch rockets, andthen orovided others to B-37-TheArmy ordered Pratt& Whitneys,they were andthey could carry up to theR.A.F. and its own souad- 550armed reconnaissance/ giventhe new bomber desig- 3,000pounds ofbombs, ronsfrom later B-34 con- observationversions ofthe nation"B-37." Production was depthcharges, ora torpedo in tracts.The Army, however, Venturaunder the designation inthe main Lockheed plant, thebomb bay. The Navy used calledits B-34s "Lexington" "0-56."Before they were com- butbecause the space was itsVenturas widely in the ratherthan "Ventura." The pleted,however, the Army neededfor other projects, the Pacificand in Alaska from U.S.Navy became the major discontinuedthe"0 for 0bser- contractwas cut shor1. 0nlv early1943 until the end ofthe userof Venturas as"PV-1 " vation"category and 18B-37s were built, and th-ey war.Armament varied greatly and"PV-3," still using the redesignatedthe0-56s as wereused as trainers. accordingtothe mission, in- Britishname. bombers,since they fit that PV-l-TheU.S. Navy, with cludingnight fighters for the Model374ecause the categoryand could still carry '1,600PV-] variants ordered U.S.Marines with three-man draftedVentura lsdidn't meet 2,000oounds ofbombs. The as"PV-l" ("P" for Patrol; "V" crews,six fixed nose guns U.S.Army specifications, they designation"B-348" was to forVega), was the major andBritish night-intercept couldn'tbe given Army desig- havebeen assigned, but be- Venturauser. These carried radar.Some photographic nationsorserial numbers. conversionswere lnstead,the Army simply designated"PV-1P." calledthem "Model 37." These PV-24 g{eaflyrevised became"R Model 37" in Octo- Venturawith longer wings, ber1942. This resulted inan largertail sufaces and exten- interestingbitof confusion by siveinternal and armament somewhen they misunder- changeswas ordered in1943. stoodthe spoken letter "R" to Therevisions justified its new mean"0ur Model 37," as name,"Harpoon," and made comparedwith the British thisplane too different from Model37. thebasic Ventura to becalled B-34-Ihefirst 200 Lend- such.Harpoons did see action LeaseVenturas were desig- latein the war. nated"B-34," and only 24 PV-?-Io getVenturas into wentto the U.S. Army. Major itsinventory before the PV-1s changesincluded anAmerican onorder could be built, the Martinturret and American U.S.Navy took the lasl27 ot equipmentand armament, theBritish Ventura lls and including.50-caliber machine Topphoto: an unarned U.S. Army Ventun I thathad been dralted trcn theBrit- designatedthem "PV-3" in guns. ishnrder and rcdesignated "Lockheed Model 37." Above:one ol the 18U.S. October1942. 8-3444, further211 Arny Lexingtonsthat had been ordered as 0-56obseruation planes, but were deliveredas B-37bombe6. 127 !-* €!s X6 FR$BS s a":; "i:$:srsE6 9b r iR ! i SFsis :l t s rstF ;iEi! R=e:3si$sr$i5 r!$B I i isi S$Fr :uSS i s$EH$ii!;ilF$: :5sii !Brd !t $*$: st: -:r is!$i!si;3s d'!al iIe *i$iiisr*$:ss;$I"t$riil *ss,sFi Fr reJ6s riis *f, ssi I "" lsd i Xi:i$ li €-{ ! aal ilSr$ ii$iFi!s! i:: FS; $ Sl : r s1 ssss iiii$i$s *3 I s$iii$lsl ssFF$Is* :\ 3i 3 r" FSe F !B S'f FJ! dH t\ -*q- .\ *s !.s,iss$.sEii--$ \i -isi -i -i$$iIi ! PS --1-_ s i6 :+ ,) se ! 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I p 'I d Iis Fi5 Ubsi;rf iggi,u*iin,*,SiiSis[,i,Sli\tt ls$sts Fi FS* sie sFisF! :!! )*sEbl a.E R Hs! iF.o iR H_,FG Ra $.