Abalone Alliance Campaign, 186–87 Creation Of, 193–94 Abel

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13628-1 — Nuclear Threats, Nuclear Fear and the Cold War of the 1980s Edited by Eckart Conze , Martin Klimke , Jeremy Varon Index More Information

Index

Abalone Alliance campaign, 186–87 historical development of, 7 creation of, 193–94 through opposition to nuclear power Abel Archer exercise, NATO and, 35 plants, 7–8, 178–81 abortion, 69–71 Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 and, Abraham, Peter, 154 271–72 accidental Armageddons, 10, 88–89, pro-life movement and, 69–72 317–18 as resistance movement, 91–92 Ackerman, Thomas, 27–28, 29–30, 33, response to nuclear winter threat, 34–35 45–46 in West Germany, 167–68, 181, 185 Action for Reconciliation Peace Services anti-nuclear pop. See popular music, nuclear (ASF), 254, 256–57 crisis themes in active neutrality, 228 anti-toxics movement, 187–88. See also Adamson, Stuart, 106 Love Canal Adelman, Kenneth, 280–81 LCHA and, 196–200 Agar, Jon, 44 legislation as part of, 204 AIF. See Atomic Industrial Forum Apel, Hans, 293, 301 Albertz, Heinrich, 86–87, 92 Apfelberg, Liz, 193 Albrecht, Ulrich, 229 Appeal for European Nuclear Alphaville, 120 Disarmament, 229–31 Alvarez, Walter, 29 Aron, Raymond, 319 American Cancer Society, 69 Artists for Peace festival, 123, 136–37 Anders, Günther, 82 Artists for Peace initiative. See Künstler fur Andre, Fabrizio de, 123 den Frieden initiative Antarctic Treaty, 208 ASF. See Action for Reconciliation Peace Antarctica, as nuclear-free zone, 224 Services anti-Americanism, 87–88 atomic Holocaust, 86 anti-nuclear movement. See also No Nukes Atomic Industrial Forum (AIF), 188–89, movement; popular music, nuclear 202 crisis themes in; Wyhl reactor site, atomic pop, 102–3 occupation of atomic threat. See nuclear crisis anti-Americanism and, in West Germany, Australia 87–88 nuclear disarmament movement in, 274 civil disobedience in, 7–8 nuclear-free zones in, 210, 222 in contemporary context, 93 in France, 316–18 Bahr, Egon, 290–91, 302 CODENE-CFDT alliance and, 326–30 Bahro, Rudolf, 303 as nonaligned, failure of, 326–30 Barrett, Marcia, 135 high-risk activism in, 5 Bastian, Gert, 123, 298, 303

355

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13628-1 — Nuclear Threats, Nuclear Fear and the Cold War of the 1980s Edited by Eckart Conze , Martin Klimke , Jeremy Varon Index More Information

356 Index

Baudissin, Wolf Graf, 298 Bush, Kate, 4 BCC. See British Council of Churches Beckmann, Lukas, 126, 131 Caldicott, Helen, 66, 71–72 Bedford, Henry, 191 Callaghan, James “Sunny Jim,” 278, 344, Belafonte, Harry, 123–24 345 Beresford, Meg, 233 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Berger, Senta, 126 (CND), 228 Berrigan, Daniel, 72 in Christian Peace movement, 254–55 Berrigan, Philip, 72 END compared to, 228, 231–34, 246 Berstecher, Dieter, 171, 172 Canada Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, nuclear disarmament movement in, 272 228–29, 232, 237 nuclear-free zones in, 210 Beuys, Joseph, 87, 126, 133, 134, 137 Carey, Hugh, 197–98 Bielefeld, Rolf, 130 Carson, Rachel, 40, 43–44 Bielefeld Appeal, 302 Carter, Jimmy, 67, 107, 202, 253, 345 Biermann, Wolfgang, 126, 142, 144–45, missile deployment strategy under, 272, 152, 303 293 biological citizens, 62–63 neutron bomb policy, 291 Birks, John, 29 nuclear disarmament policy, 277–78 BKA. See Federation of Communist SALT II Treaty and, 278 Workers Catholic Church, abortion and, 70 Bleuel, Hans Peter, 156 CDU. See Christian Democratic Union ”Blue Marble,” earth as, 39 Celan, Paul, 88 Blueprint for Survival, 41–42 CFDT (French trade union), 326–30 Boardman, Elizabeth, 189 change of government. See Wende Bobichon, Jean-Pierre, 329 Charter 77, 238, 240–41, 275 Bohley, Bärbel, 238 Chernenko, Konstantin, 108, 147–48 Böll, Heinrich, 123–24, 132, 144, 150, 259 Chichester, Guy, 189 Bonbrest, Bette Gay, 77 A Child Is Born (Nilsson), 77 Bonbrest v. Kotz, 68, 77 The China Syndrome, 3–4, 60 Boney M., 120, 135 Christgau, Robert, 105–6 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 92 Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 79–80 Bourdet, Claude, 229, 326–27, 331 Christian peace movement. See also Bowie, David, 3, 110–11 Interchurch Peace Council Boyens, Armin, 89 CND as part of, 254–55 Brandt, Willy, 41, 129, 301–2, 338 deﬁned, 252 Brezhnev, Leonid, 272, 278, 279, 320 END and, 255 Briggs, Raymond, 3, 105, 110–11 in Great Britain, 257–58, 260–62 Bright, Charles, 216–17 BCC and, 260–61 British Council of Churches (BCC), 260–61 inﬂuence of churches in, 260–62 Brower, David, 192–93 organizational coordination within, Brown, Harold, 294 258–60, 263 Brown, Jerry, 192–93 Pax Christi and, 254–55, 262–63 Browne, Jackson, 192 in West Germany, 256–57, 260–62 Bruyn, Günter de, 150, 153 Christian Right, opposition to nuclear Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 277, 291 disarmament, 276 Buckley, William, 3 churches. See Christian peace movement; Bukovsky, Vladimir, 275–76 Interchurch Peace Council Bundesregierung, 294–301 civil defense policies Harmel formula and, 299–300 in Great Britain, 103–5 Bush, George H. W., 271 in US, 103–5

