DOCSLIB.ORG

1579610022-R29903a3399.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1579610022-R29903a3399.Pdf ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ، ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ و اﺳﻼم ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤ ﺎﻥ ﻛ: ﺩ ﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﻱ ﻃﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﺰﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺒﺮﺥ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1392 راﻳﻠﻲ، اﺳﻤﻴﺖ ، ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن ﺳﺎﻳﻤﻮن ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﺮ ، 1938_ م. ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ، ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ و اﺳﻼم / ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن رﻳﻠﻲ اﺳﻤﻴﺖ؛ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻧﺎﺻﺮي ،ﻃﺎﻫﺮي ﻧﺴـﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻴـﺰاده، ﺷﺒﺮخ رﺿﺎﻳﻲ. __ ﻗﻢ: ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ، 1392 . 7ج.: __ ( ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه؛ 257 : ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ؛ 55) ﺑﻬﺎ: 44000 رﻳﺎل (جISBN: 978-600-298-007-6 (7 (دوره)ISBN: 978-600-298-000-7 ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻓﻴﭙﺎ. ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮﻧﻮﻳﺲ . ﺑﺎﻻي ﻋﻨﻮان: ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ. ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻪ. .1 ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ. 2 . ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ و ادﻳﺎن دﻳﮕﺮ. 3 . اﺳﻼم و ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ. اﻟﻒ. ﻧﺎﺻﺮي ﻃﺎﻫﺮي، ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ، 1339 _ ، ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ. ب. ﻋﻠﻴﺰاده، ﻧﺴﺮﻳﻦ، 1343_ ، ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ. ج. رﺿﺎﻳﻲ، ﺷـﺒﺮخ، 1365_ ، ﻣﺘـﺮﺟﻢ . د. ﭘﮋوﻫﺸـﮕﺎه ﺣـﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه. ﻫـ . ﻋﻨﻮان. 1392 9 ج 25 ر / D 157 07 / 909 ﺷﻤﺎره ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻠﻲ 2704886 ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ (ج7 ): ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ، ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ و اﺳﻼم ﻣﺆﻟﻒ: ﭘﺮوﻓﺴﻮر ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن رﻳﻠﻲ اﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن: دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻧﺎﺻﺮي ﻃﺎﻫﺮي ، ﻧﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﺰاده و ﺷﺒﺮخ رﺿﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻧﺎﺷﺮ: وﻳﺮاﺳﺘﺎر: ﺳﻌﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺴﻜﺮي ﺻﻔﺤﻪ آراﻳﻲ: ﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﭼﺎپ اول: ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1392 ﺗﻌﺪاد: 1000 ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ: ﺳﻌﻴﺪي ﻗﻢ _ ﺳﺒﺤﺎن ﭼﺎپ: 4400 ﺗﻮﻣﺎن ﻗﻴﻤﺖ: ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺮاي ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﺳﺖ . ﻗﻢ: اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺷﻬﺮك ﭘﺮدﻳﺴﺎن، ﺑﻠﻮار داﻧﺸﮕﺎه، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه، ﺗﻠﻔﻦ: 321111 _ 025 (اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات: )32111300 ﻧﻤـﺎﺑﺮ: 32803090 ، ص.پ. 3151 _ 37185 ﺗﻬﺮان: خ اﻧﻘﻼب، ﺑﻴﻦ وﺻﺎل و ﻗﺪس، ﻧﺒﺶ ﻛﻮي اُﺳﻜﻮ، ﺗﻠﻔﻦ: 66402600 _ 021 و 66978920 Website: www.rihu.ac.ir Email: [email protected] ﺳﺨﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ [ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ، ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي و ﺿﺒﻂ و ﻣﻬﺎر ﭘﺪﻳﺪهﻫـﺎي اﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻲ ] در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺳﻌﺎدت واﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺿﺮورﺗﻲ اﻧﻜﺎرﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﻘﻞ و آﻣﻮزهﻫﺎي وﺣﻴﺎﻧﻲ در ﻛﻨـﺎر داده ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ و در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻴﻨﻲ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و ارزشﻫﺎي اﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ، ﺷـﺮط اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ، واﻗﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ و ﻛﺎرآ ﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ اﻳﺮان اﺳﻼﻣﻲ در ﮔﺮو ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ واﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﻪ از ﻳـﻚ ﺳـﻮ و اﺳﻼم ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺘﻘﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﻣﻮز ه ﻫﺎي وﺣﻴﺎﻧﻲ و اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ از ﺳﻮي دﻳﮕـﺮ اﺳﺖ؛ از اﻳﻦ رو، آﮔﺎﻫﻲ دﻗﻴﻖ و ﻋﻤﻴﻖ از ﻣﻌﺎرف اﺳﻼﻣﻲ و ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﻴﺮي از آن در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي و ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزي ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ از ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ راﻫﺒـﺮدي از ﺳـﻮي اﻣـﺎم ﺧﻤﻴﻨـﻲ (ره) ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﮕـﺬار ﺟﻤﻬـﻮري اﺳـﻼﻣﻲ، زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻴﺮي دﻓﺘﺮ ﻫﻤﻜﺎري ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه را در ﺳﺎل 1361 ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺑﺎ راﻫﻨﻤـﺎﻳﻲ و ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ اﻳﺸﺎن و ﻫﻤﺖ اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه، اﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎد ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ. ﺗﺠﺮﺑـﻪ ﻣﻮﻓـﻖ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎد، زﻣﻴﻨﻪ را ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺖ ﻫـﺎي آن ﻓـﺮاﻫﻢ آورد و ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺼـﻮﻳﺐ ﺷـﻮراي ﮔﺴـﺘﺮش آﻣﻮزش ﻋﺎﻟﻲ در ﺳﺎل 1377 « ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه» ﺗﺄﺳ ـﻴﺲ ﺷـﺪ و در ﺳـﺎل 1382 ﺑـﻪ «ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸــﻲ ﺣــﻮزه و داﻧﺸــﮕﺎه» و در ﺳــﺎل 1383 ﺑــﻪ «ﭘﮋوﻫﺸــﮕﺎه ﺣــﻮزه و داﻧﺸــﮕﺎه » » ارﺗﻘﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن در اﻳﻔﺎي رﺳـﺎﻟﺖ ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺧـﻮد ﺧـﺪﻣﺎت ﻓﺮاواﻧـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺟﻮاﻣـﻊ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ اراﺋـﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از آن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣ ﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ، ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ، ﺗﺮﺟﻤـﻪ و اﻧﺘﺸـﺎر ده ﻫـﺎ ﻛﺘـﺎب و ﻧﺸـﺮﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد. ﺳﻪ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﻤﻚ درﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن رﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي « ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺳﻼم»، «ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﻲ»، « ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ادﻳﺎن» و « رواﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻞ » در ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ و دﻛﺘـﺮا و ﻧﻴﺰ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪان ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ و ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. از اﺳﺘﺎدان و ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮان ارﺟﻤﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮد ﺑـﺎ ﻫﻤﻜـﺎري، راﻫﻨﻤـﺎﻳﻲ و ﭘﻴﺸـﻨﻬﺎدﻫﺎي اﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﺧﻮد، اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه را در ﺟﻬﺖ اﺻﻼح ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ و ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ دﻳﮕﺮ آﺛـﺎر ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻴـﺎز ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎري دﻫﻨﺪ. در ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮد ﻻزم ﻣﻲ داﻧﺪ از ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤـﺎن ﻣﺤﺘـﺮم، ﺟﻨـﺎب آﻗـﺎي دﻛﺘـﺮ ﻋﺒـﺪاﷲ ﻧﺎﺻﺮي ﻃﺎﻫﺮي و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﺰاده و ﺷﺒﺮخ رﺿﺎﻳﻲ و ﻧﻴـﺰ ارزﻳﺎﺑـﺎن ﻣﺤﺘـﺮم اﺛـﺮ، ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي دﻛﺘﺮ ﺻﺎدق آﺋﻴﻨﻪ وﻧﺪ و دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﺷﻬﻴﺪي ﭘﺎك ﺗﺸﻜﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ. ﭼﻬﺎر ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 3 ﻓﺼﻞ اول: ﺟ ﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺪس ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻲ ................................ ................................ ............ 13 ﻓﺼﻞ دوم: ﺟ ﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ در ﻣﻘﺎم ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺑﻪ ................................ ................................ ........................ 