MINISTRY OF EDUCATION ACADEMY AND TRAINING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NGUYEN VAN GIANG

RESEARCH ON THE FAUNA OF THE BANG GIANG – KY CUNG RIVER BASIN IN VIETNAM

SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL DOCTRINE THESIS

HA NOI – 2018 The work was completed at: Graduate University Science and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

Supervisors 1: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Nguyen Huu Duc Supervisors 2: Dr. Nguyen Kim Son

Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3:

The thesis will be protected before the examination of PhD thesis at the Academy, meeting at the Graduate University Science and Technology - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology at ... hour .... ', Date ... month ... 2018

The thesis can be found at: - Library of the Graduate University Science and Technology - National Library of Vietnam 1 INTRODUCTION 1. The urgency of the thesis Annually, the river basin of Ky Cung - Bang Giang provide important fisheries to the people of Lang Son and Cao Bang, provides the main source of protein from fish in the daily meals in each family. Though, So far no work has systematically studied the fish fauna here. Besides that, the conservation of rare genetic resources and biodiversity in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung River is a common concern of all levels and sectors. However, in recent decades the Bang Giang - Ky Cung River has been subjected to the strong influence of socio-economic activities: mineral exploitation, domestic waste, industrial activities, increased use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides polluting water resources, affecting the lives of fish and aquatic . Many species of economic value, rare species are rapidly reduced in the number of strains, reducing biodiversity. Therefore, research into biodiversity resources of fish species, assess the status of exploitation and adverse activities on fish resources, contributing to the development of scientific basis for proposing solutions to protect, use rational and sustainable development of fish resources of the system. The Bang Giang - Ky Cung river system is urgent. On that basis, contributing to the education and construction of in the country. Provide updated data, the latest species composition, distribution characteristics, the status of resources, species need conservation, so that local authorities refer to the development of biodiversity protection plan. In general, fish in particular contribute to the overall development of the locality. Stemming from the above reasons, I chose the project “Research on the fish fauna of the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin in Vietnam” 2. Objectives of the research Identification of species composition, ichthyofaunistic diversity of Bang Giang – Ky Cung river basin. Cataloguing of fish species according to types of populated aquatic ecosystems and habitats, distribution characteristics, determining the geographic distribution of Bang Giang - Ky Cung fishery. Investigation and assessment of the status of resources and fisheries in the study area. Proposing some measures to protect and exploit rational fish resources in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river system, thus building the scientific basis for the sustainable use and development of fish resources. 3. Main research contents of the thesis Study on biodiversity composition of fish species in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river system. Analysis of geographic distribution, distribution by aquatic ecology of fish species in the study area. Characteristics, properties zoogeography of the Cao Bang and Lang Son fish fauna for the freshwater fish fauna of Vietnam.

2 Assessment of the status of resources, demand for use, situation of exploitation of people in the study area, serving for the management, protect fish resources, measures for conservation of fish resources and development of fisheries resources in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river system. CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW 1.1. Freshwater fish study 1.1.1. History study of freshwater fish fauna of Vietnam 1.1.2. Brief history of the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river fish fauna The first research in Cao Bang - Lang Son fishery was Vailant E., (1891, 1904), collected and classified 6 species and described 4 new species in Lai Chau, recorded 5 fish species in Lang Son. Chevey P. (1930, 1932, 1936, 1937) studied the composition of freshwater fish species in northern Vietnam including the fish fauna. In 1978, in his book "The freshwater of North Vietnam" Mai Dinh Yen recorded fish fauna Cao Bang - Lang Son has 56 species belonging to 13 families 47 genara 5 orders. Works "Freshwater fish of Vietnam" volume 1 of Nguyen Van Hao and Ngo Si Van (2001) and "Freshwater fish of Vietnam", Volume 2, Volume 3 of Nguyen Van Hao (2005), recorded 101 fish species belonging to 69 genera in Cao Bang - Lang Son belong to 18 families and 5 orders. In 2005, Nguyen Kiem Son conducted a survey on "fish fauna in Cao Bang province. The result found 54 fish species belonging to 42 genera, 15 families and 5 orders. In 2005, Ngo Sy Van, Pham Anh Tuan announced the fish fauna of two provinces Cao Bang - Lang Son has quite diverse species composition of 107 species of 74 varieties 22 families and 7 orders. In China, there are studies on the composition of fish species: fish fauna of the China Guangdong and Guangxi fish. The total number of species recorded in Guangxi province is 290 species of fish, of which Tay Giang river borders Vietnam receiving water from Bang Giang river - Ky Cung has recorded 125 species. In recent years, the Guangxi fish fauna has recorded new species of fish: Acrossocheilus malacopterus, Rectoris longibarbus and has recorded with distribution in Vietnam. Thien Quang Huynh and I-Shiung Chen (2013), announced Opsariichthys duchuunguyeni from the Bang Giang - Ky Cung River in Cao Bang - Lang Son province, northeastern Vietnam. Nguyen Van Hao, Vu Thi Hong Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Dieu Phuong (2015), describe three new fish species belonging to Silurus Linnaeus, 1758, (Siluridae, Siluriformes) found in northern provinces of Vietnam: Silurus caobangensis and Silurus langsonensis. As a result, there are 7 researches on the fish fauna of the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin. The results show that there are 172 species belonging to 93 genera, 23 families and 7 orders.