Index 357

Clamshell Alliance campaign, 186–87, Dai, Caroline, 124–25 189–92 Davis, Belinda, 180 mass arrests during, 191–92 The Day After, 2–3, 35 political criticism of, 190–91 de Gaulle, Charles, 318–19 Wyhl reactor site occupation as influence Declaration of Security, 347–48 on, 190 Degenhardt, Franz Josef, 123 The Clash, 4 Deile, Volker, 86 The Closing Circle (Commoner), 41 Deile, Volkmar, 256 Cloward, Richard, 200–1 Denton, Harold, 60 CND. See Campaign for Nuclear Derrida, Jacques, 31 Disarmament d’Estaing, Valéry Giscard, 293, 338–39 Coates, Ken, 228–29, 234, 237. See also Deutschmann, Matthias, 131–32 Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant, CODENE. See Committee for the 192–95 Denuclearization of Europe Abalone Alliance campaign and, 186–87 Cold War. See also Cuban Missile Crisis creation of, 193–94 atomic pop and, 102–3 mass arrests at, 195 MAD and, 2 Mothers for Peace and, 193 nuclear-free zones and, 208 public support for, 193 West Germany during, 1 Dienstbier, Jií, 238 Committee for the Denuclearization of Ditfurth, Jutta, 84 Europe (CODENE), 326–30 domaines réservés, 318 goals of, 327 Doomsday Book (Taylor), 41 organizations in, 326–27 Doomsday Machine, 31–32 Committee to Protect Fessenheim and the Dörries, Matthias, 44 Rhine Valley (CSFR), 170–71 Double Exposure (Racek), 231 Commoner, Barry, 41, 43–44, 193 Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Communist League of West Germany Worrying and Love the Bomb, 12, (KBW), 177–78 31–32 concentration camps Dual-Track Decision, of NATO, 17–18, missile bases and, 88–89 117, 227 pacifism movement and, in West Bielefeld Appeal and, 302 Germany, 88–89 END and, 228–29 Conze, Eckart, 306 French support for, in press, 323–24 Cook, James, 195 G7 summits and, 347–48 Cornwall, Hugh, 110–11 Hollanditis and, 251 Cosgrove, Denis, 38–39 IKV response to, 255–56 credibility gap, in US political culture, 56 nuclear disarmament and, 277–78 Cronkite, Walter, 55 Soviet Union and, 1–2 Crozier, Michel, 337–38 SV response to, 142–43 Cruise Missiles, deployment of, 1–2, 227, West Germany and 272 Bielefeld Appeal and, 302 Crutzen, Paul, 29 Bundesregierung response to, 294–301 CSFR. See Committee to Protect Fessenheim peace movement influenced by, 83, and the Rhine Valley 292–301 Cuban Missile Crisis, 10 SPD response to, 301–5 culture of death, 8 Dubos, René, 38 Czaputowicz, Jacek, 242 Dubrow, Sara, 69, 77 Czechoslovakia, 241, 249 Duff, Peggy, 229 Charter 77 in, 238, 240–41, 275 Dukakis, Michael, 195

358 Index

Earth in the Balance (Gore), 39 Dual-Track Decision as factor in, East German Writers Union (SV) 323–24 expulsion of writers from, 142 FRG response to, 321–22 during peace movement, 143–46, 159 Pershing II missiles and, 325 in Bebelplatz, 148–50 political consensus on, 321–22 cooperation with West German in press, 322–24 authors, 150–56 public opinion on, 324–26, 330–31, socialist participation in, 146–48 333 union-sponsored international events, Europe, peace movements in. See also 148–50 European Nuclear Disarmament; response to NATO Dual-Track Decision, West Germany; Western Europe 142–43, 157–58 CND and, 228, 231 SED and, 142, 144–46 organizational network among, 235 East Germany, West German Green Party political agendas of, 227–28 in, 155–56 Third Way tradition in, 228 Ebert, Theodor, 177 transnational diffusion of, 228, 245 ecocide, 53 European Economic Community (EEC), EEC. See European Economic Community 173 Eggleston, Barbara, 257 European Nuclear Disarmament (END), Ehrlich, Paul, 30–31, 40–41 228–44, 272 Einstein, Albert, 282 Appeal for, 229–31 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 103 Charter 77 and, 238, 240–41 “Eiszeit,” 120 Christian Peace movement and, 255 Ellsberg, Daniel, 193 CND compared to, 228, 231–34, 246 END. See European Nuclear Disarmament Conventions for, 235–37 Engelmann, Bernt, 150, 156, 157, 163 Dual-Track Decision as inﬂuence on, Enhanced Radiation Weapon (ERW), 228–29 290–91 East-West dialogue, 237–44 environmental movement. See also anti- goals of, 229–31 nuclear movement; No Nukes Great Britain and, 228, 231–34 movement Helsinki network and, 243–44 anti-toxics movement and, 187–88 independent peace groups as part of, “Blue Marble” photograph as symbol of, 238–40 39 divergent goals of, 239–41 in contemporary context, 93 political coalitions in, 229, during 1970s, 37–38, 39 234–35 NRDC and, 43 roots of, 228–29 pollution and, 201 in Western Europe, 234–37 reproductive health as symbol of, 64 European Trade Union Confederation against Vietnam War, 53 (ETUC), 328 in West Germany, 41 Euroshima, 92 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 144 extinction of human race, 31, 32–33 Eppler, Erhard, 89–90, 303 Epstein, Barbara, 192 Faber, Mient Jan, 253–54, 258 ERW. See Enhanced Radiation Weapon Fail Safe, 11 ETUC. See European Trade Union Falwell, Jerry, 276 Confederation Farian, Frank, 135 Euromissile crisis, 318 Farrell, Bobby, 135 development of, 316 The Fate of the Earth (Schell), 4–5, 31, in France, 319–21 44–45 CODENE-CFDT alliance and, 326–30 FDP. See Free Democratic Party

