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Smart-Ohrid-Eng.Pdf SMART OHRID CONCEPT Pre-feasibility study SMART OHRID CONCEPT PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY SMART OHRID CONCEPT PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY Expert team: Professor Stefan Bouzarovski Ana Colovic Lesoska Sonja Georgieva Despinova Professor Stefanka Hadzi Pecova Jovan Hristoski Mila Iskrenovikj Filip Nelkovski Danica Pavlovska Dr Saska Petrova Professor Jane Talevski Dr Dusica Trpcevska-Angelkovic Eko Svest, Skopje, 2018 CIP Expliquossit magnimet fugit fugia nonsequ iduciet restiate pra sinctio nseressunt mod quo diciend itatquatius doloremo bla veliquid quis ipis est, solum nonsendantis pliquos aut inctaquodis volupta quistior acium dolorro omnimi, quo quuntiu sandant officit volest aut is dolore comnisq uissum, tem explignis modi blabore sit audande nis dollam, idit esto evel id que pa eum doluptaquae officia conserumet, non explaut idigenihi- ci untotat ationsequid ullatesequas con comniatusam ligni volorecab is dolecte ndistiunt fugiat. Ur? Ri dolorunt rehendam, atur sumquis tinctur ehenis ullorem di sum doluptate volor autem. Me et, quo od ut rersperaepro viderumetum ea volentem eaque volum ipsandi gnimagnis as esed quos sunt rem simi, esed molorempe lab ilictati quaep 2 SUMMARY The Smart Ohrid concept was proposed in January 2016 as a comprehensive solution for the reduction of traffic congestion and the promotion of tourism in the Ohrid region, centering on Galichica National Park. It involves a series of measures that would result in the reduction of the need for car mobility in the national park and a modal shift to other sources of transport. Smart Ohrid is based on the widely accepted principles of transport management in developed societies, where it has been long recognized that the construction of new roads leads to further traffic congestion due to induced demand. Smart Ohrid proposes that traffic congestion issues in Ohrid can potentially be resolved and Galichica National Park can move towards sustainable, innovative and low-carbon forms of transport mobility via three-pronged strategy: Æ Significant improvements to the frequency and quality of bus links in this zone, particularly during summer months. This could include park and ride facilities and multi-modal exchanges at a variety of locations. Æ The construction of a dedicated pedestrian and cycle path between Ohrid and St Naum, potentially relying on a greater frequency of electric bikes; Æ Improvements in water transport, potentially using solar or electric boats. A smart urban system is foreseen as a means of managing these different components, so as to allow for the integrated co-ordination of the aforementioned transport technologies with real- time mobility needs. This may also include the introduction of a congestion charging zone. This pre-feasibility study offers a further elaboration of the initial proposals included within the Smart Ohrid concept. It develops a number of regulatory and technical scenarios to help develop these ideas in further detail. The scenarios are then evaluated from the perspective of: Æ Environmental sustainability, including biodiversity, landscape and noise impacts; Æ Cost: the prospective introduction of a smart management system, as well as the capital investment and maintenance costs associated with the technological and infrastructural improvements suggested by the concept; Æ Social and economic benefits: the implications for tourism, local communities and well being more generally. The pre-feasibility study also considers other development alternatives that have been proposed recently with regard to Ohrid and its surroundings – including the construction of a new road through the Galichica mountain as well as a ‘no action’ scenario. It undertakes a comparative analysis of these options, only to reach the unequivocal conclusion that Smart Ohrid provides the best possible alternative for the region’s future development. At the same time, the study concludes that the introduction of a sustainable and integrated transport system in a Balkan national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site would set an important example that others could follow. 3 SMART OHRID CONCEPT PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................................3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................5 LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................................7 1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................8 1.1 Spatial extent of the study area ............................................................................................................9 1.2 Limitations ....................................................................................................................................................9 2. REGULATORY, SPATIAL AND TECHNICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................11 2.1 Legal and political context ....................................................................................................................11 2.2 Guidance from planning documents ...............................................................................................15 2.2.1 Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia, 2004 – 2020 ...........................................16 2.2.2 Spatial Plan of the Ohrid – Prespa Region 2005 – 2020 .............................................18 2.2.3 Urban plans ......................................................................................................................................19 2.2.4 Management Plan for the Galichica National Park. 2010 – 2020 ...........................24 2.2.5. Expressway Kosel - Ohrid - Peshtani- border crossing with Albania ....................24 2.3 UNESCO and SMART OHRID: The relationship ........................................................................25 2.4 Sustainable transport principles ........................................................................................................26 2.4.1 Sustainable transport solutions in the case of Ohrid ......................................................28 2.5 Description of field conditions ...........................................................................................................30 2.5.1 Segments of the sustainable transport corridor - cycle path .....................................31 2.6 Integration of transport modes ..........................................................................................................34 2.6.1 Organization of transport hubs and multi-modal interchanges ...............................35 2.6.2 Cycle path along the coastline ................................................................................................41 2.7 Possible solutions for sustainable transport depending on the implementation of the A3 road ...................................................................44 2.7.1 Option without the A3 road (Smart Ohrid scenario).......................................................45 2.7.2 Option with the A3 road (modified Smart Ohrid scenario) .........................................46 2.8 Benefits .........................................................................................................................................................46 2.8.1 Cross-sector interactions ...........................................................................................................47 2.9 Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................................................48 2.9.1 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................48 2.9.2 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................49 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................................................................................50 3.1 Current state of the environment .....................................................................................................51 3.1.1 Abiotic factors ...................................................................................................................................51 3.1.2 Biotic factors .....................................................................................................................................55 3.1.3 Description of local fauna ...........................................................................................................59 3.1.4 Anthropogenic impacts ...............................................................................................................59 4 3.2 Comparative assessment of scenarios ............................................................................................60 3.2.1 Continuing the status quo (‘no action’ scenario) .............................................................60 3.2.2 Evaluation of scenario 1: Smart Ohrid ...................................................................................62
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