$$ $ir i." !ddd.i$i'u ^q il g.oc i r'" 6 oili iiggrl3r'i il$S$sis$sii$t6 s5i$$is$;s$li5r;i isi$,,s*issi*$iSil*listu$$s$l$s$rIiiiFis$iLpeccc$!.1 Sssigiii VOUGHTSBZU CHESAPEAKE/ VINDICATOR devicewas necessary to swing thebomb clear of the propel- ler.Two 100-pound bombs ;";;i N couldbe carried on racks un- $s1, , derthe wing. The powerplant forthe production SB2U-1s wasthe 825hp Pratt & tjjrji$ WhitneyR-1535-96, and 54 planeswere ordered in0cto- ffi ber1936. An odd feature " (comparedwith previous t scoutmodels) was the great distancebetween the cockpits. TheSB2U-1s entered Thetollowing tigures corn,paie theweight and performance of the,sB2u1:and the $8,2u-3: An$B2U-3 in theoverall light gray Vought'slast biplanes. Chang- forwardfor torsional , adoptedfor tacticalU.8. Navy it tbs. planesin February1941. This is ingrequirements andthe strength,and wasfabric- EmptyWeight ..5,049/5,620 AirplaneNo. 16 ol the Marine Navy'sfinal acceptance of coveredaft of the spar. The 6rossWeight ..7,888/8,900 tbs. ScoutingSquadron One (VMS-I). monoplanesforuse on aircraft wingfolded upward out- carriersresulted insubse- boardof the flat center sec- Rateof C\imb ...... 1,220/ *** l'A51 quentNavy monoplane tionby means of a manually , , ,,. ,., , t ,ftt14'' jack . , G TARTINGinthe early designs. operatedscrew thatwas Sewite.Ceilin$ .,.,.,,,,,;..... 26,4001 rl 1920s,the Chance Vought Voughtresponded toa U.S. securedtofittings on the 22,000ft. CorporationofLong lsland Navyrequirement fora fold- wingand fuselage. Fue\,.,,,,,,,,-.:,,.,,;:,,;.6!!A/2116,6.1b1s..,,r City,NY (later of EastHart- ing-wingmonoplane scout- Itsarmament was two ford,CT), was the major sup- bomber,and they received a .30-or .50-caliber machine HighSpaed .,,.,:". "|.,25A/2!l nplt guns '(at'9'50Aft,l plierof scouting and observa- contractfor one XSB2U-1 on inthe wings, and a . , .. ,. . , , tionplanes to the U.S. Navy. 0ctober11, 1934. Like the single,flexible, .30-caliber frange.,..,,.'.,.,.,..,,. t..,!,1A0/2,tffi Until1934, scouting, light HawkerHurricane, theS82U gunin the rear cockpit. A . ,,..:,,,, 'statu{amilgs bombingand (Vought'sModel 156) carried single500- or 1,000-pound observation *N,avyspec,ificatioh: tables for wereconsidered separate mis- traditionalVought tube-and- bombwas carried on an labricstructure into the mono- ejectorrack under the belly. .194'lg.ive pou:nds instead, of. sions,and the airplanes used gallons. separate"S," "9" and "0" planeage. The SBU fuselage Becausethe SB2U was a designations.In1934, some constructionandtail shaoe vefticaldive bomber, this missionsand designations wereadapted to a werecombined; e.9., "SB" for new,metal-frame, Scout-Bombersand"0S" low-cantileverwing for0bservation-Scouts. thatcontained re- Voughtentered the dual- tractablelanding designationerawith the SBU- gear.The wing had a 1 biplane,which started as the singlespar, a closed XF3U-1two-seat fighter. The aluminumD-tube 124SBU-1s and -2s were fromthe soar W IIU I I SGALE AIRGRAFT IIRAWIIIGS serviceinDecember 1937, andthey were followed by 58 imorovedSB2U-2s that were orderedinJanuary 1938. The finalorder was for 57 SB2U- 3sthat were delivered tothe U.S.Marine Corps late in Tiisundercide view of theSB2u-3 1-S-16 shows the retractitt tiniiing-iteiliii ri;rt 10,1gr-ioint'nonisi. noii tni star 1940.The -3s were heavier onthe lower right wing. becauseoftheir increased fuel andarmor and their two theChesapeakes weretoo secondaryshore duty and alongthe English coast. additionalwing guns. heavyto operatefrom the didn'tsee combat. lt has been Bythe middle of 1940, . In1938, the Navy allowed smallBritish carriers towhich stated.but not verified. that SB2U-1sand -2s were flying Voughttobuild 40 SB2U-2s theyhad been assigned. Asa theGermans used captured withseven U.S. Navy squad- forthe French Navy as result,they were reassigned to V-156Fsfor scouting missions ronsfrom four of the Navy's "V-156F"("F" for France). sixbig carriers. By the end of Theseplanes were equipped 1941,there were only four toFrench reouirements. in- squadronsaboard two carri- cludingthe novel reverse- ers.The U.S. Marines had all actionFrench throttles that oftheir SB2U-3s atshore pulledback to increase power. bases.Some of the carrier- Frencharmament was in- basedSB2Us that were at stalledin France. The V-156Fs PearlHarbor on December 7, servedon French aircraft carri- 1941,were destroyed onthe ersand with shore-based groundby the Japanese. Later squadrons,andthey were the MarineS82U-3s were ferried onlySB2U types to go on the to Midwaylsland, where they offensive(some made bomb- attackedJapanese ships ingraids from southern duringthe Battle of Midway in Franceinto northern ltaly in June1942. 