3 1.2. Overview of the natural and social characteristics of the study area 1.2.1. Natural features of the study area 1.2.1.1. Geographical location The Bang Giang - Ky Cung river system is located northeast of Vietnam in Cao Bang and Lang Son provinces. The area is 11,220 km2. 1.2.1.2. Morphological characteristics and topography The Bang Giang - Ky Cung river system is located in the lower part of the surrounding area, commonly known as the Cao - Lang low trough. Surrounding the northwest, west and southwest are the highest mountain ranges in the Northeast, with the highest peak being Pia Oac (1930 m). The Southeast is lowland with the highest peak is Mau Son peaks 1541 m, Ba Xa 1166 m. In the North Pole, the highest peaks are from 900 to over 1000 m. In terms of river basin morphology, the Bang River has higher elevation and basin slope than the Ky Cung River. The main river is also straight than the Ky Cung River, the average width of the basin is smaller than the Ky Cung River. However, the characteristics of the low trough is clearly shown 1.2.1.3. Climate characteristics The location of the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin is relatively hidden for the summer monsoon and directly welcomes the cold winter winds so it is dry and less rain, and the rainfall increases gradually from the Southeast to the Northwest. Also due to the location of hidden basins, deep in the continent that the rainfall caused by the storm is low; Lang Son is 246mm / year and Cao Bang is 140mm / year. Due to the strong influence of the winter wind and the obscurity of the sea, the rainfall is reduced in the region, the shortest rainy season in the North. 1.2.1.4. Hydrological regime Bang Giang river basin: The average density of rivers and streams in Cao Bang province is 0.5 - 1.0 km / km2. Flood season from June to September every year, peak flood in August, water volume in the flood season accounted for 70-80%. In contrast, the dry season lasts eight months, the water in the season accounts for 20 - 30%. Ky Cung river basin: The density of rivers and streams in Lang Son province is relatively high, the average density of rivers and streams is between 0.6 - 1.2 km / km2 compared to the average density of the whole country ( 0.6 km / km2). Divided into two seasons: The flood season is concentrated in June to September each year, the water volume this season accounts for 66 - 80% of the total water volume in the year. Dry season lasts for eight months, but water volume accounts for 20 - 34% of the annual flow. 1.2.2. Socio-economic characteristics Cao Bang: Natural land area of 6,700,26km2. The population in Cao Bang is 522.4 thousand people, with a population density of 79.08 people / km2, Cao Bang's economy is still underdeveloped. There are 28 ethnic groups in the province, 42.54% of which are Tay majority; Nung ethnic group accounts for 32.86%; Dao ethnic

