DOCSLIB.ORG

World History Chapter 9 Study Guide 9-1 1100-1199 Political History 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World History Chapter 9 Study Guide 9-1 1100-1199 Political History 1 Name:________________________________________ Date:____________________ Period:__________ World History Chapter 9 Study Guide 9-1 1100-1199 Political History 1. Which century corresponds with the years 1100-1199? 2. What Catholic military order was founded in 1119, and were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades, and grew rapidly in membership and power? 3. Who was the king of England from 1100 to 1135, and seized the English throne when his brother died in a hunting accident in 1100, and was considered a harsh but effective ruler, and died without a surviving male heir to the throne? 4. Who was king of England from 1135 to 1154, and his reign was marked by a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, and was succeeded by her son upon his death in 1154? 5. What civil war in England and Normandy took place between 1135 and 1153, and resulted in a widespread breakdown of law and order? 6. What medieval state existed in northwest Italy from 1115 to 1532? 7. What monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula existed from 1139 to 1910? 8. What major campaign launched from Europe to reclaim the County of Edessa from Muslim forces from 1147 to 1149? 9. Who was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190, and challenged papal authority and sought to establish German dominance in Western Europe, and died in Asia Minor while leading an army in the Third Crusade, and is considered one of the greatest medieval emperors? 10. Who ruled as king of England from 1154 to 1189, and controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland, and the western half of France—an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire? 11. Who was queen consort of France from 1137 to 1152 and queen consort of England from 1154 to 1189, and was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages? 12. Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170, and engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral? 13. Who was King of France from 1180 to 1223, and defeated a coalition of rivals at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214 in which his authority became unchallenged, and transformed France from a small feudal state into the most prosperous and powerful country in Europe? 14. What battle took place on July 4, 1187 between the Crusader States and Muslim forces led by Saladin, and resulted in the fall of Jerusalem, the death or capture of thousands of Crusader knights and infantry, and Muslim reconquest of the Holy Land? 15. Who was King of England from 1189 to 1199, and developed a reputation as a great military leader and warrior, and most of his life as king was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France? 16. What was an attempt by the leaders of the three most powerful states of Western Christianity to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by Muslim forces in 1187, and took place from 1189 to 1192? 17. What military campaigns brought riches and new goods to Europe, and established trade between the East and West? 18. Who reigned as pope from 1198 to 1216, and exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe, claiming supremacy over all of Europe’s kings, and was one of the most powerful and influential popes in history? 19. Who was King of England from 1199 to 1216, and his reign was marked by the loss of territory in France, disputes with his barons and bishops, and the limitation of royal power? 9-2 1100-1199 Innovative History 20. What structure converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails and were generally used to mill grain or pump water? 21. What powerful siege weapon was first used in 1187 and uses a swinging arm to throw heavy projectiles over large distances? 9-3 1100-1199 Cultural History 22. What is an epic poem was written in 1100 based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne and is the oldest surviving major work of French literature? 23. What method of critical thought dominated medieval universities from about 1100 to 1700? 24. What form of entertainment developed around the 1120s and deals mainly with themes of chivalry and courtly love? 25. What form of the English language was used from 1150 to 1500 and saw considerable adoption of Norman French vocabulary, especially in areas of politics, law, the arts and religion? 26. What cathedral church was constructed in Venice in 1117 and was given the nickname Church of Gold due to its opulent design and its status as a symbol of Venetian wealth and power, and is one of the best known examples of Italo-Byzantine architecture? 27. What style of architecture flourished in Europe from the 12th to the 16th centuries, and was widely used, especially for cathedrals and churches, and its most prominent features include the use of the rib vault and flying buttresses, which allowed the weight of the roof to be counterbalanced by buttresses outside the building, giving greater height and more space for windows? 28. What medieval Catholic cathedral was constructed in Paris beginning in 1163, and was consecrated to the Virgin Mary, and is considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture, and was completed in 1345? 29. What royal castle was constructed in Scotland in the 12th century and was used as a royal residence for over 500 years, and is an important part of Scotland’s national heritage? 30. What castle was constructed in Scotland in the 12th century, and was laid siege to by Edward I’s army in 1304 with at least 17 siege engines, and is one of the largest and most important castles in Scotland? 31. What competitions were held from the 12th to the 16th centuries and provided entertainment without maiming or killing, and knights proved their fighting skills in mock battles, archery, and jousting, and were attended by peasants and villagers? 32. What code of conduct was developed in 1170 and was associated with the medieval institution of knighthood and was a moral system which combined a warrior spirit, knightly piety, and courtly manners, all combining to establish a notion of honor and nobility? 