1940). After the fall of France, FourSB2U squadrons Englandtook over a second servedon the carriers "Wasp" Frenchcontract lor 50 and"Rangero inthe Atlantic V-156Fs, and named them untilthe end of 1942. Thev "Chesapeake."Vought finishedtheir service as designatedthem "V-1 568-1 " A lrontview ot lheSB2U-2 with itswings tolded. Note thal the turning handles trainers. ("B"for Britain). onthe ilght-hand jack are extended, and that lhose on the Ieft jack are lolded. In1939, the United Aircraft TheU.S. didn't adopt the Corporation,theparent firm of Britishname, as it didwith bothVought and Sikorsky, someother U.S. models in mergedthe two into a single Britishservice. When U.S. entity:the Vou ght-Sikorsky militaryplanes were given DivisionofUnited. The Vought "popular"names inOctober factorywas moved from East '1941, the SB2Us were named *K Hartfordinto the Sikorsky "Vindicator." plantin Stratford, CT. The Whenthe olanes were re- s, S82U-3sthat were then being equippedto British standards builttechnically became (includingforward-open "Vought-Sikorskys"instead of throttlesand extra armor). "ChanceVoughts." the BritishV-1568-l Chesapeake, phqtographed at the tactory in March1941. WW II SGATE AIRGRAFT DRAWIl{GS f-aYLffid re-3 t I -,'l (t \-r V-i, l +F-L I 9 l_2!u"- N € Pos I r I ON TA!,LlryIFEj EL!re=+#E++614!P'!eeE44 '-ELYI --'-(iuLLY FXTENDEP)-f VOUGHTOS2U KINGFISHER f HEVought 0S2U King- Kingfisher.After Vought deliv- I fisherwas the most widely ered158 imoroved 0S2U-2s usedU.S. Navy shipboard withR-985-50 engines, and catapultplane of the war. 0n wasworking on 1,006 longer- March22, 1 937, the Chance range0S2U-3s, the U.S. Naval VoughtCompany (then of East Aircraftfactory in Philadelphia, Hartford,CT) received a con- PA,built 300 0S2U-3s as tractfor a single X0S2U-1, "0S2N-1"(the Navy had built whichwas intended asa re- asingle XOSN-1 biplane ofits placementforolder Vought owndesign there in 1938; andCurtiss biplanes that were hencethe "0S2N-1" stillserving the fleet. The pro- designation). totypefirst flew on July 20, A Vought0S2U-3 Kingtisher seaplane, with 1943-44 dark hlue-gray canoullage Britishforces received 100 1938, and an order for 54 pro- onlhe upper sudaces graduating to whiteundersides. The hook undet the tloat 0S2U-3sin1942, and kept the wasused to snaga rctilevalnet betorethe seaplane was hoisted ahoard the "Kingfisher."In duction0S2U-1 s followed. nothership. name theU.S., Thefirst examples, which Kingfishers(onwheels and on weremostly seaplanes, withthe SB2U. A structural contractby the Edo Corpora- floats)served with the Inshore reachedthe fleet in August innovationfora production tionof College Point, Long PatrolSquadrons. Inthe fleet, 1940,while others equipped airplanewas the spot-welding lsland,NY. The airplanes were theyoperated onwheels from withwheels were assigned to (ratherthan riveting) ofsheet flownfrom the new Vought- aircraftcarriers, and catapult navalair stations and reserve aluminum. Sikorsky seaolaneversions served on trainingbases around the Thesea- SPECIFICATIONS plantin battleshipsand cruisers until c0untry. planeversion Stratford, theend of the war. Asan airplane, the King- usedasingle *NB PERFORM*HCIE CT,to naval Althoughthey were usually fisherhad little in common mainfloat and 0s2u-3 airstations, low-oerformancescouts and withprevious Vought designs, wing-tip PowerBiant.,,.,,. Pratt & Whitnetrrwherethe observersthat were lightly otherthan the SBU-S82U tail floats.Early R-l98-AN-2or -8:450hpfloatswere armed(two .30-caliber ma- shape.lt was an all-metal floatswere Win7span...... 35ft., 1}tk in. installedin chineguns and two 325- monoplanewith a 450hp Pratt madeby Navyshops. pounddepth charges), King- ft. & WhitneyR-985-48 Twin Vought,but WingArea ...... 