4 group accounts for 9.63%; H'mong ethnic group accounted for 8.45%; Kinh majority accounts for 4.68%; The population of San Chay is 1.23%; Lo Lo group accounts for 0.39%; Hoa ethnic group accounts for 0.033%; Ngai ethnic group accounted for 0.013%; other ethnic groups account for 0.18%. The economic structure is mainly agricultural, while the area of cultivated land is limited, most of the crops are food and production is monoculture. Lang Son: is a poor province with a land area of 8.310.09 km2. In 2016, there are 767.7 thousand inhabitants in Lang Son. The population density is 92.5 persons / km2. East (84.74% of the total population of the province). It is a place of coexistence of many ethnic groups, of which the Nung is 43.9%, the Tay 35.3%, the Kinh 15.3%, the majority in the towns and towns; Dao, 3.5%, Hoa, San Chay, Mong and other ethnic groups make up 1.4%. CHAPTER 2. LOCATION, TIME, MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. Location and time The study was conducted in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin. Field study period from March 2012 to December 2016. In the 17 districts of 40 communes, the total number of field days is 188 days. Analysis of specimens was conducted at Research Institute for Aquaculture No1, Bac Ninh; Laboratory, Museum of Nature Vietnam. Specimens are kept at the Vietnam Museum of Nature. 2.2. Materials Research All of the specimens we collected were analyzed and classified during the implementation period of 1270 samples. Field Diary: Record of interview data for interviews with local people. Scientific documents: Use all the materials listed in the reference list, scientific works by domestic and foreign authors have been published related to the topic. 2.3. Research Methods 2.3.1. Field research methods. Selection methods of the study: Sampling points were covering the entire basin study, from small streams to major rivers, tributaries, ponds, lakes and fields. Sampling points represent each area, basin, typical for each water area and habitat of fishes: mountainous and delta areas with strong and fast flowing water; slow flowing water, static water, covered vegetation, open air, limestone mountains, mountainous areas. Collect fish sample: At each site, we investigated the number of species that could be encountered. Sample processing: Temporarily imaged for imaging, then transferred to a formalin format with a concentration of 8-10%, accompanied by a generic name card, local name, time and place of sample collection. , the name of the collector. Interview: Investigated, people involved in regular and irregular fishing in the study area. Observation, landscape photography, recording of phenomena, events related to research content during the field.

5 Ecological methods of fish distribution in studied areas: According to Dang Ngoc Thanh (2007) 2.3.2. Methods of research in the laboratory Fish classification method: Morphological characteristics analysis according to Pravdin I.F (1961). Methods of classifying according to the principles of the Mayr classification. E (1969) and Nguyen Ngoc Chau's classification and nomenclature (2007). About , we follow Eschmeyer. W. N. (1998); Identify the species name Froese R. & Pauly D. follow (www.fishbase.org, version 06/2017). Main documents used in the classification: Mai Dinh Yen (1978, 1979, 1992); Nguyen Van Hao (2001, 2005); Kottelat (2001a, 2001b); Rainboth (1996); Chen Yong Gui and Lu Zhao Fa (2005); Yue P. Q. (2000); Zhang Chun Guang (2005). The method to determine the proximity of fish fauna Using the formula of Sorencen (1948), S = 2C/(A + B) Data processing methods: Use Excel, and Access Pass 3.0 Method of determining the geographical factors animals: According to Mai Dinh Yen (1973) and Nguyen Huu Duc (1995) CHAPTER 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Species composition and structure of fish fauna Bang Giang – Ky Cung river basin 3.1.1. List of fish species in Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin Through analysis and identification of 1270 fish samples collected during field surveys in the study area, during the period from 2012 to 2017, identified 124 species of fish, 71genara, 18 families and 5 orders. Synthesize the list of species of previous authors in the study area, look up and compare, correct each name, the name of the taxon species Froese and D. Pauly (www.fishbase.org, version 06 / 2017), classified classification system according to Eschmeyer WN (1998). The results were identified in the study area of 202 species of 99 genera, 24 families and 8 orders (Table 3. 1).

6 Table 3. 1. Composition of fish species in Bang Giang – Ky Cung river basin (Sort by system Eschmeyer, 1998) Number of species known Species recorded Species conservation