33. What was a medieval European literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and chivalry? 34. What was a Christian Gnostic movement that thrived in some areas of Southern Europe, particularly what is now northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries? 35. What church was built in London in 1185 by the Knights Templar as their English headquarters? 36. Who was a British cleric and one of the major figures in the development of British historiography and the popularity of the tales of King Arthur and is best known for his chronicle The History of the Kings of Britain written in 1136? 9-4 1200-1299 Political History 37. Which century corresponds with the years 1200-1299? 38. What Catholic campaign was called by Pope Innocent III to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims from 1202 to 1204 and culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Greek Christian-controlled Byzantine Empire? 39. What city was under Western control as part of the Latin Empire from 1204 to 1261? 40. What 20-year military campaign was initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in Southern France, from 1209 to 1229? 41. Who reigned as Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 to 1245, and his reign saw the Holy Roman Empire achieve its greatest territorial extent, and he spoke six languages, and was an avid patron of science and the arts? 42. What governmental institution was developed within the Catholic Church in 1215 to combat religious dissent and eliminate heresy? 43. What battle took place on July 27, 1214 in Flanders between the Kingdom of France and the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of England, and was a crushing victory for the French and dashed English and Flemish hopes of regaining lost territories? 44. What is a charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede on June 15, 1215, and is considered one of the greatest constitutional documents of all time? 45. What civil war in the Kingdom of England took place from 1215 to 1217 in which a group of rebellious landowners supported by a French army waged war against King John of England? 46. What country invaded England in 1216 and was later repelled by the English? 47. Who reigned as the king of England from 1216 to 1272, and in the first half of his reign he had effective control of the government, and later displayed such indifference to tradition that the barons finally forced him to agree to a series of major reforms? 48. Who reigned as king of France from 1226 to 1270, and reformed and developed French royal justice, and took an active part in the Seventh and Eighth Crusades, and is the only canonized king of France? 49. What medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula was formed in 1230 as a result of uniting with the Kingdom of Leon? 50. What name is given to the Mongol Empire that dominated Eastern Europe and deep into Siberia from 1240s to 1502? 51.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Salutare Animas Nostras: the Ideologies Behind the Foundation of the Templars
    SALUTARE ANIMAS NOSTRAS: THE IDEOLOGIES BEHIND THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLARS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, HUMANITIES, PHILOSOPHY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS By Rev. Fr. Thomas Bailey, OSB NORTHWEST MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY MARYVILLE, MISSOURI MAY 2012 Salutare Animas Nostras 1 Running Head: SALUTARE ANIMAS NOSTRAS Salutare Animas Nostras: The Ideologies Behind the Foundation of the Templars Rev. Fr. Thomas Bailey, OSB Northwest Missouri State University THESIS APPROVED Thesis Advisor Date Dean of Graduate School Date Salutare Animas Nostras 2 Abstract From beginning to end, the Knights Templar were a mysterious order. Little is known of their origins, and most of their records were destroyed during the suppression in the fourteenth century. In addition, they combined seemingly incompatible objectives: warriors and monks, as well as laity and clergy. This study bridges those divides, providing the historical developments from a secular and religious context. To understand the Templars’ foundation, it needs to be based on a premise that combines the ideologies of the priestly and knightly classes–salvation and the means to attain it. The conclusions were drawn following a multi-disciplinary approach. The primary source materials included the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures, patristic authors, medieval literature, canon law, the Templars’ rules, in addition to monastic cartularies and chronicles. The secondary sources were a similar collection from various disciplines. The approach allowed for the examination of the Templars from multiple angles, which helped to highlight their diversified origins. The Knights Templar were the product of a long evolution beginning with the Pauline imagery of the Christian as a soldier battling his/her own spiritual demons and continuing through the call for a crusade to defend the Patrimony of Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • "Contra Haereticos Accingantur": the Union of Crusading and Anti-Heresy Propaganda
    UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2018 "Contra haereticos accingantur": The nionU of Crusading and Anti-heresy Propaganda Bryan E. Peterson University of North Florida Suggested Citation Peterson, Bryan E., ""Contra haereticos accingantur": The nionU of Crusading and Anti-heresy Propaganda" (2018). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 808. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/808 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2018 All Rights Reserved “CONTRA HAERETICOS ACCINGANTUR”: THE UNION OF CRUSADING AND ANTI-HERESY PROPAGANDA by Bryan Edward Peterson A thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES June, 2018 ii CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL The thesis of Bryan Edward Peterson is approved (Date) ____________________________________ _____________________ Dr. David Sheffler ____________________________________ ______________________ Dr. Philip Kaplan ____________________________________ ______________________ Dr. Andrew Holt Accepted for the Department of History: _________________________________ _______________________ Dr. David Sheffler Chair Accepted for the College of Arts and Sciences: _________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Violence and Christian Piety in the Romances of the London Thornton Manuscript