Index 359

Federal Republic of Germany. See West Franklin, Benjamin, 339 Germany Free Democratic Party (FDP), 290 Federation of Communist Workers (BKA), Freiligrath, Ferdinand, 83 172–73 French Communist Party (PCF), 317 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 69 Fried, Erich, 126 fetal health, fetus and front porch politics. See also Love Canal; abortion and, 69–71 Love Canal Homeowners Bonbrest v. Kotz and, 68, 77 Association as cultural symbol, 68–71 as activist movement, development of, radiation scares and, 56–57 200–1 technology and, 69 defined, 200–1 TMI coolant accident and, 63–64, 66–71 Fühmann, Franz, 144, 153 Filbinger, Hans, 168 “Fulda Gap: The First Battle of the Next films, TV and War,” 1 The China Syndrome, 3–4, 60 The Day After, 2–3, 35 G7 summits. See Group of Seven summits environmental movement in, 41 Gaia (Lovelock), 39 nuclear crisis in, 3–4, 11, 12 Gallois, Pierre-Marie, 318–19 Fischer, Gotthilf, 139 Geißler, Heiner, 79–80, 83, 84–85 Fischer, Joschka, 79, 91, 93, 131–32 Genesis, 109 Flessati, Valerie, 262–63 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 290–91 Foley, Michael, 170 Gergan, David, 278–79 Ford, Gerald, 339 Germany. See East German Writers Union; “Forever Young,” 120 West Germany Forsberg, Randall, 272–73 Geyer, Michael, 143–44, 216–17 France Gibbs, Lois, 196, 197, 199. See also Love accidental Armaggedons and, in public Canal Homeowners Association discourse, 317–18 Ginsburg, Faye, 71 anti-nuclear movement in, 316–18 Giscard, Valéry, 319 CODENE-CFDT alliance and, 326–30 Glotz, Peter, 130, 303 as nonaligned, failure of, 326–30 Goebbels, Joseph, 89–90 Dual-Track Decision and, press support Goldwater, Barry, 12, 32 for, 323–24 Gollwitzer, Helmut, 86 Euromissile crisis in, 319–21 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 35–36, 148, 282–83, CODENE-CFDT alliance and, 326–30 284–85. See also Second Cold War Dual-Track Decision as factor in, Gore, Al, 39 323–24 Graham, Thomas, 278–79 FRG response to, 321–22 Grass, Günter, 87–88, 129, 144, 150, 152, Pershing II missiles and, 325 155–56 political consensus on, 321–22 Graswurzelrevolution, 175–76, 179, 183 in press, 322–24 Gray, Colin S., 2 public opinion on, 324–26, 330–31, Great Britain 333 anti-nuclear protest music in Euromissile debate in, 319–21 compared to US, 101–2 pacifism in, public opinion on, 323–24, decline in popularity of, 111 330–31 during 1980s, 105–11 peace movement in Protect and Survive films critiqued by, lack of, 317–18 106–7 PCF and, 317 roots of, 103–5 SS-20s as strategic threat to, 318–21 Christian peace movement in, 257–58, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, 108 260–62

360 Index

Great Britain (cont.) Haraszti, Miklós, 238 BCC and, 260–61 Hardcastle, Paul, 110–11 civil defense policies in, 103–5 Harloff, Margot, 171 CND and, 228, 231, 246 Harwell, Mark, 43 END and, 228, 231–34 Hays, Samuel, 194 IKV influence in, 257–58 Hazareesingh, Sudhir, 317 nuclear disarmament movement in, 272 Heath, Edward, 338 nuclear-free zones in, 209–10, 224 The Heavy Dancers (Racek), 231 peace movement in, 231–34. See also Hegedüs, András, 234 European Nuclear Disarmament Helsinki network, 243–44 Protect and Survive films in, 105 Henniger, Gerhard, 144–45, 147, 151 Third Way tradition in, 228 Herbein, Jack, 59–60 Green Party, in West Germany, 124–32. See Herf, Jeffrey, 1 also Beuys, Joseph; Project Green Hermann, Ludolf, 89–90 Caterpillar Hermlin, Stephan, 144, 147, 148, 154, 156 as alternative to institutionalized parties, Heubach, Joachim, 89 129–30, 132–33, 141 Hirsch, Ludwig, 126 in East Germany, 155–56 Hiss, Dieter, 343 historical development for, 132–34 Hoffmann, Freia, 169 SPD and, 129 Hoffmann, Hans-Joachim, 148 “Green Tent,” 137 Holden, Stephen, 101–2 Greenpeace, 208 Holland, Stuart, 229 Greet, Kenneth, 260–61 Hollanditis, 251. See also the Netherlands Grinspoon, Lester, 42–43 the Holocaust Group of Seven (G7) summits in modern context, 93 communication of unpopular decisions, nuclear armament and, 80–81, 85–89 342–43 political context for, 81–83 Declaration of Security and, 347–48 universalization of, 85 development of, political and economic in language, 86–87 context for, 336–37 Honecker, Erich, 151, 155–56 Dual-Track Decision and, 347–48 Höpcke, Klaus, 154 energy supply issues at, 343–44 Hormats, Robert, 342 goals of, 335–36, 348–49 Hunthausen, Raymond G., 95 nuclear policy during, 341–42 Huntington, Samuel, 337–38 nuclear weapons policy at, 344–46 Huntzinger, Jacques, 321–22 original participants of, 340 political leadership and, 337–39 ICBM system. See Intercontinental Ballistic public protests of, 346–48 Missile system at Rambouillet, 339–41 ICSU. See International Council of Scientific Schmidt and, 345, 347 Unions Grundgesetz (German constitution), 81 IKV. See Interchurch Peace Council Grüne Raupe. See Project Green Caterpillar An Inconvenient Truth, 39 Grzimek, Bernhard, 41 INF treaty. See Intermediate-Range Nuclear Guha, Anton-Andreas, 86 Forces treaty Guthrie, Arlo, 192 information politics, 243 Gyorgy, Anna, 192 Interchurch Peace Council (IKV), 252–53 ASF and, 254, 256–57 Hager, Kurt, 148, 155–56 churches in, 264 Haig, Alexander, 280 Dual-Track Decision and, 255–56 Hambacher Fest, 83 establishment of, 253–55 Hamon, Léo, 319 in Great Britain, 257–58