41 ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم: ﺟ ﻨﮓ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ و اﻣﭙﺮﻳﺎﻟﻴﺴﻢ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 65 ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم: ﺻ ﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﮔﺮي و اﺳﻼم ﮔﺮاﻳﻲ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 89 ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 111 اﺣﻴﺎ و ﺑﻘﺎ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 112 ذﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻴﺎن از ﺷﺮق ( 1095_ 1300 )م ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 116 ﻣﻮرﺧﺎن و ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 136 ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻣﺎا ﻦ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 151 ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻪ اﻋﻼم ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 159 ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ « ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن رﻳﻠﻲ اﺳﻤﻴﺖ1 از ﻣﻮرﺧﺎن و ﺗﺎرﻳﺦﭘﮋوﻫﺎن ﭘـﺮآوازه اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴـﻲ و از ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﮕﺬاران اﻧﺠﻤـﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت ﺟﻨـﮓ ﻫـﺎي ﺻـﻠﻴ ﺒﻲ و ﺷـﺮق ﻻﺗـ ﻴﻦ (اﺧﺘﺼـﺎري SSCLE)2 در آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﺳﺖ و در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1987_ 1995م، رﻳﺎﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ را ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه داﺷـﺘﻪ اﺳ ـ ﺖ. ﺗﻼش ﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرخ ﻫﺸﺘﺎد ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻨﻚ از ﻓﻌﺎﻻن ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ داﻧﺸـﮕﺎه ﻛﻤﺒـﺮﻳﺞ اﺳﺖ ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑ ﺮ ﺣﻮزه ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒ ﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﺳﺖ. او ﺧﻮد ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳـﺪ: «ﻛـﺎر ﺧـﻮد را از ﺳﺎل 1960م، ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻓﺮﻗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ آﻏﺎز ﻛﺮدم و ﭘﺲ از ﻳﻚ دﻫﻪ، ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺎدﺷـﺎﻫﻲ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻘﺪ س را دﻧﺒﺎل ﻧﻤﻮدم. از آن ﭘﺲ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺗﺌﻮري ﺟﻨـﮓ ﺻـﻠﻴﺒﻲ و ﻣﺒـﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻜﺮي و ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ آن ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮدم .» ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻳﻜﺼﺪ ﻛﺘﺎب، ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، ﺳﺨﻨﺮاﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و راﻫﻨﻤـﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ در ﻛﺎرﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرخ و ﻣﺸﻬﻮ ر ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺛﺒﺖ اﺳـﺖ. ﻛﺘـﺎﺑﻲ ﻛـﻪ اﻳﻨـﻚ ﺗﺮﺟﻤـﻪ آن ﭘــﻴﺶ روﺳــﺖ Christianity and Islam و The Crusades __ ﺟﻨــﮓﻫــﺎي ﺻــﻠﻴﺒﻲ، اﺳــﻼم و ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ __ از ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﺛ ﺎر ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن رﻳﻠﻲ اﺳﻤﻴﺖ (ﭼﺎپ 2008 ) اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻛﻮﭼﻚ، ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺳـﺨﻨﺮاﻧﻲ ﻫـﺎي اﻳﺮادﺷـﺪه او در داﻧﺸـﮕﺎه ﻛﻠﻤﺒﻴـﺎ در ﺳـﺎل 2007م، اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ در ﺳﺎل 2008م، ﺑـﻪ ﭼـﺎپ رﺳـ ﻴﺪ. او در اﻳـﻦ ﻛﺘـﺎب ﺳـﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري ﻏﺮب در ﺷـﻤﺎل آﻓﺮﻳﻘـﺎ و ﺣـﻮزه ﺷـﺮق درﻳـﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧـﻪ را در ﺳـﺪه ﻫـﺎي ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ، ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ و ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ، ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻫ ﺎ اﻣﺘﺪاد ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺒﻴـﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺷﻐﺎل اﻟﺠﺰاﻳﺮ ، ﺣﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﭙﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮاﻛﺶ در ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ و... 1. Jonathan Riley Smith 2. The Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East 2 ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ (ج 7 ): ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ، اﺳﻼم و ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ اروﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻫ ﺎ در ﻋﺼﺮ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر ادﺑﻴﺎﺗﻲ وﻳﮋه را ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻟﻔﺎﻇﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺮن ﻧﻮزدﻫﻢ، ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻒ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﺑﻮد، ادﺑﻴﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ را ﻣﻨﺤﺮف ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﭘﻴﺎم ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ: « ﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ اﻣﻴﺪوار ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ را ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣـﺪ از ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﻔﺮﻧﺪ (ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن را) درك و ﺑﺎ آﻧﺎن ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ، ﻣﮕﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻃـﺮز ﺗﻔﻜـﺮ آﻧﻬـﺎ آﺷـﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ. اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﮔﺸﻮدن ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﻪ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻮدﻣﺎن اﺳﺖ، ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ واﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫـﺎي ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻲ». ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن، ﺳﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ از او ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺳﺖ ﺿـﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ. « اﺣﻴﺎ و ﺑﻘﺎ»، « ذﻫﻨﻴﺖ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻴﺎن از ﺷﺮق» و « ﻣﻮرﺧﺎن و ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ » ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺎﻻت ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﺳﻮي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﮋوه ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻣﺼﺮي دﻛﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻋﺒﺪه ﻗﺎﺳـﻢ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ اي ﺑـﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺤﺮوب اﻟﺼـﻠﻴﺒﻴﻪ (ﻗﺎﻫﺮه ، 2007 ) ﭼﺎپ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻧﮕﺎه ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎﻧﻪ و ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن رﻳﻠﻲ اﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ اﺳﻼم و ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ و از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ، ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ، اﻣﺘﻴﺎز وﻳـﮋه اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮرخ اﺳﺖ. اﻣﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨـﺪان ﺑـﻪ ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ ﺟﻨـﮓ ﻫـﺎي ﺻـﻠﻴ ﺒ ﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﺳﻼم و ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در ﭘﺎﻳﺎن از ﺳﺮﻛﺎر ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺮﮔﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﺰاده و ﺷﺒﺮخ رﺿـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼش ﺧﻮﺑﻲ در ﺑﺮﮔﺮدان آﻏﺎزﻳﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ و ﻓﺮﺻﺖ را ﻣﻐﺘﻨﻢ ﺷـﻤﺮده از ﻣـﺪﻳﺮ ﮔـﺮوه ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺎه ﺣﻮزه و داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻛﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﺛﺮ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ. ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻧﺎﺻﺮي ﻃﺎﻫﺮي ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮاء(س) و اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻄ ﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒ ﻲ و ﺷﺮق ﻻﺗﻴﻦ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1390 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒ ﻲ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1096 ﺗﺎ 1102 م، اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎد. اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ از اواﺧﺮ ﺳﺪه دوازدﻫﻢ ﺗﺎ اواﺧﺮ ﺳﺪه ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ ﻣﺮدﻣﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻮد را داﺷﺖ، ﺗـﺎ ﺳـﺪه ﻫـﺎي ﭘﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ و ﺷﺎﻧﺰدﻫﻢ ﻛﻢ وﺑﻴﺶ اداﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ. آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑـﺎزﭘﺲ ﮔﻴـﺮي آن از دﺳـﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﺎن آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻘﺪس1 از ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎن2 در ﺳﺎلﻫـﺎي 1684 ﺗـﺎ 1699 م، ﺑﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ از ارﺗﺶ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ دوﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ درﺳﺎل 1798 م، ﻣﻐﻠﻮب ﻧﺎﭘﻠﺌﻮن ﺷـﺪ ﻣﻴﻬﻤﺎن ﻧﻮازان ﻣﺎﻟﺘﺎ3 ﻧﺎم داﺷﺖ. ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ در ﺳﺎل 1890 م، ﻳﻚ ارﺗﺶ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺗﺄﺳـﻴﺲ ﺷـﺪ، ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﭼﻨﺎن ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ دﻳﺪ اﻳﻦ ارﺗﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ دوام ﭼﻨﺪاﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺖ. ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺎل ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻮده و زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎن ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﻧﮋاد اروﭘـﺎي ﻏﺮﺑـﻲ اﻧـﺪ و ﺑﺴـﻴﺎري از ﻧﮋادﻫﺎي اروﭘﺎي ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ، ﻳﻬﻮ دﻳﺎن و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن اﻣﺮوز را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗـﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗـﺮار داده اﺳـﺖ. در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﻧﻴﺎﻛﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه، ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺣﺴـﺎس آراﻣـﺶ ﻛﻨـﺪ، وﻟﻲ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World History Chapter 9 Study Guide 9-1 1100-1199 Political History 1
    Name:________________________________________ Date:____________________ Period:__________ World History Chapter 9 Study Guide 9-1 1100-1199 Political History 1. Which century corresponds with the years 1100-1199? 2. What Catholic military order was founded in 1119, and were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades, and grew rapidly in membership and power? 3. Who was the king of England from 1100 to 1135, and seized the English throne when his brother died in a hunting accident in 1100, and was considered a harsh but effective ruler, and died without a surviving male heir to the throne? 4. Who was king of England from 1135 to 1154, and his reign was marked by a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, and was succeeded by her son upon his death in 1154? 5. What civil war in England and Normandy took place between 1135 and 1153, and resulted in a widespread breakdown of law and order? 6. What medieval state existed in northwest Italy from 1115 to 1532? 7. What monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula existed from 1139 to 1910? 8. What major campaign launched from Europe to reclaim the County of Edessa from Muslim forces from 1147 to 1149? 9. Who was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190, and challenged papal authority and sought to establish German dominance in Western Europe, and died in Asia Minor while leading an army in the Third Crusade, and is considered one of the greatest medieval emperors? 10. Who ruled as king of England from 1154 to 1189, and controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland, and the western half of France—an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire? 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Salutare Animas Nostras: the Ideologies Behind the Foundation of the Templars
    SALUTARE ANIMAS NOSTRAS: THE IDEOLOGIES BEHIND THE FOUNDATION OF THE TEMPLARS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, HUMANITIES, PHILOSOPHY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS By Rev. Fr. Thomas Bailey, OSB NORTHWEST MISSOURI STATE UNIVERSITY MARYVILLE, MISSOURI MAY 2012 Salutare Animas Nostras 1 Running Head: SALUTARE ANIMAS NOSTRAS Salutare Animas Nostras: The Ideologies Behind the Foundation of the Templars Rev. Fr. Thomas Bailey, OSB Northwest Missouri State University THESIS APPROVED Thesis Advisor Date Dean of Graduate School Date Salutare Animas Nostras 2 Abstract From beginning to end, the Knights Templar were a mysterious order. Little is known of their origins, and most of their records were destroyed during the suppression in the fourteenth century. In addition, they combined seemingly incompatible objectives: warriors and monks, as well as laity and clergy. This study bridges those divides, providing the historical developments from a secular and religious context. To understand the Templars’ foundation, it needs to be based on a premise that combines the ideologies of the priestly and knightly classes–salvation and the means to attain it. The conclusions were drawn following a multi-disciplinary approach. The primary source materials included the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures, patristic authors, medieval literature, canon law, the Templars’ rules, in addition to monastic cartularies and chronicles. The secondary sources were a similar collection from various disciplines. The approach allowed for the examination of the Templars from multiple angles, which helped to highlight their diversified origins. The Knights Templar were the product of a long evolution beginning with the Pauline imagery of the Christian as a soldier battling his/her own spiritual demons and continuing through the call for a crusade to defend the Patrimony of Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • "Contra Haereticos Accingantur": the Union of Crusading and Anti-Heresy Propaganda
    UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2018 "Contra haereticos accingantur": The nionU of Crusading and Anti-heresy Propaganda Bryan E. Peterson University of North Florida Suggested Citation Peterson, Bryan E., ""Contra haereticos accingantur": The nionU of Crusading and Anti-heresy Propaganda" (2018). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 808. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/808 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2018 All Rights Reserved “CONTRA HAERETICOS ACCINGANTUR”: THE UNION OF CRUSADING AND ANTI-HERESY PROPAGANDA by Bryan Edward Peterson A thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES June, 2018 ii CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL The thesis of Bryan Edward Peterson is approved (Date) ____________________________________ _____________________ Dr. David Sheffler ____________________________________ ______________________ Dr. Philip Kaplan ____________________________________ ______________________ Dr. Andrew Holt Accepted for the Department of History: _________________________________ _______________________ Dr. David Sheffler Chair Accepted for the College of Arts and Sciences: _________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Violence and Christian Piety in the Romances of the London Thornton Manuscript
    HOLY BLOODSHED: VIOLENCE AND CHRISTIAN PIETY IN THE ROMANCES OF THE LONDON THORNTON MANUSCRIPT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval English Literature in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Emily Lavin Leverett, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Ethan Knapp, Adviser Professor Richard Firth Green __________________________ Adviser Professor Lisa Kiser English Graduate Program Copyright by Emily Lavin Leverett 2006 ABSTRACT Graphic violence dominates the three romances in the opening section of the London Thornton Manuscript: The Siege of Jerusalem, The Siege of Milan and Duke Roland and Sir Otuel of Spain. In this dissertation I argue that these romances individually use graphic violence as a means of coping with late medieval English anxieties about Christian failures abroad and rising English heresy at home; together, along with the devotional texts surrounding them, they become examples of violent devotional expression. Whether studied alone or as a group, in these romances violence in the name of Christian devotion is imagined as both necessary and praiseworthy. Each romance fundamentally employs violence to reveal Christian and, at times, specifically English Christian dominance over a threatening group or ideology. At the same time, by repeatedly using violence as a marker of devotion, but portraying it as at the service of Church orthodoxy, these romances create boundaries, containing and directing the violence towards real political and ideological goals: the perpetuation of the orthodox Church in England. Finally, I argue that the graphic violence that so marks the three romances found in the opening section of the London Thornton manuscript is normalized and contained by the orthodox religious boundaries provided by the ii devotional texts surrounding them.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Reading
    further reading introduction: definition and scope T. S. R. Boase, ‘Recent Developments in Crusading Historiography’, History, 22 (1937), 110–25 J. Brundage, ‘Recent Crusade Historiography: Some Observations and Suggestions’, Catholic Historical Review, 49 (1964), 493–507 G. Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. A. E. Laiou and R. P. Mottahedeh (Washington, DC, 2001), pp. 1–22 R. Irwin, ‘Orientalism and the Early Development of Crusader Studies’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. 2, Defi ning the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 214–30 J. La Monte, ‘Some Problems in Crusading Historiography’, Speculum, 15 (1939), 57–75 J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986) J. Riley-Smith, ‘Erdmann and the Historiography of the Crusades, 1935–95’, in La primera cruzada novecientos años después: el Concilio de Clermont y los orígenes del movimiento cruzado, ed. L. García-Guijarro Ramos (Madrid, 1997), pp. 17–32 J. Riley-Smith, What were the Crusades? 3rd edn (Basingstoke, 2002) C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998) chapter 1: ideology and motivation in the first crusade P. Alphandéry and A. Dupront, La chrétienté et l’idée de croisade, 2 vols (Paris, 1954; réédition, 1995) M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony (c. 970–c. 1130) (Oxford, 1993) P. J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991) J. Flori, Croisade et chevalerie, XIe-XIIe siècles (Paris and Brussels, 1998) J.