    HOLY BLOODSHED: VIOLENCE AND CHRISTIAN PIETY IN THE ROMANCES OF THE LONDON THORNTON MANUSCRIPT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval English Literature in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Emily Lavin Leverett, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Ethan Knapp, Adviser Professor Richard Firth Green __________________________ Adviser Professor Lisa Kiser English Graduate Program Copyright by Emily Lavin Leverett 2006 ABSTRACT Graphic violence dominates the three romances in the opening section of the London Thornton Manuscript: The Siege of Jerusalem, The Siege of Milan and Duke Roland and Sir Otuel of Spain. In this dissertation I argue that these romances individually use graphic violence as a means of coping with late medieval English anxieties about Christian failures abroad and rising English heresy at home; together, along with the devotional texts surrounding them, they become examples of violent devotional expression. Whether studied alone or as a group, in these romances violence in the name of Christian devotion is imagined as both necessary and praiseworthy. Each romance fundamentally employs violence to reveal Christian and, at times, specifically English Christian dominance over a threatening group or ideology. At the same time, by repeatedly using violence as a marker of devotion, but portraying it as at the service of Church orthodoxy, these romances create boundaries, containing and directing the violence towards real political and ideological goals: the perpetuation of the orthodox Church in England. Finally, I argue that the graphic violence that so marks the three romances found in the opening section of the London Thornton manuscript is normalized and contained by the orthodox religious boundaries provided by the ii devotional texts surrounding them.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Reading
    further reading introduction: definition and scope T. S. R. Boase, ‘Recent Developments in Crusading Historiography’, History, 22 (1937), 110–25 J. Brundage, ‘Recent Crusade Historiography: Some Observations and Suggestions’, Catholic Historical Review, 49 (1964), 493–507 G. Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. A. E. Laiou and R. P. Mottahedeh (Washington, DC, 2001), pp. 1–22 R. Irwin, ‘Orientalism and the Early Development of Crusader Studies’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. 2, Defi ning the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 214–30 J. La Monte, ‘Some Problems in Crusading Historiography’, Speculum, 15 (1939), 57–75 J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986) J. Riley-Smith, ‘Erdmann and the Historiography of the Crusades, 1935–95’, in La primera cruzada novecientos años después: el Concilio de Clermont y los orígenes del movimiento cruzado, ed. L. García-Guijarro Ramos (Madrid, 1997), pp. 17–32 J. Riley-Smith, What were the Crusades? 3rd edn (Basingstoke, 2002) C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998) chapter 1: ideology and motivation in the first crusade P. Alphandéry and A. Dupront, La chrétienté et l’idée de croisade, 2 vols (Paris, 1954; réédition, 1995) M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony (c. 970–c. 1130) (Oxford, 1993) P. J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991) J. Flori, Croisade et chevalerie, XIe-XIIe siècles (Paris and Brussels, 1998) J.
    [Show full text]
  • Pawn Captures Knighthood: the Tale of Sir Thopas As a Commentary on the Rise of Peasants to Knighthood and the Deterioration of Chivalry
    JUSTIN SINGER Pawn Captures Knighthood: The Tale of Sir Thopas as a Commentary on the Rise of Peasants to Knighthood and the Deterioration of Chivalry ABSTRACT The Tale of Sir Thopas, one of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, contains many details which are inversions of the traditional portrayal of knights in chansons de geste. The reason for these inversions must be determined by interpreting the various details of the portrayal of the protagonist, Sir Thopas, within the historical context of England during the late fourteenth century. During this time period in England, the Black Death had precipitated dramatic changes in social hierarchy. The drastic decline in population led many members of the established nobility to fall into economic distress as a result of labour shortages, and the rise in the value of labour meant that individuals of common birth were no longer as ubiquitous and expendable as they had previously been. Newly wealthy non-nobles were thereby able to rise to the rank of knighthood. This paper shall examine the symbolic details in the Tale of Sir Thopas in relation to their historical context of Medieval England in the years following the plague, and thereby demonstrate that the Tale of Sir Thopas is a commentary on the rise of common born knights and the resulting decline of chivalric values. In The Tale of Sir Thopas, a Canterbury Tale, one of Chaucer’s Pilgrims recites an asinine poem which mocks the traditional Chansons de Geste in both metre and content. The Tale of Sir Thopas is about an effeminate Flemish knight who must slay a three-headed giant in order to marry an elf queen.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Crusade: Johannes Tinctor's Sect of Witches Matthew J