Index 361

international inﬂuence of, 253–54, Kent, Bruce, 232, 254 255–58 Kershaw, Nik, 4 IPCC and, 259–60 Kidder, Tracy, 190 protests against neutron bomb, 253 King, Coretta Scott, 123–24 in West Germany, 256–57 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 123–24 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Kirsch, Sarah, 144 system, 283 Kis, János, 238 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles Kissinger, Henry, 3, 335, 336–37, 338–39 (IRBMs), 107 Klineberg, Eric, 72 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Knabe, Wilhelm, 131 treaty, 111, 156 Kohl, Helmut, 6, 84–85, 125, 135, 278, International Council of Scientiﬁc Unions 308–9, 322, 323 (ICSU), 43 Konrád, György, 238, 243 International Peace Communication and Köpke, Günter, 328 Coordination Centre (IPCC), 233, Koppel, Ted, 40 235, 259–60 Krefeld Appeal, 151 IPCC. See International Peace Krefeld Initiative, 122–23 Communication and Coordination Krevitz, Pascal, 120–21 Centre Kubrick, Stanley, 31–32 IRBMs. See Intermediate Range Ballistic Künstler fur den Frieden (Artists for Peace) Missiles initiative, 117 Kunze, Heinz Rudolf, 127 Japan Kupper, Patrick, 37 nuclear disarmament movement in, 274 Kuro, Jacek, 238 nuclear-free zones in, 210, 222 JEF. See Young European Federalists LaFalce, John, 197 Jenkins, Roy, 344 Lafontaine, Oskar, 303, 304 Jens, Walter, 92 Lage, Klaus, 123 Joffe, Josef, 297 Laqueur, Walter, 251, 262, 263 journals and magazines, nuclear winter LaRocque, Gene, 320 threat in, 41, 42 Lattmann, Dieter, 87 Judt, Tony, 36 Layzer, Judith, 196 Julius oder Der Schwarze Sommer (Rabsch), Lazar, Marc, 317 4–5 LCHA. See Love Canal Homeowners Association Kahn, Herman, 31–32 Leber, Georg, 292 Kaldor, Mary, 229, 242, 243, 249, 273, 280 Leinen, Jo, 176, 178–79 Kamnitzer, Heinz, 148 Lellouche, Pierre, 319 Kant, Hermann, 144–46, 157 Life, 69, 77 “Karl der Käfer,” 120 Lifton, Robert Jay, 31 Kastler, Alfred, 324 Limited Test Ban Treaty, 68 KBW. See Communist League of West Limits to Growth, 41–42 Germany Lindenberg, Udo, 120–21, 122, 123, Keck, Margaret, 243 126–27, 139 Kelly, Petra, 92, 123, 125, 127, 128, Lindsay, Hal, 276 131–32, 176, 259, 303 Lis, Ladislav, 242 Kemeny Commission, 67, 70, 73 literature. See also journals and magazines Kennan, George, 243 nuclear crisis in, 4–5, 31, 44–45 Kennedy, Donald, 32 “A Little Peace,” 116–17, 121 Kennedy, John F., 84 Live Aid concert, 111 Kenney, Padraic, 249 Loeb, William, 190

362 Index

Loest, Erich, 156 Moral Majority, 276. See also Christian Love Canal, 196–200 Right evacuation of, 197–98 Moreton, Bethany, 71–72 No Nukes movement and, 196 Morgner, Irmtraud, 144 relocation of residents, 199, 205 Motchane, Didier, 321 toxic waste discovery at, 196–97 Mothers for Peace, 193 Love Canal Homeowners Association “Mother’s Talk,” 109–11 (LCHA), 196–200 MSD. See Minimum Sufficient Deterrence Lovejoy, Sam, 189 MTV. See Music Television Lovelock, James, 39 Müller-Westernhagen, Marius, 123 Lown, Bernard, 282 MUSE. See Musicians United for Safe Energy Maahn, Wolf, 120 music. See popular music MacLeish, Archibald, 38 Music Television (MTV), 9 MAD. See Mutual Assured Destruction anti-nuclear pop music in, 103 Maffay, Peter, 120, 139 British musicians on, 105–6 magazines. See journals and magazines Musicians United for Safe Energy (MUSE), Maier, Charles, 336–37 194–95 Makeba, Miriam, 123 Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), 2 Markov, Georgi, 146 nuclear winter and, 31–32 Markovits, Andrei, 179 MX missile program, 283 Mastnak, Tomaž, 238 Mayes, Jane, 247 Nader, Ralph, 188–89, 201–2, 203 McCormick, John, 38 Nannini, Gianna, 127 McCoulf, Grace, 198 National Committee for a Sane Nuclear McEwan, Ian, 243 Policy (SANE), 274 McFarlane, Robert, 278–79 National Socialism (NS) McGrory, Mary, 34–35 historical anniversaries, 89–91 McNamara, Robert, 3 historical context for, 81–83 McNeill, J. R., 37 in modern context, 93 Mead, Margaret, 38 1960s student movements and, long-term Mechtersheimer, Alfred, 298 influences on, 82–83 media. See also films, TV and; journals and nuclear armament and, 80–81 magazines public memory of, 90–91 nuclear crisis in, 4–5 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty nuclear winter in, 31, 40 Organization Medvedev, Roy, 234 Natural Resources Defense Council Medvedev, Zhores, 229 (NRDC), 43 Medvedkova, Olga, 243 Naumann, Konrad, 148 Meinecke, Ulla, 123 Nazi Germany. See also National Socialism Mende, Silk, 179 commemoration of book burnings in, Mercier, Albert, 330 148–49 Mertes, Alois, 84 Nehring, Holger, 88, 185 Met Ed. See Three Mile Island nuclear Nena, 4, 103, 121–22 power plant the Netherlands Mills, C. Wright, 228 anti-NATO movement in, 251–52 Minimum Sufficient Deterrence IKV in, 252–53 (MSD), 33 Neue Deutsche Welle (New German Wave), Mitchell, Liz, 135 118, 135 Mitterand, François, 316, 322, 331. neutron bomb See also France during Carter presidency, 291

