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In the World” Indigenous Peoples in Russia's "The most multi-ethnic country in the world": indigenous peoples in Russia's Eurasianist political narrative Item Type Thesis Authors Trienen, Lex Download date 28/09/2021 22:16:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/10545 “THE MOST MULTI-ETHNIC COUNTRY IN THE WORLD” INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN RUSSIA'S EURASIANIST POLITICAL NARRATIVE By Lex Trienen, B.A. A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Arctic and Northern Studies University of Alaska Fairbanks May 2019 APPROVED: Dr. Brandon Boylan, Committee Chair Dr. Mary Ehrlander, Committee Member Dr. Alex Hirsch, Committee Member Dr. Brandon Boylan and Dr. Mary Ehrlander, Co-Directors Arctic and Northern Studies Dr. Todd Sherman, Dean, College of Liberal Arts Dr. Michael Castellini, Dean of the Graduate School Abstract Since 2012, scholars have taken a renewed look at the philosophical and political ideas of Eurasianism within Russia to explain President Vladimir Putin's conduct and the Russian public's response to it. Eurasianism in its current form posits that the Russian state plays a unique role in the history of the world in opposing the avaricious, agnostic, and culturally oppressive “West,” while uniting and elevating the peoples of the Eurasian continent in a peaceful, organic and spiritual “Eurasia.” Indigenous peoples play a distinctive role in this narrative. Both the United States and Russia have Indigenous populations that have been subjected to both passive neglect and active violence over the past several centuries and currently suffer from poor social conditions compared to the dominant ethnic groups of their respective countries. This thesis addresses the question of how the Russian media's portrayal of Native Americans diverges from that of its own Indigenous peoples in order to perpetuate this Eurasian narrative. Articles were collected from various news outlets in Russia, coded for Eurasianist themes using the Atlas.ti program, and analyzed by news outlet, date published, and topic. The analysis finds that the Russian media portrays Indigenous peoples in Russia as largely having constructive working relationships with the Kremlin, while they depict Native Americans as striving towards secession and mired in constant conflict with the U.S. government, but having surreptitious affinities towards the Eurasian civilizational model. iii Table of Contents Page Chapter 1: Introduction.........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction: the Question.........................................................................................................1 1.2 The History and Development of Eurasianism ......................................................................... 4 1.3 Russian Government and Media ............................................................................................... 7 1.4 Research Methods.....................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2: Eurasianism........................................................................................................................13 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Early Eurasianism......................................................................................................................16 2.2.1 Nikolai Trubetskoy ....................................................................................................16 2.2.2 Peter Savitsky ............................................................................................................21 2.2.3 Georgii Florovski ......................................................................................................23 2.2.4 Analysis of Early Eurasianism.................................................................................. 25 2.3 The Bridge Eurasianist: Lev Gumilev.......................................................................................26 2.4 Neo-Eurasianism........................................................................................................................33 2.4.1 Aleksandr Dugin .......................................................................................................33 2.4.2 Aleksandr Panarin..................................................................................................... 42 2.5 Analysis of Eurasianism............................................................................................................45 Chapter 3: Russian News Media Landscape .......................................................................................53 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 53 3.2 Development of Russian News Media Landscape .................................................................. 54 3.3 Overview of media development: from Soviet Censorship to Putin's Self-Censorship ..........56 iv 3.4 How Self-Censorship feeds Eurasianism..................................................................................64 3.5 Public Diplomacy and Soft Power ............................................................................................73 3.6 Information War .......................................................................................................................78 3.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................83 Chapter 4 Research Design ...............................................................................................................85 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 85 4.1.1 Media Content Analysis ...................................................................................... 85 4.1.2 Coding.......................................................................................................................89 4.1.3 Data Source Selection .............................................................................................. 97 4.1.4 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 101 4.1.5 Limitations ..............................................................................................................102 Chapter 5: Data Analysis................................................................................................................. 105 5.1 Indigenous Russian Section................................................................................................... 105 5.1.1 Civilizational Unity in media coverage ................................................................. 109 5.1.2 Dismantling of RAIPON ........................................................................................ 114 5.2 Native American Section...................................................................................................... 119 5.2.1 Media portrayal of Native Americans ....................................................................119 5.2.2 American/Western fitness for Indigenous governance............................................ 124 5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 138 Chapter 6: Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 141 6.1 How Eurasianism is used ....................................................................................................... 141 6.2 Research Conclusions.............................................................................................................146 6.3 Theoretical significance ......................................................................................................... 148 Bibliography.....................................................................................................................................151 v vi List of Figures Page Figure 2.1: Map of civilizational zones.......................................................................................35 Figure 2.2: Axis between Moscow, Ankara, Tehran, Islamabad, Deli, and Beijing................... 37 Figure 5.1 Illustration included on EurAsia Daily ....................................................................131 vii viii List of Tables Page Table 5.1: Positive v. Negative Portrayals of Kremlin-Indigenous Relationships ....................105 Table 5.2: Sample-size adjusted comparison of thematic emphasis ......................................... 110 Table 5.3: Tone of Indigenous-Federal Relationship by Media Outlet .....................................120 Table 5.4: Affinities between Native Americans and Eurasians ............................................... 132 ix x Chapter 1 History of the Development of Eurasianism 1.1 Introduction: the Question In December 2004, in the midst of nationwide confusion about the country's role in the post-Communist, twenty-first century world, Russia's President Vladimir Putin and the national legislature passed an inconspicuous rebranding of a long-celebrated national holiday. November 4th,
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