DOCSLIB.ORG

Israel by Patent Technology 1994-1999 Total Number of Patents = 3249

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Israel by Patent Technology 1994-1999 Total Number of Patents = 3249 Diffusion of Academic R&D Capabilities as an Industrial Innovation Policy? — The Development of Israel’s IT Industry Dan Breznitz MIT-IPC-04-006 May 2004 Diffusion of Academic R&D Capabilities as an Industrial Innovation Policy? The Development of Israel’s IT Industry Dan Breznitz MIT IPC Working Paper IPC-04-006 May 2004 In the last decade, three countries have figured prominently as cases of late-developing countries that achieved worldwide success with their information technology (IT) industries: India, Ireland, and Israel. This paper focuses on the Israeli case and argues that unlike India and Ireland, Israel’s competitive advantage in the IT industries, is in research and development (R&D). The paper’s main arguments are (a) that the declared aim of Israel’s industrial policy has been to develop exactly such a system of innovation we see in Israel today; but, (b) these policies, focused on diffusion and not on creation of capabilities, were successful only because of the existence of an already sophisticated and extensive R&D capability in the universities – markedly different from other newly-industrialized countries. Looking at the present the paper concludes that the same operational model that led Israel’s IT industry to success might now be undermining its future growth. The views expressed herein are the author’s responsibility and do not necessarily reflect those of the MIT Industrial Performance Center or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Diffusion of Academic R&D Capabilities as an Industrial Innovation Policy? – The Development of Israel’s IT Industry Dan Breznitz Industrial Performance Center – MIT Media Lab Europe – Dublin, Ireland MIT Department of Political Science E38-105 292 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139 Telephone: 617-2530144, Fax: 617- 2537570, email: [email protected] Abstract: In the last decade, three countries have figured prominently as cases of late-late developing countries that achieved worldwide success with their Information Technology (IT) industries: India, Ireland, and Israel. This paper focuses on the Israeli case and argues that unlike India and Ireland, Israel’s competitive advantage in the IT industries, is in Research and Development (R&D). The paper’s main arguments are that (a) the declared aim of Israel’s industrial policy has been to develop exactly such a system of innovation we see in Israel today; (b) however, these policies, focused on diffusion and not on creation of capabilities, were successful only because of the existence of an already sophisticated and extensive R&D capability in the universities – markedly different from other NICs. Looking at the present the paper concludes that the same operational model that led Israel’s IT industry to success might now be undermining its future growth. Keywords: Industrial transformation and development, Innovative capabilities’ diffusion, systems of innovation, Information technologies, Science and technology policies JEL – codes: L5, L6, L8, O0 The author would like to thank Suzanne Berger and Richard Lester for their comments and encouragement; Dan Peled and Mary O’Sullivan for reading and commenting on earlier drafts; Glorianna Davenport for her continuing support and encouragement; Richard Samuels and Michael Piore for their constant help; Brendan Touhy, Brian Caulfield, Sean O’Sullivan, and Cathal Friel for going over and above the call of duty in Ireland; and Orna Berry, Jon Medved, Ed Malvaski, and Shlomo Caine for doing the same in Israel. Earlier versions of this paper were presented in the DRUID 2003 conference and, What do we Know About Innovation: a Conference in the honor of Keith Pavitt at SPRU November 2003. Various ideas were presented at the International Workshop on Software in Emerging Countries in the Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy, the Software Industry Center at Carnegie-Mellon University, and at the weekly seminar of MIT’s Industrial Performance Center. The author would like to thank the participants for help and comments, especially to Ashish Arora, Stephen Klepper, Alfonso Gambardella, and Manuel Trajtenberg. As always, discussions with Gil Avnimelech and Morris Tuebal were source for many ideas; Gil also supplied superb research assistantship. The research is supported by a Sloan Foundation graduate fellowship; the STE program of the Neaman Institute in the Technion in Israel; the SSRC program on the Corporation as a Social Institution through grant given by the Sloan Foundation; the MacArthur Foundation, through two grants given by the Center for International Studies at MIT; MIT - Industrial Performance Center; and MediaLabEurope. All mistakes are solely the author’s. 4 Introduction In the last decade, three countries have figured prominently as cases of late-late developing countries that achieved worldwide success with their Information Technology (IT) industries: India, Ireland, and Israel. This paper focuses on the Israeli case and argues that, unlike India and Ireland, Israel’s competitive advantage in the IT industries is in Research and Development (R&D).1 This competitive advantage in R&D exists in all IT industrial sectors and life sciences and propelled the Israeli high-technology