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The "Yermak" Ice-Breaker Author(S): Vice-Admiral Makaroff Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol

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The The "Yermak" Ice-Breaker Author(s): Vice-Admiral Makaroff Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Jan., 1900), pp. 32-46 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774878 Accessed: 26-06-2016 14:44 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 104.239.165.217 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 14:44:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 32 THE "YERMAK" ICE-BREAKER. our sand-dunes seem always to be sufficiently moist for the growth of moss. Inland dunes are scarce in this country, except in west Norfolk. I have only come across one low ridge in this neighbourhood (Fordingbridge), though I should imagine that much of the material in the soil, and the matrix of the clay with flints, have been moved by the wind, especially during the Glacial period." Mr. VAUGHAN CORNISH: With regard to the mobility of sand under a wind. at one time, and its apparent immobility under wind of like force at another time. The only explanation which I have at present is that to which Mr. Hogarth has referred, viz. that electricity has something to do with it. As soon as I came back from Egypt, I started working on the subject, and found myself getting involved in an atmosphere of atmospheric electricity, and if I had gone on thus I should never have got this paper written, at least in any reasonable time, and so I put this aside for the present. As I said in my paper, in many cases the dunes appear to be stationary waves, the structure persisting in the same place owing, not to complete immobility of material, but to the permanence of the inducing cause. That is practically what Dr. Gregory has said just now, in a less jejune manner. With regard to the forms of snowdrift, I have some notions on the subject, and have made a few observations, but I have not hitherto been very fortunate in opportunities of observation. I did get some at Innsbruck, and lay out under the drifts to see what was going on. I hope soon to add to these observations. The PRESIDENT: Mr. Vaughan Cornish has devoted several years to the study of a branch of physical geography which has hitherto received little attention. He has done this in a most workmanlike way, first on the beaches in England, and now he gives us an interesting paper on the results of his studies in Egypt. I have no doubt that the object of his study will become a regular branch of our science, when a larger number of observations has been accumulated. I believe, although Mr. Vaughan Cornish has found examples of almost every form of sand-dune in Egypt, that he will think it necessary to visit other countries. I hope to hear of his having studied the sand-dunes of Holland and the Landes of France, and the sands of the deserts of India and Central Asia, and the medanos of South America, both on the east and west coasts. I hope he will visit the arctic regions and examine the sastrugi, described by Baron Wrangel. I am assuming that Mr. Vaughan Cornish will have to carry his investigations into almost every continent, for as he is the only one amongst us who is devoting his attention to this subject of kumato- logy, I am convinced that he will have to trust to his own efforts. Eventually others will follow in his track, because it is a fascinating branch of study, and we shall have established as one of the branches of our science, kumatology, or the study of waves. Mr. Cornish does not confine his attention to the sand, but it extends to any material met with in waves. The paper has been extremely interesting, and beautifully illustrated, and I am sure you will wish me to convey to him a unanimous vote of thanks. THE "YERMAK" ICE-BREAKER. By Vice-Admiral MAKAROFF, of the Russian Imperial Navy. THE old way of travelling in the polar regions was by means of dogs and sledges. Dr. Nanben proposed to travel with the ship, making her so strong as to resist the piessure of the polar ice. He succeeded in this perfectly well; his ship could stand the attacks of the polar ice, This content downloaded from 104.239.165.217 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 14:44:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE "YERMAIK" ICE-BREAKER. 33 and his defensive tactics proved to be very efficient. Just at the time when Dr. Nansen proposed to build his Fram, I had the idea of adopting offensive tactics against the polar ice. I was engaged at that time with my service, and did not then see my way to disclose my ideas, but I made some preliminary preparations. I wrote to Dr. Nansen a letter in which I stated that I was entirely of his opinion, that he would be carried by the currents somewhere in the direction he imagined, and advised him that help should be sent for him to Franz Josef Land. My letter to him and his answer were duly published in the Russian newspapers and in geographical publications. I thought it quite possible that he would not complete his voyage in three years; I also thought that, if in four years nothing was heard of him, people would be anxious to send help, and that would be a good pretext for collecting money. In my opinion the best way to penetrate into the arctic regions is by means of a powerful ice-breaker. Certainly I did not wish to mention in my letter to Dr. Nansen that I would go and help him, because, being on government service, I could not dispose of myself. But I No. I.-JANUARY, 1900.] D This content downloaded from 104.239.165.217 on Sun, 26 Jun 2016 14:44:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 34 THE "YERMAK" ICE-BREAKER. asked him in my letter if he had any intention of leaving any trace of his voyage. He replied that he intended to put on every island that he might discover, a pole with a small Norwegian flag on it, and under that pole a letter with information about the voyage of his ship. Fortunately for Dr. Nansen, the current carried him on very well, and on my return from the Pacific station, I was happy to learn that he and his Fram had safely returned home. Of course that deprived me of my excuse for collecting the necessary money for building a large ice- breaker, but I found another motive, this time purely commercial. I proposed to build an ice-breaker which in winter-time might clear the way through the ice to the port of St. Petersburg, and in summer- time help the navigation to the Siberian rivers flowing into the Kara sea, barricaded by ice almost during the whole summer. The ice-breaker was built here in England by Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co., Ltd., and the name of the conqueror of Siberia, Yermak, was given to her. Her length is 305 feet; breadth, 71 feet; displacement with 3000 tons of coal, 8000 tons; and in this condition she draws 25 feet. Her bow is inclined 70 degrees from the vertical; her stern is 65 degrees, and her sides are 20 degrees from the vertical. In whichever direction she moves in the ice, she is bound to rise on it, and break it with her weight. She has four engines, working four inde- pendent propellers, one in front and three at the stern. Each engine develops 2500 horse-power, so that the total force of the ship is 10,000 horse-power. The ship has a double bottom and double sides; she is divided into forty-eight compartments, every one of which was tried by filling with water as high as the upper deck; one compartment in the fore part of the ship, one at the stern, and two at both sides, are specially designed for changing the trim and heel of the ship. In the centre of the Yermak is situated a powerful pump, which can take water from any of these compartments and pump into the other. Each pro- peller is supplied with extra auxiliary engine, so that the main engine can be disconnected if necessary, and the propeller worked from the auxiliary engine. This was meant to give economy of fuel when the ship has to go under ordinary conditions, and reduces the number of mechanical staff. The ship has a rolling chamber to keep her steady, and a lifting crow's nest, which affords facilities for directing her through the ice. I selected a very distinguished officer, Captain Wasilieff, to command the Yermak during the experiments, but I was on board myself on every important occasion. Her maiden voyage was from Newcastle to St.
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