Index 363

ERW and, 290–91 NS. See National Socialism IKV and, 253 nuclear anxiety, skepticism on modernity protests against, in West Germany, and, 305–6 290–92 nuclear crisis. See also popular music, as political bargaining chip, 292 nuclear crisis themes in Neutsch, Erik, 147 arms control policy influenced by, 35–36 New German Wave. See Neue Deutsche culture of death and, 8 Welle The Day After and, 2–3 New Left, 82–83 in films, 3–4, 11, 12 New Zealand historical development of, 1, 17–18 nuclear disarmament movement in, 274 in literature, 4–5 nuclear-free zones in, 209 NATO and, 1, 17–18 NGOs. See nongovernmental organizations political protests in response to, 5 Niedecken, Wolfgang, 127, 131–32 in popular culture, 2–5, 9–10, 105 Niemczyck, Piotr, 242 public opinion on, 35 Niemöller, Martin, 123 Reagan’s policy towards, 35–36 Nilsson, Lennart, 69, 77 as totalitarian, 82 “99 Luftballons” (99 Red Balloons), 4, 103, in traditional media, 4–5, 31 121–22, 136 nuclear disarmament movement. See also inspiration for, 136 anti-nuclear movement; Campaign Nitze, Paul, 280–81 for Nuclear Disarmament; European Nixon, Richard, 338 Nuclear Disarmament No Nukes movement. See also Abalone in Canada, 272 Alliance campaign; Clamshell Dual-Track Decision and, 277–78 Alliance campaign; Diablo Canyon global strategies in, 271–77 nuclear power plant; front porch international alliances in, 275 politics; Seabrook nuclear power in Great Britain, 272 plant in Pacific region, 274 appraisals of, 201 social protests as part of, 273–74 cultural context of, 186–87 throughout Soviet Union nations, 274–75 decline of nuclear power industry in US, 274 influenced by, 195–96, 203–4 during Carter presidency, 277–78 focus of, 186–87 Christian Right opposition to, 276 future implications for, 200 public policy influenced by, 277–85 historical development of, 187–88 during Reagan presidency, 273–77, Love Canal and, 196 278–85 Mothers for Peace and, 193 resistance to, 275–77 NRC licensing influenced by, 203–4 in Western Europe, 272, 273–74 TMI accident and, 194 nuclear fear, 10–12 Noll, Dieter, 154 Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), movement, 274 38, 43 Nuclear Free (and Independent) Pacific North Atlantic Treaty Organization Movement, 208 (NATO), 103. See also Dual-Track nuclear Holocaust, 85, 86 Decision nuclear power, as industry. See also Diablo Abel Archer exercise, 35 Canyon nuclear power plant; Dutch opposition to, 251–52 Seabrook nuclear power plant; Three nuclear crisis and, 1, 17–18 Mile Island nuclear power plant; NRC. See Nuclear Regulatory Commission Wyhl reactor site NRDC. See Natural Resources Defense corruption in, 203 Council in culture of death, 8

364 Index

nuclear power, as industry (cont.) Antarctic Treaty and, 208 decline of, 195–96, 203–4 Antarctica as, 224 emergency planning strategies, 195 in Australia, 210, 222 NRC and, 57–58, 60–61 campaigning for, 210–12, 220 opposition to, 7–8, 178–81, 188–89 in localized settings, 212–13 public campaigns for, 188–89, 202 in Canada, 210 public trust in, 57–59 Cold War as influence on, 208 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), cumulative effect of, on global scale, 215 57–58, 60–61, 203–4 global perspective arguments for, 216–19 nuclear sites, high-risk activism at, 5 global-local dynamics of, 214–16 nuclear war historical development of, 206–7, 208–10 extinction of human race from, 31 as grassroots movement, 208–10 global biological consequences of, 30–31 institutionalization of, 210 MAD and, 2 in Japan, 210, 222 nuclear-free zones as response to, 225 as legally-binding, through treaties, 224 US countervailing strategy for, 2 legitimation of, 212–13 nuclear weapons in New Zealand, 209 Cruise Missiles, 1–2, 227, 272 nuclear war threat and, 225 at G7 summits, 344–46 Outer Space Treaty and, 208 Holocaust symbolism and, 80–81, 85–89 in Pacific region, 208, 210 Pershing Missiles, 1–2, 227, 272 patriotism and, 225 French public opinion on, 325 skepticism of, 207 during Reagan presidency, 273, 278 South America as, 224 Thatcher government support of, 273, transnational perspectives on, 213–14 278 as transnational political space, 219 in West Germany, 79–80 Treaty of Tlatelolco and, 208 nuclear winter, as global threat, 28–36 in UK, 209–10, 224 anti-nuclear movement response to, in US, 210, 222 34–35 in Western Europe, 209–10 arms control policy influenced by, 35–36 Nukewatch, 206 crisis narratives for, in 1970s, 36–42 Nye, Joseph, 34 environmental movement and, 37–38, 39 Ohira, Masayoshi, 346 NGOs and, 38 Only One Earth (Ward and Dubos), 38 crisis narratives for, in 1980s, 42–45 Onyskiewicz, Janusz, 238 critique of concept, 47–48 Orzabal, Roland, 109–11 global biological consequences of, 30–31, Ospolitik approach, in West Germany, 1–2 40–42 Outer Space Treaty, 208 in journals and magazines, 41, 42 – long-term implications of, 45 46 Pacific region. See Australia; Japan; New – MAD and, 31 32 Zealand in media, 31, 40 pacifism. See peace movement Sagan on, 27–28 Pankin, Alexei, 243 fi – scienti c basis for, 28 31 Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963, 271–72 SDI as defense against, 34 Partridge, Andy, 106–7 as theory, development of, 27–28 patriotism, nuclear-free zones and, 225 – – TTAPs theory on, 27 28, 29 30, 33, Pax Christi, 254–55, 262–63 – 45 46 PCBs. See polychlorinated biphenyls – US response to threat of, 33 34 PCF. See French Communist Party nuclear-free zones peace movements. See also Christian peace as alternative movement, 211 movement; Europe, peace