industry to success first in hardware and then in software. The argument of this paper is that this R&D advantage, historically emanating from Israel’s academic research complex, is apparent throughout the Israeli system of innovation and in all stages of technological research. The paper contends that after the early success of defense-related R&D efforts proved the viability of this knowledge, the existence of this academic technological R&D knowledge has allowed Israel to successfully utilize market-failure-focused industry-wide S&T industrial polices. Those policies have sought the diffusion of these capabilities throughout the industrial sector since in the late 1960s. Therefore, the paper’s main arguments are that (a) the declared aim of Israel’s industrial policy has been to develop exactly such a system of innovation that we see in Israel today; (b) these policies, focused on diffusion and not on creation of capabilities, were successful only because of the existence of an already sophisticated and extensive R&D capability in the universities; a marked difference with the histories of other Newly 1 For analysis of the Indian industry, see Arora et al. 2001a; Arora and Athreye 2002; Arora et al. 2001b; Patibandla and Petersen 2002; for analysis of the Irish industry, see Arora et al. 2001b; Breznitz 2002; O'Gorman et al. 1997; O'Riain 1997a; O'Riain 1997b; O'Riain 1999; O'Riain 2000. 5 Industrialized Countries. Hence, the Israeli innovation system, while not directly built by these state efforts, was nonetheless greatly assisted in its development by the state.2 This paper analyzes and compares the development of the Israeli IT industry following the arguments of the National Innovation System (NIS) literature (Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1993). The NIS literature offers us two interrelated insights in regard to the construction of national industry analysis: (1) Institutional – different kinds of informal and formal constraints construct different sets of incentives that influence innovative activities. These institutions also influence the way that new technologies are diffused throughout any given industrial system, and define that system’s specific R&D and technological paradigms (Dosi 1982). Consequently, the frequency of the creation of new generations of products that are developed using the latest technology. (2) The best way to analyze these sets of incentives is at the national level, i.e. the distinct relations between actors in the business, finance, state, and educational arenas at the national level best explain the level of innovation throughout the industry and throughout the nation in question(Zysman 1994; Zysman 1996).3 Accordingly, the analysis in this paper focuses on the national perspective, and also highlights the role of local market demand for IT and defense R&D in propelling and 2 Most of the literature about late developers, such as South Korea and Taiwan, emphasis the key role of technology transfer and catching-up in their industrial development history, with the state playing a critical role as facilitator and banker of both, as well as being the main vehicle of technology transfer in Taiwan through the creation of the Industrial Technology Research Institution – ITRI. This is an almost opposite development path to the one this paper argues Israel had utilized. For more about Korea and Taiwan, see Amsden 1989; Amsden 2001; Amsden and Chu 2003; Breznitz Forthcoming; Cheng 1990; Fields 1997; Fuller et al. 2003; Gold 1986; Hong 1997; Park 2000; Wade 1990. 3 Indeed some writers using the system of innovation approach argue that these systems should be analyzed at different levels, such as the industrial sectors or the region (Braczyk et al. 1998; Breschi and Malerba 1997; Carlsson et al. 2002; Hollingsworth et al. 1994; Kitschelt 1991; Saxenian 1994). However, as the subject of this paper is a specific industry and as the state of Israel, with its small size in land and population, is smaller than some of the regions analyzed by those writers, there is no real disagreement with our analysis. 6 enabling the development of civilian R&D capabilities. The analysis for this paper was supplemented with 240 interviews conducted with founders of IT companies, VCs, heads of the national and industrial development agencies, civil servants, and academics. These were conducted
Load more

Recommended publications
  • April 2014, Still a Few Rooms Available
    3 Ed itorial Editorial on th e TelfedMove The Face of Telfed South African Zionist Federation (Israel) 19 Schwartz Street, Ra‘anana 43212 “He may not have made th e covers of Tim e, Rolling Stone or 4 Focus on Telfed Tel.:(09)790-7800; Fax: (09)744-6112 Huisgenoot, but Sid Shapiro has done far better - h e is on th e [email protected]; www.telfed.org.il www.facebook.com/telfed cover of this issue of Telfed Magazine!” 10 New Arrivals his is the first moved into the “Ra’anana Sun” time Telfed Merkaz Klitah in 1987. Announcement 12 Noticeboard MagazineT has de- As has been pointed out, TELFED AWARDS FOR voted its cover en- one of Sid’s most stunning VOLUNTEERISM tirely to one per- achievements was in having Contents Later this year - date still to be finalized - son, but where in served - some might say - “sur- Telfed’s illustrious Telfed will salute the dedicated volunteers vived” under 13 chairmen, no in the Southern African community who 64 year history, has one individual Feature - Madiba 14 mean feat! have given of their time and/or expertise 7 so devoted over four decades of his As Chairman of Telfed (1999- freely in the service of their community life so entirely to Telfed? As former 2002), I worked with Sid on and/or Israeli society. Should you wish Telfed chairman, Hertzel Katz, re- to nominate a worthy candidate, please many varied and innovative Keren Telfed 18 marked in his address at the func- complete the form inserted in this magazine projects, but the most chal- tion celebrating Sidney Shapiro’s 70th or which appears on