262 sq. TheNavy fishersearned great fame for WaspJr. engine. The distance themajority o{ Gross'Weigftt'..'...... -...6,0A0,lhs wasalso numerousrescue missions, betweenthe pilot and the ob- themwere HighSpeed t 65mph involvedin wherethey picked up downed server/gunnerwasunusual, builton a ' ' at5,50CI ft. themanufac- aircrews from under the guns evenwhen it wascompared separateNavy tureof the ofJapanese shore batteries, andfound lost personnel. The mostfamous of these mis- sionswas the successful 22- daysearch for Captain Eddie Rickenbacker,America's WWI Ace,who was forced down in thePacific with a B-17crew in November1943. An0S2U-3 ashorc on iE lixedlanding gear.This is airylaneno. 6 ot Scout- ing SquadronSix, in the da* blue' gruytop and sidecamoutlage, and Iight gny undercidecanoutlage, ol 1942-43. WW II SGALE AIRCRAFT IIRAWIl{GS 05'U.! EOUIPP€O WIIH IHE @ €DO FLOAI WHICH SOOX TE. PLACED THE ORI6IXAL YOUgHI rI F IOAI ?? I l J oszu-t PAINIED LrcHr l CRAY ALL OV€R T t---T- t. I l-@ I oI r- L",, os2u'1 PAll{1ED Llcl{1 GRAY EXCEP1 WXERE OtHERwlSE lrolED /' -T- I I VVESTLAND LYSANDER Lysanderunprecedented short takeoffand landing (ST0L) performance. Itsinitial powerplant was theB90hp Bristol Mercury Xll radialengine; ithad the unique Bristol-typecowling in which theleading edge of the cowl- ingwas also the collector ring forthe engine exhaust. The singleexhaust stack was at thelower right side. The Lysander'sinitial armament wasa pairof forward{iring, A WestlandLysander Il photographedat Kabill,Egypt, in 1943.Note the lowered wing llaps and the verytarye pants (spats)over the wheels. .303-calibermachine guns in thewheel fairings outboard of thepropeller arc, and a single f HEBritish Westland workwith the ground forces retainedallof the required WWI vintage,.303-caliber l "Lysandei'was developed throughobservation and re- ArmyCooperation qualities, Lewismachine gun in the rear in1935 by Westland Aircraft, connaissance;photography; despitesuch major changes cockpit.Using both belly racks Ltd.,of Yeovil, England. lightbombing; and ground asa highmonoplane wing, andracks on winglets, sixteen Westlandappl ied latter-day attackwith machine guns. In anda closed cabin in which 20-poundbombs, four technologytothe traditional pre-radiodays, such planes thegunner/observer satfar to 216-poundbombs or two "ArmyCooperation" airplane, couldalso pick up messages therear, separated from the 250-ooundbombs could be whichhad been standardized fromground points and drop pilotby the fuel tank. carried.Other stores, such as bythe major air powers as a them(and small quantities of Thesingle-wing design was flares,smoke generators, large,versatile, open-cockpit supplies)to remote outposts. muchmore than a simplede- supplycannisters and auxiliary biplane.lts mission was to Themetal{ramed Lysander letionof the lower wing of a fueltanks, could also be traditionalbiplane inthe interestofimoroved crewvisibility and SPECSAND PERFORMANCE streamlining.Theodd LYSANDERIII planform(see photos Powerptant...... : 870hp Bristot anddrawings) resulted MercuryXX or 30 inan overall aerody- namicforward sweep of EmptyWeight ...... 4,365 lbs. thewing-an innovation GrossWeight...... 6,318 lbs. thatwas many years aheadof its time. lt also HighSpeed ...... 