    [Show full text]
  • Pawn Captures Knighthood: the Tale of Sir Thopas As a Commentary on the Rise of Peasants to Knighthood and the Deterioration of Chivalry
    JUSTIN SINGER Pawn Captures Knighthood: The Tale of Sir Thopas as a Commentary on the Rise of Peasants to Knighthood and the Deterioration of Chivalry ABSTRACT The Tale of Sir Thopas, one of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, contains many details which are inversions of the traditional portrayal of knights in chansons de geste. The reason for these inversions must be determined by interpreting the various details of the portrayal of the protagonist, Sir Thopas, within the historical context of England during the late fourteenth century. During this time period in England, the Black Death had precipitated dramatic changes in social hierarchy. The drastic decline in population led many members of the established nobility to fall into economic distress as a result of labour shortages, and the rise in the value of labour meant that individuals of common birth were no longer as ubiquitous and expendable as they had previously been. Newly wealthy non-nobles were thereby able to rise to the rank of knighthood. This paper shall examine the symbolic details in the Tale of Sir Thopas in relation to their historical context of Medieval England in the years following the plague, and thereby demonstrate that the Tale of Sir Thopas is a commentary on the rise of common born knights and the resulting decline of chivalric values. In The Tale of Sir Thopas, a Canterbury Tale, one of Chaucer’s Pilgrims recites an asinine poem which mocks the traditional Chansons de Geste in both metre and content. The Tale of Sir Thopas is about an effeminate Flemish knight who must slay a three-headed giant in order to marry an elf queen.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Crusade: Johannes Tinctor's Sect of Witches Matthew J
    A New Crusade: Johannes Tinctor's Sect of Witches Matthew J. Punyi The witch-hunt of the Burgundian town of Arras in 1459-1460 was the first large- scale, state-sponsored witch-hunt of Western Europe. However, immediately following this witch-hunt we still find evidence of a reluctance to accept the realities of witchcraft among the populace, made plain in the official appeal record of the accused Seigneur Colard de Beaufort at the parlement de Paris. Scepticism of this kind stirred the Dominican cleric Johannes Tinctor out of retirement to write a vicious demonological treatise to convince the courts of Burgundy and France of the existence and dangers of a sect called vaudois, a term that had come to refer to witches. This essay closely examines Tinctor's heavy use of crusading imagery in his Invectives contre la secte de vauderie to justify and rationalize his arguments for duke Philip the Good of Burgundy and his court, a court renowned for consistent but empty promises of crusade and an elaborate culture bloated with an idealized infatuation with chivalric virtue and romance. In the autumn of the middle ages, when the traditional eastern crusade against "Saracens" had become frustratingly difficult to organize, what could be more appealing to a court so starved for crusade than a cry for war against an even greater enemy hiding amongst the populace, threatening Christendom from within? __________________________________________________________________ The witch-hunt of the Burgundian town of Arras in 1459-1460 was the first large-scale, state- sponsored witch-hunt of Western Europe. Although the trial records themselves were burned near the century's end, the record of the accused Seigneur Colard de Beaufort's appeal to the parlement de Paris reveals most of what we know about the trials.
    [Show full text]
  • UNF Crusades: Bibliography
    Paul Halsall The Crusades: Bibliography Created. 2001. Last Update: April 28, 2019. This bibliography of literature on the Crusades in English was prepared for courses I taught 2001-2005. It is not meant to be exhaustive, but it is meant to point to the main sources (where English translations are available) and secondary works on the major areas of Crusade historiography. I undertook a major update in April 2019. Because some people might be interested in what happened in published research the roughly 20 years since this was first compiled a separate document on works since c. 2000 is available. Contents Crusade Overviews o Bibliography o Reference Works o Source Collections o Online Encyclopedia o Historiography o Secondary Literature Origins of The Crusades The First Crusade The Second Crusade The Third Crusade Other 12th Century Expeditions The Fourth Crusade The Fifth Crusade The Sixth and Later Crusades Other 13th Century Expeditions o General o Children's Crusade o Shepherd's Crusade Crusades in The Later Middle Ages The Latin States in Palestine Latin Cyprus Latin Constantinople and Greece Crusaders and Islam o General o Political/Military Response to the Crusade o Intercultural Relations o Mongol Impact Crusaders and Jews Crusaders and Byzantium The Spanish Reconquista o Interaction of Three Communities o The Reconquest Crusades and Heretics The Northern Crusades Crusades: Ecclesiastical Aspects o Canon Law o Papacy and Crusading o Monasticism and Crusading o Pilgrimage o Preaching Crusades: Military Aspects
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Women on Top in Medieval Exegesis 1