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Air Power
    The war in theair 1914-1994 Edited by Alan Stephens Air Power Development Centre © Commonwealth of Australia 2009 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher. Disclaimer The views expressed are those of the authors and conference participants, and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defence, the Royal Australian Air Force or the Government of Australia, or the official policy or position of the respective armed forces or governments of the overseas participants. The Commonwealth of Australia will not be legally responsible in contract, tort or otherwise, for any statements made in this record of proceedings. Release This document is approved for public release. Portions of this document may be quoted or reproduced without permission, provided a standard source credit is included. First published 1994 by Air Power Studies Cenre Reprinted 2002 by Aerospace Centre (formally Air Power Studies Centre) Second edition 2009 this edition published, with corrections, by Air Power Development Centre (formally Aerospace Centre) National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Title: The war in the air 1914-1994 / editor, Keith Brent. Edition: 2nd ed. ISBN: 9781920800413 (pbk.) Notes: Includes index. Subjects: Air power--History--Congresses. Air warfare--History--Congresses. Other Authors/Contributors: Brent, Keith, 1944- Australia. Royal Australian Air Force. Australia. Royal Australian Air Force. Air Power Development Centre. Dewey Number: 358.4 Published and distributed by: Air Power Development Cenre Level 3, 205 Anketell Street TUGGERANONG ACT 2900 Tel: 02 6266 1084 Cover: Pictured on the cover are seven influential theorists and practitioners of air power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Political Economy of Israel
    Bichler 00 prelims 20/1/06 1:09 PM Page iii The Global Political Economy of Israel Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler Pluto P Press LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIA Bichler 00 prelims 20/1/06 1:09 PM Page iv First published 2002 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA www.plutobooks.com Copyright © Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler 2002 The right of Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7453 1676 X hardback ISBN 0 7453 1675 1 paperback Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available 10987654321 Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services, Fortescue, Sidmouth EX10 9QG Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Towcester Printed in the European Union by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, England Bichler 00 prelims 20/1/06 1:09 PM Page v To Geneviève and Elvire, with love, from Jonathan To Dassi, with love, from Shimshon Bichler 00 prelims 20/1/06 1:09 PM Page vi Bichler 00 prelims 20/1/06 1:09 PM Page vii Contents List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii Acknowledgements xiv 1 Introduction 1 The Conventional Wisdom 3 Statism 4 The ‘Unique Case’ of Israel 6 ‘Classless’ Capitalism 7 Toward a Global Political Economy of Israel 8 Capital and Differential Accumulation
    [Show full text]
  • 1 QUARTER to EIGHT TEACHER's GUIDE to the FILM by Dr. Philip
    QUARTER TO EIGHT TEACHER’S GUIDE TO THE FILM By Dr. Philip Sieradski, Ph. D. INTRODUCTION This is a two-part unit on the Middle East and Israeli History for high school students. This discussion guide and classroom plan is designed to assist teachers in exploring history and current events in Israel through the eyes of those who participated in them. By studying the life of one of those people, Major General Mordechai (Motti) Hod, a pioneer and founder of the Israeli Air Force (1926-2003), we can arrive at a better understanding modern Israel and the Middle East. The first part consists of a 30-minute film, Quarter to Eight, produced by the Ollendorff Center and Jakov Sedlar with the assistance of the Foreign Ministry of the State of Israel. This film would be shown on the first day, with homework assignments chosen from the list below, at the teacher’s discretion. The activities and discussion suggestions listed below should be used as a menu of ideas. Teachers can tailor activities to suit the needs of the class, pick reading assignments they deem appropriate and tailor assignments to student abilities. The second unit would be a full class session devoted to going over homework assignments and classroom discussion on some of the topics suggested below. This packet contains: A brief summary of the film A brief biography of General Mordechai (Motti) Hod Classroom Activities A list of websites to visit Name and vocabulary lists to identify Class discussion topics Essays and Research topics An unlabeled map of the Middle East A timeline of Israeli history Supplemental readings a.