    A New Crusade: Johannes Tinctor's Sect of Witches Matthew J. Punyi The witch-hunt of the Burgundian town of Arras in 1459-1460 was the first large- scale, state-sponsored witch-hunt of Western Europe. However, immediately following this witch-hunt we still find evidence of a reluctance to accept the realities of witchcraft among the populace, made plain in the official appeal record of the accused Seigneur Colard de Beaufort at the parlement de Paris. Scepticism of this kind stirred the Dominican cleric Johannes Tinctor out of retirement to write a vicious demonological treatise to convince the courts of Burgundy and France of the existence and dangers of a sect called vaudois, a term that had come to refer to witches. This essay closely examines Tinctor's heavy use of crusading imagery in his Invectives contre la secte de vauderie to justify and rationalize his arguments for duke Philip the Good of Burgundy and his court, a court renowned for consistent but empty promises of crusade and an elaborate culture bloated with an idealized infatuation with chivalric virtue and romance. In the autumn of the middle ages, when the traditional eastern crusade against "Saracens" had become frustratingly difficult to organize, what could be more appealing to a court so starved for crusade than a cry for war against an even greater enemy hiding amongst the populace, threatening Christendom from within? __________________________________________________________________ The witch-hunt of the Burgundian town of Arras in 1459-1460 was the first large-scale, state- sponsored witch-hunt of Western Europe. Although the trial records themselves were burned near the century's end, the record of the accused Seigneur Colard de Beaufort's appeal to the parlement de Paris reveals most of what we know about the trials.
    [Show full text]
  • UNF Crusades: Bibliography
    Paul Halsall The Crusades: Bibliography Created. 2001. Last Update: April 28, 2019. This bibliography of literature on the Crusades in English was prepared for courses I taught 2001-2005. It is not meant to be exhaustive, but it is meant to point to the main sources (where English translations are available) and secondary works on the major areas of Crusade historiography. I undertook a major update in April 2019. Because some people might be interested in what happened in published research the roughly 20 years since this was first compiled a separate document on works since c. 2000 is available. Contents Crusade Overviews o Bibliography o Reference Works o Source Collections o Online Encyclopedia o Historiography o Secondary Literature Origins of The Crusades The First Crusade The Second Crusade The Third Crusade Other 12th Century Expeditions The Fourth Crusade The Fifth Crusade The Sixth and Later Crusades Other 13th Century Expeditions o General o Children's Crusade o Shepherd's Crusade Crusades in The Later Middle Ages The Latin States in Palestine Latin Cyprus Latin Constantinople and Greece Crusaders and Islam o General o Political/Military Response to the Crusade o Intercultural Relations o Mongol Impact Crusaders and Jews Crusaders and Byzantium The Spanish Reconquista o Interaction of Three Communities o The Reconquest Crusades and Heretics The Northern Crusades Crusades: Ecclesiastical Aspects o Canon Law o Papacy and Crusading o Monasticism and Crusading o Pilgrimage o Preaching Crusades: Military Aspects
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Women on Top in Medieval Exegesis 1
    NOTES 1 Women on Top in Medieval Exegesis 1. Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon, 1972), 183. 2. See Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Random House, 1988), 32–97; the essays collected in Lisa M. Bitel and Felice Lifshitz, ed., Gender and Christianity in Medieval Europe: New Perspectives (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008); and Richard Valantasis, “Constructions of Power in Asceticism,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 63 (1995): 775–821. Persistent medieval challenges to gender dichotomy have led scholars to conceptualize a “third gender,” for which see Jacqueline Murray, “One Flesh, Two Sexes, Three Genders?” in Gender and Christianity, ed. Bitel and Lifshitz, 34–51. 3. Caroline Walker Bynum argues that Christian men tend to reverse gen- der roles: “ ‘ . And Woman His Humanity’: Female Imagery in the Religious Writing of the Later Middle Ages,” in Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols, ed. Bynum, Stevan Harrell, and Paula Richman (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986), 257–88. 4. “Women on Top,” in Society and Culture in Early Modern France: Eight Essays (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), 124–51. 5. I refer to Foucault’s theory that discourses are “the practices that system- atically form the objects of which they speak” (Archaeology of Knowledge, 49), which come into being and fade away under specific historical con- ditions (109), and which accordingly reveal how institutional, economic, and social relations function to form the object of knowledge (164–65, 183). 6. I am indebted to Thomas McCarthy’s conclusions about discourse and power: “The Critique of Impure Reason: Foucault and the Frankfurt School,” in Rethinking Power, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeling Like a Holy Warrior: Western Authors' Attributions of Emotion As
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2013 Feeling Like a Holy Warrior: Western Authors' Attributions of Emotion as Proof of Motives for Violence Among Christian Actors in Military Conflicts, enthT Through Early Twelfth Centuries Jilana Ordman Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Ordman, Jilana, "Feeling Like a Holy Warrior: Western Authors' Attributions of Emotion as Proof of Motives for Violence Among Christian Actors in Military Conflicts, enthT Through Early Twelfth Centuries" (2013). Dissertations. 679. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/679 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2013 Jilana Ordman LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO FEELING LIKE A HOLY WARRIOR: WESTERN AUTHORS’ ATTRIBUTIONS OF EMOTIONS AS PROOF OF MOTIVES FOR VIOLENCE AMONG CHRISTIAN ACTORS IN MILITARY CONFLICTS, TENTH THROUGH EARLY TWELFTH CENTURIES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY JILANA ORDMAN CHICAGO, IL AUGUST 2013 Copyright by Jilana Ordman, 2013 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been completed and defended without the support, guidance, and pressure of my dissertation committee chair and academic advisor, Dr. Barbara Rosenwein, and the rest of my committee, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • What Was the Significance of Lay Support for the Success of the Military Orders During the Crusades?
