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Guidelines for Environmental Management of Aquaculture

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Guidelines for Environmental Management of Aquaculture 37564 Technical Note Guidelines for Environmental Management of Aquaculture Investments in Vietnam Institute of Fisheries Management Research Institute for Aquaculture Number 1 Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific Can Tho University World Wide Fund for Nature June 2006 This Technical Note was prepared for the Viet Nam Ministry of Fisheries and the World Bank. Technical notes are prepared as part of World Bank work. The contents do not necessarily represent the official Bank view, nor have been formally reviewed with Government. FOREWORD The Ministry of Fisheries (MOFI) of Vietnam and the World Bank are pleased to provide this important guideline document on environmental management of the aquaculture sector in Vietnam. The sector is one of the most valuable to the Vietnamese economy, with a proven record in poverty reduction, an important foreign exchange provider and a sector with substantial potential for further growth. With substantial comparative advantages, and an increasingly dynamic business sector, the aquaculture sector is poised for future growth. The Ministry of Fisheries predicts up to USD4 billion worth of exports of fisheries products by 2010, up from USD2.6 billion in 2005, with aquaculture as the major contributor to this growth. While the sector has significant potential, it now also faces major environmental challenges, related to increasing competition for the land and water resources upon which aquaculture relies and the need for improved environmental management to reduce environmental impacts of the sector on the countries natural resource base. This study report, prepared by a group of Vietnamese specialists, supported by an international and regional team, in consultation with farmers, farmer organization, government institutions, NGO’s and specialists throughout Vietnam, identifies the key challenges faced by the sector, and provides a set of development and management guidelines for prior and future investments in aquaculture. The report also provides important recommendations for implementation of these guidelines, which can facilate their wide use in the sector. MOFI and the World Bank wish to thank the Danish government for providing support to the study, and the team comprised of specialists from Research Institute for Aquaculture Number 1,2 and 3, the University of Can Tho, Institute for Fisheries Management (Denmark), Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for their support and cooperation in the study implementation and preparation of this report. Ministry of Fisheries, Viet Nam The World Bank i ABBREVIATIONS BSP Bank for Social Policy BMP Better management practices (for aquaculture management) CIB Commercial & Industrial Bank Danida Danish International Development Assistance DARD Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DPF Department of Planning and Finance DoA Department of Aquaculture DOFI Provincial Department of Fisheries DONRE Provincial Department of Natural Resources & Environment DoST Department of Science and Technology DPC District Peoples Committee EC Environmental Capacity ECC Environmental Carrying Capacity FAO Food & Agriculture Organization GAP Good aquaculture practices GoV Government of Viet Nam – usually refers to GoV institutions MARD Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development MOF Ministry of Finance MOFI Ministry of Fisheries MOLISA Ministry of Labor, Invalids & Social Affairs MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MOST Ministry of Science and Technology MOSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment MPA Marine Protected Area MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment NACA Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific NAFEC National Fisheries Extension Centre NAFIQAVED National Fisheries Quality Assurance and Veterinary Directorate PPC Provincial Peoples Committee RIA Research Institute for Aquaculture VAC Integrated pig, garden, pond farming system VASEP Vietnamese Association of Seafood Exporters & Producers VBARD Vietnamese Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development VIFEP Vietnamese Institute for Fisheries Economics & Planning VIFINET Viet Nam Fishery and Aquaculture Institution Network VINAFIS Vietnamese Fisheries Association WTO World Trade Organization ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The 2004 Viet Nam fisheries and aquaculture sector study, conducted by the Ministry of Fisheries (MOFI) of the Government of Viet Nam (GOV) and the World Bank, concluded that the sector shows considerable potential to contribute to economic growth and poverty reduction in Viet Nam. The study also noted that aquaculture development had, particularly in coastal areas, contributed to environmental problems, such as deterioration of coastal habitats and other environmental impacts. With ambitious government plans for further expansion of the aquaculture sector, including aquaculture export targets of US$2.5 billion by 2010, improved environmental management of the sector will be essential for its sustainable growth. This document provides an analysis of the environmental impacts and risks associated with aquaculture development in Viet Nam and guidance on better environmental management and monitoring for its future development. Part 1 provides a summary of the main findings, and guidelines for future development of the aquaculture sector. Part 2 provides the detailed case study findings. The guidelines presented in Part 1 are based on cases studies of all major aquaculture commodities in Viet Nam, but gives special attention to aquaculture systems appropriate for poor coastal and inland provinces in northern, central and southern areas of Viet Nam. The document provides individual chapters covering each of the following major farming system/commodities: • Coastal shrimp aquaculture • Marine cage farming of grouper/cobia • Marine cage farming of lobsters • Freshwater cage and pond culture of Pangasius catfish • Freshwater cage culture of carps, emphasizing grass carp • Freshwater pond culture of carps/tilapia and integrated fish farming (VAC) • Coastal mollusk farming (clams) • Coastal seaweed farming Based on the findings from the case studies, the document assesses the environmental issues and identifies recommended better management practices. The purpose is to provide a concise set of guidelines to assist in future development of the sector. The final part of the document provides key recommendations for implementation of the environmental guidelines; it emphasizes that public and private investment in environmental management and monitoring capacity will be critical to sustaining Vietnamese aquaculture and its importance for Viet Nam's economy. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1 1.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................1 1.1.1Background ..........................................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Objectives and methods.......................................................................................................1 1.1.3 Organization of document...................................................................................................3 1.2 Aquaculture in Viet Nam................................................................................................................4 1.2.1 Background .........................................................................................................................4 1.2.2 Government policies............................................................................................................5 1.2.3 Institutions and stakeholders ..............................................................................................7 1.2.3 Aquaculture systems and production................................................................................13 1.2.4 Summary............................................................................................................................17 1.3 Environmental assessment of aquaculture .................................................................................17 1.3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................17 1.3.2 Impacts of environmental change on aquaculture ..........................................................18 1.3.3 Environmental impacts of aquaculture ............................................................................21 1.3.4 Costs of environmental problems......................................................................................27 1.3.5 Outlook to 2010 .................................................................................................................27 1.4 Better management of aquaculture .............................................................................................30 1.4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................30 1.4.2 Farm location and spatial planning .................................................................................31 1.4.3 Farming systems, design and construction ......................................................................32 1.4.4 Water resources and management....................................................................................33 1.4.5 Seed supplies including introduction
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