    [Show full text]
  • MIT IPC Local Innovation Systems Working Paper 04-005
    Local Innovation Systems Project Systems Innovation Local Diffusion of Academic R&D Capabilitiesas an Industrial Innovation Policy? — The Development of Israel’s IT Industry LIS Working Paper 04-005 May 2004 The views expressed herein are the author’s responsibility and do not necessarily reflect those of the MIT Industrial Performance Center or the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Diffusion of Academic R&D Capabilities as an Industrial Innovation Policy? – The Development of Israel’s IT Industry Dan Breznitz Industrial Performance Center – MIT Media Lab Europe – Dublin, Ireland MIT Department of Political Science E38-105 292 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139 Telephone: 617-2530144, Fax: 617- 2537570, email: [email protected] Abstract: In the last decade, three countries have figured prominently as cases of late-late developing countries that achieved worldwide success with their Information Technology (IT) industries: India, Ireland, and Israel. This paper focuses on the Israeli case and argues that unlike India and Ireland, Israel’s competitive advantage in the IT industries, is in Research and Development (R&D). The paper’s main arguments are that (a) the declared aim of Israel’s industrial policy has been to develop exactly such a system of innovation we see in Israel today; (b) however, these policies, focused on diffusion and not on creation of capabilities, were successful only because of the existence of an already sophisticated and extensive R&D capability in the universities – markedly different from other NICs. Looking at the present the paper concludes that the same operational model that led Israel’s IT industry to success might now be undermining its future growth.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Title of Document: HAWKS to DOVES
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: HAWKS TO DOVES: THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY IN FOREIGN POLICY DECISION-MAKING Guy Ziv, Ph. D., 2008 Directed by: Professor Shibley Telhami Anwar Sadat Professor for Peace and Development Department of Government and Politics Why do some hawkish leaders become doves, and what determines whether these leaders’ views affect dramatic change in a state’s foreign policy? Structural and domestic political explanations of foreign policy change tend to overlook the importance of leaders in such change. Political psychologists offer important insight into how and why certain leaders are inclined to revise their beliefs. Two psychological factors in particular hold great promise for explaining leaders’ foreign policy shifts: cognitive openness and cognitive complexity. Cognitively open leaders are receptive to new information and are thus more prone to changing their beliefs than cognitively closed leaders. Similarly, cognitively complex leaders recognize that distinct situations possess multiple dimensions, and so are more likely to engage in adaptive behavior than their cognitively simple counterparts. The primary case explored in this dissertation is that of Shimon Peres, who began his political career as a tough-minded hawk and, in mid-career, transformed into a leading dove. Peres is found to possess particularly high levels of cognitive openness and complexity, thus explaining why his dovish shift was more expansive and occurred sooner than did Yitzhak Rabin’s dovish turn. Begin and Shamir, by contrast, are found to be more cognitively closed and simple than either Peres or Rabin, thus explaining why these hawks remained hawks despite having witnessed the same systemic-structural and domestic political events as Peres and Rabin.