    University of Huddersfield Repository Coates, Alexander What was the Significance of Lay Support for the Success of the Military Orders During the Crusades? Original Citation Coates, Alexander (2018) What was the Significance of Lay Support for the Success of the Military Orders During the Crusades? Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34599/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LAY SUPPORT FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE MILITARY ORDERS DURING THE CRUSADES? ALEXANDER JAMES COATES A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters by Research. The University of Huddersfield January 2018 Contents 1 List of Figures 4 2 Copyright Statement 5 3 Abstract 6 4 Introduction 7 i.
    [Show full text]
  • Bernard of Clairvaux and the Knights Templar
    BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: THE NEW KNIGHTHOOD AS A SOLUTION TO VIOLENCE IN CHRISTIANITY A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Arts Nicholas Boysel August, 2009 BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: THE NEW KNIGHTHOOD AS A SOLUTION TO VIOLENCE IN CHRISTIANITY Nicholas Boysel Thesis Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ____________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Constance Bouchard Dr. Chand Midha ______________________________ ____________________________ Co-Advisor Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Michael Levin Dr. George Newkome ______________________________ ____________________________ Department Chair Date Dr. Michael Sheng ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 II. HISTORIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................7 The Crusades and the European Church ..................................................................7 The Knights Templar .............................................................................................13 The Reconquista.....................................................................................................15 Medieval Outlook on the Crusades ........................................................................16 III. THE ORIGINS OF BERNARD AND THE
    [Show full text]
  • New Departures in the History of Medieval English Aristocracy
    133064-4 Virtus 2012_binnenwerk 21-03-13 15:42 Pagina 189 korte bijdragen 6 D. Crouch, ‘Chivalry and Courtliness. Colliding Constructs’, in: P.R. Coss and C. Tyerman, ed., Soldiers, Nobles and Gentlemen. Essays in Honour of Maurice Keen (Woodbridge, 2009 ) 32-48 . 7 D. Crouch, The English Aristocracy, 1070-1272 . A Social Transformation (New Haven, 2011 ) 247-250 . 8 For examples see C. Burt, ‘A “Bastard Feudal” Affinity in the Making? The Followings of William and Guy Beauchamp, Earls of Warwick, 1268-1315 ’, Midland History , XXXIV ( 2009 ) 156-80 ; C. West, ‘Count Hugh of Troyes and the Territorial Principality in Early Twelfth-Century Western Europe,’ English Historical Review , CXXVII ( 2012 ) 523-548 . New Departures in the History of Medieval English Aristocracy David Crouch, The English Aristocracy 1070-1272 . A Social Transformation (New Haven- London: Yale University Press, 2011 , xviii + 348 p., ill.); Nigel Saul, For Honour and Fame. Chivalry in England, 1066-1500 (London: The Bodley Head, 2011 , xiv + 416 p., ill.) For those concerned that medieval history may be devolving into a series of stale sub-disciplines, impenetrable to non-specialists and patrolled by the militias of theory, the two books under review supply cause for optimism. Both are written by prose stylists at the very height of their game. Both are intended to entertain as well as to inform. Both grapple with large and impor - tant issues. Neither would claim to be a definitive ‘solution’ to a series of problems. Rather, they open up their subject to debate. That subject is what David Crouch himself defined, in a ground- breaking monograph published in 1992 , as The Image of Aristocracy .
    [Show full text]