209mph at sea leve!; featuredlarge trailing- 196mphat 15,000ft. edgeflaps, and full-span, MinimumSpeed automatic,leading-edge (atgross weight) ...... 56mph slatsthat opened for slow-speedllight. Both TakeoffRun (to clear501oot obstacle) featureswere relatively Lysanderlls withstuh wings in placeon the landing gear; the wheel covers have newto militaryaircraft, LandingRun (over Sl-footobstacte) heenrenoved. Note the lar-att location ol theluselage bonb racks and lhe early andthey gave the 1,020ft. forn oI thenanow tin tlashthat wasadopted in nid-1940. 138 WW II SCALE AIRCRAFT DRAWII{GS Sideview ot the Lysanderll. Notehow the rear poilionot the cabinenclosure slidesstnight afl. iii i+li$l qffi{s# itiit)r ll: {sqw3wiqs*s@4ds - il-\.ii. carriedby the versatile , ,. Lysander. l.,,,,1;]:,r*''.1r -' Anotherinnovative Lysanderfeature was the LysanderlFThis was Mercury30 engines; 370 were gunattacks and even to light single-leglanding gear, which similarto the Mk l, except for built.A further100 were bombs,and they possessed wasdesigned {or high-impact a changeto a 905hpBristol completedasunarmed T.T. formidablefirepower that was shortand hard landings. lt had PerseusXll sleeve-valve en- Mklll target tugs. deadlyto slow, low{lying largespats over the wheels, gine.Because ofsize and TheR.A.F. had seven aircraft.Further, the over- andit couldbe fitted with stub detaildifferences, thiswasn't squadronsofLysanders in whelmingGerman air power wings,called "winglets," that interchangeablewiththe servicewhen the war started, shotdown many Lysanders, servedas mounts for bomb Mercuryengine. Westland andsix were sent to France. anddestroyed others on their racks,rescue equipment and buill442 Mk lls, and a f ufther Theirrole was traditional as airfields.0f 174 Lysanders miscellaneoussupplies. Later, 75were built in Canada. Gross longas the front remained sentto France,only 50 were a largecylindrical cargo con- weightwas 6,015 pounds. stablein the "Sitzkrieg." When ableto returnto England- taineror auxiliary fuel tank Lysande r II I-f hisplane the"Blitzkrieg" began on May 88were lost in combat, and wasfitted under the belly. The "reverted"toan 870hp Mer- 10,1940, the old Army Coop- 36were either destroyed on firstflight of the prototype was curyXX engine; 250 were built erationrole was shattered; the theground or abandoned by onJune 15,1936. inYeovil, and another 17 were Lysanderand similar types theirretreating squadrons. Lysanderl4uccessful builtin a newWestland plant wereunable toooerate inthe ManyBritish-based testsof two prototypes inDoncaster. The armament oldway. Their own troops Lysanderswere lost in the resultedinan order for '169 wasincreased totwo flexible werehard to follow in the Battleof France, when they Lysanderls,and production machineguns. rapidlychanging scene; en- flewacross the Channel to wascomoleted in1939. Gross LysanderIllA-These were emyarmored columns were dropsupplies tosurrounded weightwas 4,065 pounds. improvedMk llls with 870hp impervioustolight machine- Alliedtroops and were hit by Germanground fire. TheArmy Cooperation role continuedinmodified form in othertheaters ofthe war- notablyin NorthAfrica, were Lysandershad been sent be- forethe war. After the war began,Lysanders also served inGreece, Palestine and India. TheLysanders' most famous operation-andthe one best suitedto their STOL character- istics-wasthe nighttime shuttlingofFrench Resistance andother agents (and sup- plies)into and out of occupied France.Between August 1941 andlate 1944, some 400 such sortieswere made, with nearly 300people flown in and 500 broughtout. For this clandes- tinework, the Lysanders were Thisview ol a Lysandetttt witha belly-nountedauxiliary luel tankshows the lull-span wing slats open during a landing paintedoverall matte black. apprcach. 