    [Show full text]
  • “South Africa's 800” by Henry Katzew
    SOUTH AFRICA’S 800 The Story of South African Volunteers in Israel’s War of Birth by Henry Katzew Compiled and produced by Maurice and Marcia Ostroff from Henry Katzew’s original manuscript Edited by Joe Woolf Key to the Front Cover Top to bottom: • The famous Haganah immigrant ship S.S Exodus 1947, in which 4500 refugees were forcibly returned to Hamburg in September 1947. (See foreword & Palestine Post article page 23) • Boris Senior in a Spitfire constructed from bits and pieces. • A group of Machalniks, in the Tank Corps. • A column of the 9th Palmach, Commando Battalion. Revised and reprinted November 2003 COPYRIGHT© All rights reserved No part of this document may be reproduced by any means whatsoever, except with the prior express written permission of the South African Zionist Federation. Correspondence should be addressed to: Telfed, 19/1 Schwartz Street, Ra’anana, 43212 Israel Telephone +972 9-7446110 Fax + 972 9-7446112 E-mail: [email protected] About this book “South Africa’s 800” is about Machal, the collective Hebrew acronym for volunteers from abroad and about individual volunteers, colloquially known as Machalniks. The book reveals details never previously documented and provides a valuable new perspective on Israel’s birth and struggle for survival. It includes eye witness reports by active participants in the events. While written mainly through South African eyes, the book also contains gripping anecdotes about volunteers from the USA, Britain and other countries. It throws new light on important events and personalities of the time. In his engaging eloquent style, Henry Katzew takes the reader on a fascinating expedition through recent historical events including: • Adventures of 8 young South Africans in their ill-fated attempt to bypass British restrictions on immigration to Palestine, by travelling overland from Pretoria.
    [Show full text]
  • In Pursuit of Mobility
    Joonas Sipilä & Tommi Koivula Joonas Sipilä & Tommi National Defence College Department of War History Publication series 1 Tänä päivänä strategian käsitettä käytetään monin eri tavoin niin siviili- kuin sotilasyhteyk- sissäkin. Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulussa stra- tegia katsotaan yhdessä sotahistorian sekä operaatiotaidon ja taktiikan kanssa sotataidon keskeiseksi osa-alueeksi. Oppiaineena strategi- alle on ominaista korkea yleisyyden aste sekä teoreettinen ja menetelmällinen moninaisuus. Tässä teoksessa pitkäaikaiset strategian tutki- jat ja opettajat, professori Joonas Sipilä ja YTT KUINKA STRATEGIAA TUTKITAAN KUINKA STRATEGIAA Kalle Kirjailija Tommi Koivula, valottavat kokonaisvaltaisesti strategian tutkielman kirjoittamiseen liittyviä In Pursuit of Mobility ulottuvuuksia edeten alan tieteenfilosofiasta aina tutkimusasetelman rakentamiseen, tutki- musmenetelmiin sekä konkreettiseen kirjoitta- The Birth and Development of Israeli mistekniikkaan ja tutkielman viimeistelyohjei- siin. Operational Art. Julkaisu on tarkoitettu avuksi erityisesti pro From Theory to Practice. gradun tai diplomityön kirjoittamisessa vas- (2. uud. painos) taan tuleviin haasteisiin, mutta teoksesta on hyötyä myös muille strategian tutkimuksesta Pasi Kesseli kiinnostuneille. Julkaisusarja 2 No 52, 2014 Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu Tel. +358 299 800 ISBN: 978-951-25-2614-7 (nid.) Strategian laitos www.mpkk.fi ISBN: 978-951-25-2615-4 (PDF) PL 7, 00861 HELSINKI ISSN: 1455-2108 Suomi Finland Pasi Kesseli IN PURSUIT OF MOBILITY The Birth and Development of Israeli Operational Art. From Theory to Practice. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in lecture room 13, on the 25th of January, 2002 at 12 o'clock. Pasi Kesseli IN PURSUIT OF MOBILITY The Birth and Development of Israeli Operational Art. From Theory to Practice. National Defence College of Finland, Publication series 1 N:o 6 Cover: Israeli tanks ready for action during the May crisis before the Six Day War.