    NOTES 1 Women on Top in Medieval Exegesis 1. Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon, 1972), 183. 2. See Elaine Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (New York: Random House, 1988), 32–97; the essays collected in Lisa M. Bitel and Felice Lifshitz, ed., Gender and Christianity in Medieval Europe: New Perspectives (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008); and Richard Valantasis, “Constructions of Power in Asceticism,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 63 (1995): 775–821. Persistent medieval challenges to gender dichotomy have led scholars to conceptualize a “third gender,” for which see Jacqueline Murray, “One Flesh, Two Sexes, Three Genders?” in Gender and Christianity, ed. Bitel and Lifshitz, 34–51. 3. Caroline Walker Bynum argues that Christian men tend to reverse gen- der roles: “ ‘ . And Woman His Humanity’: Female Imagery in the Religious Writing of the Later Middle Ages,” in Gender and Religion: On the Complexity of Symbols, ed. Bynum, Stevan Harrell, and Paula Richman (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986), 257–88. 4. “Women on Top,” in Society and Culture in Early Modern France: Eight Essays (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), 124–51. 5. I refer to Foucault’s theory that discourses are “the practices that system- atically form the objects of which they speak” (Archaeology of Knowledge, 49), which come into being and fade away under specific historical con- ditions (109), and which accordingly reveal how institutional, economic, and social relations function to form the object of knowledge (164–65, 183). 6. I am indebted to Thomas McCarthy’s conclusions about discourse and power: “The Critique of Impure Reason: Foucault and the Frankfurt School,” in Rethinking Power, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeling Like a Holy Warrior: Western Authors' Attributions of Emotion As
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2013 Feeling Like a Holy Warrior: Western Authors' Attributions of Emotion as Proof of Motives for Violence Among Christian Actors in Military Conflicts, enthT Through Early Twelfth Centuries Jilana Ordman Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Ordman, Jilana, "Feeling Like a Holy Warrior: Western Authors' Attributions of Emotion as Proof of Motives for Violence Among Christian Actors in Military Conflicts, enthT Through Early Twelfth Centuries" (2013). Dissertations. 679. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/679 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2013 Jilana Ordman LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO FEELING LIKE A HOLY WARRIOR: WESTERN AUTHORS’ ATTRIBUTIONS OF EMOTIONS AS PROOF OF MOTIVES FOR VIOLENCE AMONG CHRISTIAN ACTORS IN MILITARY CONFLICTS, TENTH THROUGH EARLY TWELFTH CENTURIES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY JILANA ORDMAN CHICAGO, IL AUGUST 2013 Copyright by Jilana Ordman, 2013 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation could not have been completed and defended without the support, guidance, and pressure of my dissertation committee chair and academic advisor, Dr. Barbara Rosenwein, and the rest of my committee, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • What Was the Significance of Lay Support for the Success of the Military Orders During the Crusades?
    University of Huddersfield Repository Coates, Alexander What was the Significance of Lay Support for the Success of the Military Orders During the Crusades? Original Citation Coates, Alexander (2018) What was the Significance of Lay Support for the Success of the Military Orders During the Crusades? Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34599/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LAY SUPPORT FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE MILITARY ORDERS DURING THE CRUSADES? ALEXANDER JAMES COATES A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters by Research. The University of Huddersfield January 2018 Contents 1 List of Figures 4 2 Copyright Statement 5 3 Abstract 6 4 Introduction 7 i.
    [Show full text]
  • Bernard of Clairvaux and the Knights Templar
    BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: THE NEW KNIGHTHOOD AS A SOLUTION TO VIOLENCE IN CHRISTIANITY A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Masters of Arts Nicholas Boysel August, 2009 BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX AND THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: THE NEW KNIGHTHOOD AS A SOLUTION TO VIOLENCE IN CHRISTIANITY Nicholas Boysel Thesis Approved: Accepted: ______________________________ ____________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Constance Bouchard Dr. Chand Midha ______________________________ ____________________________ Co-Advisor Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Michael Levin Dr. George Newkome ______________________________ ____________________________ Department Chair Date Dr. Michael Sheng ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 II. HISTORIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................7 The Crusades and the European Church ..................................................................7 The Knights Templar .............................................................................................13 The Reconquista.....................................................................................................15 Medieval Outlook on the Crusades ........................................................................16 III. THE ORIGINS OF BERNARD AND THE
    [Show full text]