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Mele.NorEpla lzt 5.o, fueutr Eoo l?z Buq.lb Mcre. 5m l?1, Two Podr CEL. acEHk l3L!9!!Eg!!aCZZG!9r.9 l3g. 5o,pct-greu<7qp5(btxo StFuTt) WW II SGALE AIRGRAFT DRAWIIIGS / l t. t\ .; I r.w _lt o t I )O, Il a sl e-l al rtl ol al e J'll I -) :l .ol '-lsl {t rl9l n I ol al i .9 g I to si ++ :tqtvl t 5! L -S_.- i. i+ --f-- -N f- I l t* a ._ ]t 9rl atl il at Bll sll qI3ll stl id I ;ril ctl :o5- dlt $z;i g<,i ?(/l;t !J- T}IE VVESTLAND VVHIRLVVIND anAir Ministry request for a twin-engine,single-seat fighter.Westland beat propos- alsfrom Bristol and Hawker, andreceived a contract for twoprototypes in February 1937.The Whirlwind airframe was,in effect, ascaling-down M ofconventional twin-engine 0nly 1; "bullet" at lhe transoofts it lin-stabilizetinte$ection prototypes. andbombers: thatwasn't on the two hada shofternose, engines in nacellesonthe wing, and f HEBritish Westland months.The Whirlwinds saw andonly 144 production mod- landinggear that retracted into r Whirlwindwas the world's extensiveaction in Europe elsthat equipped two fighter thenacelles. This led to odd firstproduction twin-engine, duringthe war, but they squa0r0ns. proportions,because the single-seatfighter that was weren'tbuilt in great numbers Designofthe Whirlwind single-seatairframe was rela- designedassuch. The proto- Therewere two prototypes, beganin 1936, in response to tivelysmall, but the nacelles, typeflew on October 11, 1938, beatingthe American Thisview lrom aboveshows engine and radiator air inlakes,localed in the leadingedge ol the wing,between the LockheedXP-38 bv three tyselageand lhe nacelles. Note the 1940Sand and Spinach camoullage, the TypeA.1 rnundels on lheluselage and the TypeB roundelson the upper wing surlace. WW II SGATE AIRGRAFT DRAWII{GS SPECIFICATIONSAND PERFORMANGE: WHIRLWIND Powerp1ant ...... Rolls-R oyce Peregrine,860hp at 2,850rpm at 13,500ft.; 8B5hp at 3,000 rpmat 15,000ft. Wingspan...... 45ft. Length.....,...... 32 ft, Sin. WingArea...... 250 sq.ft. withtheir standard-size firstproduction Whirlwind silhouettesofthe Whirl- Empty engines,had to be as big as didn'tfly until May 1940. Two windin their aircraft Weight...... 8,310 tbs. thoseon much larger aircraft. Whirlwinds,plus the second recognitionmanuals. Gross Weight ...... 10,356 lbs. Thestructure was all metal, prototype,were assigned to Theshorl range of (fighter);11,388 lbs. (bomber includingeven the covering of No.25 Fighter Squadron, but theWhirlwind precluded withtwo 500-lb. bombs). thecontrol surfaces. lts theywere withdrawn when itsuse as an escort on HighSpeed ...... ,...... 31Smph powerplants wereBB5hp thatunit was re-equipped with long-distancebomb at5,000 ft.; 360mph at 15,000 Rolls-RoycePeregrines, which BristolBeaufighters. The raids,but it didconduct ft.;270mph at 15,000ft. with weredevelopments ofthe ear- three,and other Whirlwinds, escorlsas far as Hol- two500-lb. bombs. lierRolls-Royce Kestrel that werethen assigned to No. 253 land.Although itcould precededthefamous Merlin. Squadron,but because there holdits own against the TheWhirlwind was the only wereso few of them, they Messerschmitt109,the Whirl- thenconvefied the Whirlwind airplanetouse this engine, didn'tparticipate inthe Battle windlacked high-altitude ca- oroductionlineto licensed andtroubles with the Per- ofBritain. Whirlwinds didn't pability-afeature that wasn't productionofSupermarine egrinehindered Whirlwind engagethe enemy until Janu- consideredimoortant ina Spitfires. productionand operations. ary12,1941, when two were fighterwhen it was designed, Thedelivered airplanes Armamentwas the heaviest of sentup to intercepta lone butbecame very important werenow "orphaned," with anyBritish fighter of the time; Germanbomber over England. afterthe war started. Whirl- littlesupport from the factory it hada batteryof four 20mm Theyscored a"probable", and windsequipped asecond orthe engine manufacturer; cannonsinthe nose. thefirst confirmed victory squadron(No. 137), and andthe operational Whirl- Aninitial order for 200 cameon February B,when a padicipatedinlow-altitude windswere withdrawn from Whirlwindswas soon lollowed GermanArado 196 seaplane missions.They took paft in service.No. 263 Squadron byan order for 200 more. wasshot down. attackson German aidields wasthe last to usethem, and Productionbegan in TheWhirlwind was kept andmilitary installations in 12Whirlwinds made aspec- Westland'sYeovil plant, but it secretfrom the public until westernFrance from their tacularattack on Cherbourg sufferedfrom the higher prior- February1942. The Germans, basesin England. Harborin France on October itythat was given to the however,knew of it much Bombingwas added to the 22,1943. Lysanderprogram, and the earlier;they had accurate Whirlwind'sactivity inmid- Avariety of British colors 1942,when racks for two 250- andmarkings were used dur- poundor two 500-pound ingthe career of the Whirl- bombswere added to the wind.The first prototype was wingsoutboard ofthe na- paintedoverall red with white celles.This version was lettersand Type A roundelsall namedthe "Whirlibomber." over.The second prototype TheWhirlwind was already wasall silver, again with Type sufferingfrom low priorities in A roundels.The odd arrange- itsown factory, and produc- mentof a blackunderside for tionsuffered further setbacks theleft wing, with a Type A.1 whenthe new Ministry of Air- roundelmatching aType A craftProduction decided to roundelunder the duck-egg cancelPeregrine engine pro- blueright wing, is correct. ductionin favor of increased Thisarrangement wasalso Merlinproduction. Asa result, usedby some other British thesecond order for 200 fightersin 1940. Type C roun- Whirlwindswas cancelled, and delswere used on the fuselage only144 on the first order andunder the wings from ti werecompleted. Westland July1942 on. enclosedin nacelles,and Type A roundelsunder the wing. t45 }lETRES HE-H AND HE-V BELONGED TO N0.253 SOUADRON. I.J o ENGINES: lwo 885 HP ROLLS- ROYCE "PEREGRINE " 12-CYL. LIQUIO COOLED SUPERCHARCEO I ENCINES I I A \!, (F) GREEN A BROwN> THE FIRST PROTOTYPE TA (L Gs4r) wAs FoR A TIME €XPERIMENTALLY FITTEO WITH A SPECIAL NOSE HOUSING A EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION OF FOUR 2OMH CANNON SIDE-BY.SIDE IN THE NO5E. ARMAMAM€ NT: a ' 20 MM Ht SpANO CARNON ANO TWO 250 0R 500 LB BOMBS. ww tl SGATE AIRCRAFT DRAWIl{GS COLOUR SCHEME: tl, 15 2P 2( !€j_!1: DARK GREEN-0ARK BR0WN CAM0U- lo l, , lr FLAGE- UNDERSURFACES:DUCK-EGG BLUE (vERY PALE cneEl) excEpr FoR PoRT WING € NACELLE- WHICH WERE BLACK, -WHIRLIBOMBEROF N0,137 SQUAORONCARRYING A 5OOLB. BOMB SPINNERS f FdSELAGE BAND. UNDER EACH WING DUCK-ECG. MEDIUM CREY SQUADRON LETTERS. FUSELACE ROUNDELSJ REO- wHrr€- BLUE-yELlow (nro cgrren). WING ROUNDELS, UPPER: RED.BLUE, LoWER: RED-wHlTE-BLUE wlTH AN EXTRA YELLOW RING ON PORT WINC. FIN FLASH: RED.WHITE_BLU€. H€:Ir AS HE-H BUT wlTHoUT ELACk PORT WINC ANO WITH R€D-WHITE- BLUE ROUNO€L UNOER BOTH WINC5. 5I5 CAMOUFLAGED DARX GREEN_OARK GREY (SAME pATTERN As HE-H) wrrH HEDtUM GREy UNDERSURFAcES AND LETTERS. SPJNNERS ANO FUSELAGE BAND: DUCK ECG MARKINCS: SAME CoL0URS AS HE-V. 1I.\ v RETRACTA BLE STARBOARD ENGINE A5 SEEN LANDING LIGHT F RoM F USELAGE. (coLouns ---/ REVERSED ON PORf ENGINE}, UND€RSURFACE 0F sF-s wtNc. A \ --@ 3.BLAD€ DE HAVILLAND CONSTANT SP€ED PROPELL€R (eLlcx wnri veLlow rrps ) w.;'u',:;!'^r @ e. raee LARS€N/ocl-60 .4 $tz.gs 2014 .. & :'{ AITAGE PUBLISHING lfilillil I L't'\