    [Show full text]
  • Technion President's Report 2019
    TECHNION PRESIDENT’S REPORT 2019 TECHNION PRESIDENT’S REPORT TECHNION PRESIDENT’S REPORT 2019 presidentsreport.technion.ac.il www.technion.ac.il Cover: Superconducting Quantum Circuits Lab in the Helen Diller Center for Quantum Science, Matter and Engineering PRESIDENT’S REPORT 2019 REVIEWING A DECADE OF THE TECHNION ETHOS OF ANTICIPATING THE FUTURE In recent years, a new spirit has pervaded all areas of life, from academia to industry, through to the new technologies on which our lives depend. This is the spirit of innovation. In the 21st century, innovation is Israel, is Technion. As a nexus in the global ecosystem of progress, we are proud to offer the 2019 Technion President’s Report under the banner iTechnion. I #iTechnion From Technion President Prof. Peretz Lavie elcome to the 2019 President’s Re- speech laying out the goals and priorities Strategic Goal: W port, in which we review a decade of for my presidency. This strategic vision Replenishing the Faculty progress and look forward to continu- arose out of an intimate knowledge of In 2009, Technion’s faculty had been ing fruition of the Technion vision. the university since joining the faculty in reduced due to a wave of retiring baby 1975. Prior to my presidency, I was dean boomers. The departure of a large cohort When I received the tremendous honor of of the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of professors affected the quality of the becoming Technion President ten years of Medicine for six years and Technion education and research. Consequently, ago, I felt that I was handed an enormous Vice President for Resource Development a top priority was to refill the faculty’s responsibility: not only to maintain Tech- and External Relations for seven years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Political Economy of Israel
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Nitzan, Jonathan; Bichler, Shimshon Book The Global Political Economy of Israel Provided in Cooperation with: The Bichler & Nitzan Archives Suggested Citation: Nitzan, Jonathan; Bichler, Shimshon (2002) : The Global Political Economy of Israel, ISBN 0-7453-1676-X, Pluto Press, London, http://bnarchives.yorku.ca/8/ This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/157972 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified
    [Show full text]
  • How a Standoff with the U.S. Almost Blew up Israel's Nuclear Program
    The Dimona reactor. How a Standoff With the U.S. Almost Blew Up Israel's Nuclear Program Kennedy's ultimatum, Ben-Gurion's 'sick' reply and a 'fiasco' nuclear inspection: Newly declassified documents shed light on the diplomatic crisis that some feared may lead to a U.S. raid on Israel's Dimona plant By Avner Cohen and William Burr | May 03, 2019 https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-a-standoff-with-the-u-s-almost-blew-up-israel-s-nuclear-program-1.7193419 1/14 How a standoff with the U.S. almost blew up Israel's nuclear program - Israel News - Haaretz.com 'The de facto coup d’état': When Moshe Dayan tried to steal Israel's first nuclear device In bed with Israel's first prime minister: Historian exposes David Ben-Gurion as you never knew him Throughout the spring and summer of 1963, the leaders of the United States and Israel – President John F. Kennedy and Prime Ministers David Ben-Gurion and Levi Eshkol – were engaged in a high-stakes battle of wills over Israel’s nuclear program. The tensions were invisible to the publics of both countries, and only a few senior officials, on both sides of the ocean, were aware of the severity of the situation. In Israel, those in the know saw the situation as a real crisis, as a former high-level science adviser, Prof. Yuval Ne’eman, told one of us (Avner Cohen) 25 years ago. Ne’eman recalled that Eshkol, Ben- Gurion’s successor, and his associates saw Kennedy as presenting Israel with a real ultimatum.
    [Show full text]
  • "Report to Members: United Jewish Appeal National Campaign Council, Volume XIII." 1958
    MS-763: Rabbi Herbert A. Friedman Collection, 1930-2004. Series H: United Jewish Appeal, 1945-1995. Subseries 4: Administrative Files, 1945-1994. Box Folder 48 3 "Report to Members: United Jewish Appeal National Campaign Council, Volume XIII." 1958. For more information on this collection, please see the finding aid on the American Jewish Archives website. 3101 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220 513.487.3000 AmericanJewishArchives.org REPORT TO MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL CAMPAIGN COUNCIL Vol. XIII, No. 1, January 6, 1958 165 West 46th St., Ne w York City NOT FOR PUBLICATION ANNUAL CONFERENCE ISSUE National Leadership Calls on Country to Raise 100,000,000 Rescue Fund Over and Above Regular Drive To Save and Build Lives in 1958 UJA HEADS INTO 20TH CAMPAIGN AFTER HISTORIC CONFERENCE CONFERENCE HIGHLIGHTS Morris W. Berinstein named General Chairman to lead 1958 drive . Delegates vote for S100,000,Qao Rescue Fund over and above regular cam­ paign to transfer 80,QOO refugees, meet absorption crisis in Israel. Leadership backs up call for two-fold campaign with outpouring of gifts. Outgo!ng General Chairman William Rosenwald honored. Sharett, Warburg, Goldmann, Joseph. give major addresses. Saltzman, Friedman return from Pol and with efe-witness story. Baok in their home communities after an historic and inspiring Annual National Conference of the United Jewish Appeal, campaign leaders already were presstng forward vigorously with plans for a powerful 1958 UJA drive that would crown two decades of l ife-saving and life- building service. The more than 1,300 delegates who attended the Conference at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York on December 14-15, elected Morris W.
    [Show full text]