Index 365

movements in; nuclear disarmament Poole, Robert, 40 movement popular culture. See also films; media in France nuclear crisis in, 2–5, 9–10, 105 lack of, 317–18 peace movement as influence on, 122–24 PCF and, 317 political culture as influence on, 117–24, in Great Britain, 231–34 135 Project Green Caterpillar and, 131 popular music, nuclear crisis themes in, 4 socialists in, 146–48 atomic pop, 102–3 Sofia International Writers Meetings, genealogy of, 102 147–48 in Great Britain SV during, 143–46, 159 compared to US, 101–2 in Bebelplatz, 148–50 decline in popularity of, 111 cooperation with West German during 1980s, 105–11 authors, 150–56 Protect and Survive films and, 106–7 socialist participation in, 146–48 roots of, 103–5 union-sponsored international events, on MTV, 103 148–50 punk and, 102 in West Germany, 80, 83–85, 122–24, in West Germany, 116–17, 118–24. See 185, 290 also Project Green Caterpillar Bundesregierung and, 294–301 Artists for Peace festival, 123, 136–37 among Christians, 92 Krefeld Initiative, 122–23 concentration camp references in, Neue Deutsche Welle, 118, 135 88–89 political culture as influence on, Dual-Track Decision as factor in, 117–24, 135 292–301 The Population Bomb (Ehrlich), 40–41 neutron bomb protests, 290–92 Powell, Colin, 285 pop culture influenced by, 122–24 Project Green Caterpillar, 124–32 Project Green Caterpillar and, 131 historical development of, 125–27 SPD and, 290, 293–94, 306–8 institutionalization of, 128 writers’ role in, 143–46 opponents of, 127 in Western Europe, 264 peace movement and, 131 Peace Squadron, 208 positive support for, 126–27 peace studies, 23 public response to, 127–28 Perrow, Charles, 60 reactivation of, 131–32 Pershing Missiles, deployment of, 1–2, 227, Project Ploughshares, 272 272, 325 Prokofiev, Sergei, 109 Petryna, Adriana, 62–63, 73 pro-life movement, 69–72 Pettitt, Ann, 243, 250 Protect and Survive films, 105 Piven, Frances Fox, 200–1 anti-nuclear pop as critique of, 106–7 planetary citizenship, as collective global Protest and Survive (Thompson, E.), 105, identity, 44 231, 232, 253 Poland, 241 Protestant Kirchentag, 89 Polish Writers Union, 163 protests, political. See also anti-nuclear political protests. See protests, political movement Pollack, James, 27–28, 29–30, 33, 45–46 at G7 summits, 346–48 pollution. See also Love Canal on historical anniversaries, 89–91 anti-toxics movement and, 187–88 NS as influence on, 82–83 legislation as part of, 204 against nuclear crisis, 5 public opinions on, 201 in nuclear disarmament movement, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 204 273–74 Pompidou, Georges, 338 Protestant Kirchentag, 89

366 Index

protests, political (cont.) Rühl, Lothar, 319 in West Germany, 82–83, 87–88 “Russians,” 4, 109 establishment’s response to, 306–8 for peace movement, 123–24 Sacherer, Günter, 171, 172 Public Service of New Hampshire (PSNH), Sagan, Carl, 27–28, 30, 31–32, 33, 35, 189–91 42–43 punk music, 102 SALT II Treaty, 278 Sandford, John, 246 Rabsch, Udo, 4–5 SANE. See National Committee for a Sane Racek, Václav, 231 Nuclear Policy radiation, public scares of, 55–56. See also Sanguinetti, Antoine, 320 Three Mile Island nuclear power SAPL. See Seacoast Anti-Pollution League plant Scared by Our Friends (Lafontaine), 304 fetal health and, 56–57 Schafley, Phyllis, 275–76 after Limited Test Ban Treaty, 68 Schell, Jonathan, 4–5, 31, 44–45 Radkau, Joachim, 38–39 Schily, Otto, 79, 91, 131–32, 133–34 RAF. See Red Army Faction Schmidt, Helmut, 83, 129, 277–78, 291–92, Rau, Fritz, 125–26, 128 293, 301, 308–9, 338. See also Reagan, Ronald, 6, 101–2, 195, 347 Bundesregierung civil defense measures under, 104 G7 summits and, 345, 347 countervailing strategy for nuclear war Schneider, Peter, 144, 152 under, 2 Schneider, Rolf, 144, 152–53 European opinion on, 107 Schneider, Stephen, 32 MX missile program, 283 Schram, Wilke, 256 nuclear disarmament movement under, Schröder, Gerhard, 306 273–77, 278–85 Schwab, James, 199 nuclear power policy, 8 Schweitzer, Albert, 68 nuclear weapons strategy, 273, 278 Scientific Committee on Problems of the response to nuclear crisis, 35–36 Environment (SCOPE), 43 SDI and, 2, 3, 34, 281 Scranton, William, 59–60 nuclear winter and, as defense against, SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative 34 SDP. See Social Democratic Party Red Army Faction (RAF), 168–69 Seabrook nuclear power plant, 186–87, Reichel, Achim, 123 189–92, 203 Reid, Robert, 58 Clamshell Alliance campaign against, Reiser, Rio, 131–32 186–87, 189–92 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, mass arrests during, 191–92 204 political criticism of, 190–91 Rettig, Inge, 170–71 Wyhl reactor site occupation as Rettig, Jean-Jacques, 170–71 influence on, 190 Rév, István, 249 PSNH and, 189–91 Ridder, Helmut, 123 public opposition to, 189 Ridley, Matt, 36–37 Seacoast Anti-Pollution League (SAPL), 189 Riewoldt, Otto, 130 Second Cold War, 284–85, 347 “The Rights of the Unborn and the Peril SED. See Socialist Unity Party Today” (Schweitzer), 68 Seeger, Pete, 192 Robin, Gabriel, 320 Shultz, George, 3, 280–81 Robison, James, 276 Sikkink, Kathryn, 243 Robock, Alan, 45 Silent Spring (Carson), 40 Rockefeller, David, 337 Sills, John, 193 Roth, Claudia, 140 Silver, Sandy, 193

Index 367

Simon, Paul, 4 Ter Veer, Ben, 253, 256–57 Smith, Dan, 229, 233 Thatcher, Margaret, 6, 101–2, 280, 347 Smith, Howard K., 188 civil defense measures under, 104–5 Snyder, Sarah, 243 nuclear weapons buildup and, 273, 278 Social Democratic Party (SPD), 86–87. See theater nuclear forces (TNF), 292 also Brandt, Willy Third Reich. See the Holocaust; National Green Party and, 129 Socialism peace movement and, 290, 293–94, Third Way tradition, 228 306–8 Thomas, Lewis, 40 response to Dual-Track decision, 301–5 Thompson, Dorothy, 228–29 social movement studies, 200–1 Thompson, Edward, 228–29, 230, 231–34, Socialist Unity Party (SED), 142, 144–46 243, 272. See also European Nuclear socialists, in peace movement, 146–48 Disarmament Sofia International Writers Meetings, Protest and Survive, 105, 231, 232, 253 147–48 Thompson, E.P., 105 “Soft Water Breaks Stone,” 119 Thompson, Starley, 32 Sölle, Dorothee, 87, 88, 97 Thomson, Meldrim, 190 “Sonne statt Reagan” (“Sun Instead of Thornburgh, Richard, 61 Reagan”), 133 Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear power South America, as nuclear-free zone, 224 plant, 3–4 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, 208 biological citizens and, 62–63 Soviet Union coolant accident at, 55, 59–64 END and, 243–44, 250 cover-up of, 60–61 INF treaty, 111, 156 crisis of visuality for, 61–62 IRBMs and, 107 fetal health issues and, 63–64, 66–71 MAD and, 2 long-term impact of, 194–95 NATO Dual-Track Decision and, 1–2 No Nukes movement and, 194 nuclear disarmament movement as political and cultural crisis, 73–74 throughout, 274–75 decline in public trust in US, 56 nuclear missile strategy, 272 Kemeny Commission, 67, 70, 73 response to US nuclear missile strategy, public campaign for, 58–59 281–83 public trust in, 57–59 Second Cold War and, end of, 284–85, breakdown of, 59–64 347 radiation scares and, 55–56 SPD. See Social Democratic Party health risks from, 65–74 Der Spiegel, 251–52 TNF. See theater nuclear forces Springsteen, Bruce, 4 Toon, Owen Brian, 27–28, 29–30, 33, SS-20 missiles, as threat to Western Europe, 45–46 318–21 Topham, Tony, 228–29 Sting, 109 Toulat, Jean, 324 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 2, 3, 281 Toxic Substances Control Act, 204 nuclear winter and, as defense against, 34 Trampert, Rainer, 87, 130 Strauß, Franz Josef, 89–90, 296 Treaty of Rarotonga. Sununu, John, 195 See South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone super Holocaust, 86 Treaty SV. See East German Writers Union Treaty of Tlatelolco, 208 Trident missile system, 227 Tatu, Michael, 319 Trilateral Commission, 337–38 Taylor, Gordon Rattray, 41 Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 277 Tears for Fears, 109–11 “Tschernobyl,” 120 Ten Berge, Gied, 256

368 Index

TTAPs. See Ackerman, Thomas; nuclear radiation scares in, 55–56 winter; Pollack, James; Toon, Owen Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Brian; Turco, Richard in, 204 Tunnicliffe, Stephen, 249, 257 response to threat of nuclear winter, Turco, Richard, 27–28, 29–30, 33, 45–46 33–34 Second Cold War and, end of, 284–85, UKCD. See United Kingdom Civil Defense 347 UKWMO. See United Kingdom Warning Toxic Substances Control Act in, 204 and Monitoring Organization Trident missile system and, 227 Ultravox, 107–8 Upper Rhine Valley, Germany. See Wyhl UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, reactor site Scientific and Cultural Organization US. See United States Union of German Writers (VS), 143, 150–51 resignations from, 163 Vahle, Fredrik, 124 United Kingdom. See Great Britain “Vamos a la playa,” 120, 135 United Kingdom Civil Defense (UKCD), van Creveld, Martin, 46 101–2 Van De Ven, Willem, 256 United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Vance, Cyrus, 277–78 Organization (UKWMO), 104–5 Verhoeven, Michael, 126 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Vietnam War, 53 Cultural Organization (UNESCO), “Visit Europe as Long as It’s Still Around,” 37–38 119–20 United States (US). See also Carter, Jimmy; Vogel, Hans-Jochen, 130 front porch politics; No Nukes Voice of Women, 272 movement; nuclear power; Reagan, Vollmer, Antje, 131–32 Ronald; Strategic Defense Initiative von Trotta, Margarete, 126 anti-nuclear protest music in, compared von Uexküll, Gösta, 123 to British music, 101–2 von Weizsäcker, Carl-Friedrich, 298 anti-toxics movement in, 187–88 VS. See Union of German Writers legislation as part of, 204 civil defense policies in, 103–5 Wader, Hannes, 120–21, 123 countervailing strategy for, 2 Wald, George, 66 credibility gap in, 56 Walker, J. Samuel, 203–4 Cruise Missiles and, deployment of, 1–2, War Games, 3, 12 227, 272 war simulation games, 1 INF treaty, 111, 156 Ward, Barbara, 38 MAD and, 2 Watanuki, Joji, 337–38 NRC in, 57–58, 60–61 Waters, Roger, 3, 110–11 nuclear disarmament movement in, 274 WCC. See World Council of Churches during Carter presidency, 277–78 We Almost Lost Detroit, 61 Christian Right opposition to, 276 “We Kill the World (Don’t Kill the World),” public policy influenced by, 277–85 120 during Reagan presidency, 273–77, Wecker, Konstantin, 123, 126 278–85 Wegener, Bettina, 126, 127 resistance to, 275–77 Wehner, Herbert, 293 nuclear missile strategy Weinberger, Caspar, 280 European response to, 280–81 Wende (change of government), 91 Soviet response to, 281–83 West Germany. See also the Holocaust; nuclear-free zones in, 210, 222 National Socialism; Wyhl reactor Pershing Missiles and, site, occupation of deployment of, 1–2, 227, 272 anti-Americanism in, 87–88

Index 369

anti-nuclear movement in. See also Wyhl Project Green Caterpillar in, 124–32 reactor site historical development of, 125–27 in West Germany, 167–68, 181, 185 institutionalization of, 128 anti-nuclear pop in, 116–17 opponents of, 127 ASF and, 254, 256–57 peace movement and, 131 Bundestag in, 79–80 positive support for, 126–27 CDU in, 79–80 public response to, 127–28 Christian peace movement in, 256–57, reactivation of, 131–32 260–62 protest culture in, 306–8 during Cold War, 1 resistance movements in, 91–92 Cruise Missile deployment in, 1–2 SPD in, 86–87 The Day After and, 3 Green Party and, 129 Dual-Track Decision in peace movement and, 290, 293–94, Bielefeld Appeal and, 302 306–8 Bundesregierung response to, 294–301 response to Dual-Track Decision, peace movement influenced by, 83, 301–5 292–301 Wende and, 91 SPD response to, 301–5 Wilhelminism in, 83–84 END in, 234–37 Western Europe. See also specific countries environmental movement in, 41 Cruise Missile deployment throughout, Green Party in, 124–32 1–2, 227, 272 Grundgesetz, 81 Euromissile crisis in, 316, 318 Hambacher Fest, 83 INF treaty, 111 IKV in, 256–57 nuclear anxiety in, 305–6 Künstler fur den Frieden initiative in, 117 nuclear disarmament movement in, 272, militarization of, during 1950s, 81–82 273–74 New Left in, 82–83 nuclear-free zones in, 209–10 nuclear anxiety in, 305–6 peace movements in, 264 nuclear weapon deployment and, 79–80 Pershing Missile deployment throughout, nuclear winter threat in, 41, 42 1–2, 227, 272 Ospolitik approach in, 1–2 French public opinion on, 325 peace movement in, 80, 83–85, 122–24, Soviet missile deployment towards, 272 185, 290 SS-20 missile threat to, 318–21 Bundesregierung and, 294–301 When the Wind Blows (Briggs), 3, 105, concentration camp references in, 110–11 88–89 Wick, Charles, 279 Dual-Track Decision as factor in, 83, Wiesel, Elie, 3 292–301 Wilhelminism, 83–84 FDP and, 290 Williams, Maizie, 135 neutron bomb protests, 290–92 Wilson, Harold, 339 political protests in, 123–24 winnable wars, 10, 13 pop culture influenced by, 122–24 Winock, Michel, 331 Project Green Caterpillar and, 131 Witte-Rang, Greetje, 259 Reagan’s public image and, 296–97 Wittner, Lawrence, 22, 244 SV cooperation with West German Wolf, Christa, 144, 150, 153, 154 authors, 150–56 World Council of Churches (WCC), 261 writers’ role in, 143–46, 150–51 World Federation for the Protection of Life Pershing Missile deployment in, 1–2 (WSL), 168 political protests in, 5, 82–83, 87–88 Wyhl reactor site, occupation of, 167–68, establishment’s response to, 306–8 181 Protestant Kirchentag, 89 BKA and, 172–73

370 Index

Wyhl reactor site, occupation of (cont.) local responses to, 177–78 Clamshell Alliance campaign inﬂuenced organization of, 169–72 by, 190 as regional movement, 172–75 communist groups’ response to, 177–79 co-optation of, 175–78 XTC, 108 CSFR and, 170–71 – Graswurzelrevolution and, 175 76, 179, Young European Federalists (JEF), 176 183 inspiration for, 175–78 JEF and, 176 Zero Option (Racek), 231 KBW and, 177–78 Zinner, Helda, 148