Agriculture

Ministry of

Study areaStudy

Red book Red book

Vietnam

0 North IUCN

N of VN N0 Scientific name samples

1 2 3 4 5

I (1) 1 Opsariichthys bidens Günther, 1873 35 + + + + + LC 2 Opsariichthys duchuunguyeni Huynh & Chen, 2014 Ꚛ 30 + NE 3 Opsariichthys sp. 20 + + NE 4 Opsarius pulchellus (Smith, 1931) - + LC 5 Nicholsicypris normalis (Nichols & Pope, 1927) 12 + + NE 6 Zacco platypus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) - + NE 7 Rasbora steineri (Nichols & Pope, 1927) - + + + + LC 8 Rasbora aurotaenia Tirant, 1885 - + LC 9 Rasbora trilineata Steindachner, 1866 - + LC 10 Pseudorasbora sp. 5 + + NE 11 Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson, 1846) 1 + + DD 12 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) * ⸫ 1 + + + NE 13 Ochetobius elongatus (Kner, 1867) - + LC 14 Luciobrama macrocephalus (Lacepede, 1803) - + + DD 15 Squaliobarbus curriculus (Richardson, 1846) 5 + + + + DD 16 Elopichthys bambusa (Richardson, 1844) - + + + VU VU DD 17 sinensis Bleeker, 1864 - + + LC 18 Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) * 30 + + + + + LC 19 Toxabramis houdemeri Pellegrin, 1932 17 + + + LC

7 20 dispar (Peters, 1881) 14 + + + + VU 21 Pseudohemiculter pacboensis Nguyen, 2001 Ꚛ 8 + + NE 22 Pseudohemiculter hainanensis (Boulenger, 1900) 12 + + LC 23 Hainania serrata Koller, 1927 18 + + + DD 24 Megalobrama mantschuricus (Basilewsky, 1855) - + NE 25 macrops Gunther, 1868 - + + LC 26 Sinibrama affinis (Vaillant, 1892) Θ 7 + + LC 27 Sinibrama melrosei (Nichols & Pope, 1927) - + DD 28 Ancherythroculter lini Luo, 1994 6 + + NE 29 Ancherythroculter daovantieni Banarescu, 1967 Θ - + DD 30 Culter recurvirostris Sauvage, 1884 - + + + DD 31 Chanodichthys erythropterus (Basilewsky, 1855) - + LC 32 Chanodichthys mongolicus (Basilewsky, 1855) - + + LC 33 Rasborinus lineatus (Pellegrin, 1907) - + + + LC 34 Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, 1871 15 + + NE 35 Xenocypris microlepis Bleeker, 1871 - + LC 36 Hypophthalmichthys harmandi Sauvage, 1884 1 + + DD 37 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix(Valenciennes, 1844) * ⸫ 1 + + + NT 38 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845) * ⸫ 1 + + + + DD 39 Hemibarbus macracanthus Lu, Luo & Chen, 1977 * - + + DD 40 Hemibarbus medius Yue, 1995 * 30 + + + + NE 41 Hemibarbus umbrifer (Lin, 1931) 35 + + + LC 42 Sarcocheilichthys parvus Nichols, 1930 - + LC 43 Sarcocheilichthys kiangsiensis Nichols, 1930 7 + + NE 44 Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis (Günther, 1873) 5 + + + + NE 45 Sarcocheilichthys caobangensis Ngu. & Ngo, 2001 Ꚛ 4 + + NE 46 atromaculatus (Nichols & Pope, 1927) * 15 + + + + LC 47 Squalidus chankaensis Dybowski, 1872 30 + + NE

8 48 Squalidus argentatus (Sau. & Dab., 1874) * 23 + + DD 49 Abbottina binhi Nguyen, 2001 Θ 5 + + DD 50 Abbottina sp. 4 + + DD 51 Microphysogobio labeoides (Nichols & Pope, 1927) * 8 + + + DD 52 Microphysogobio kachekensis (Oshima, 1926) 12 + + + + + LC 53 Microphysogobio vietnamica Mai, 1978 Θ - + + DD 54 Microphysogobio yunnanensis (Yao -Yang, 1977) - + + DD 55 Pseudogobio guilinensis Yao & Yang, 1977 - + DD 56 Pseudogobio banggiangensis Nguyen, 2001 Ꚛ 15 + + NE 57 Saurogobio immaculatus Koller, 1927 - + + DD 58 Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker, 1871 20 + + NE 59 Gobiobotia kolleri Banarescu & Nalbant, 1966 5 + + + + DD 60 Gobiobotia meridionalis Chen & Cao, 1977 8 + + DD 61 Acheilognathus imfasciodorsalis Nguyen, 2001 Θ - + NE 62 Acheilognathus fasciodorsalis Nguyen, 2001 Θ 4 + + NE 63 Acheilognathus tonkinensis (Vaillant, 1892) 15 + + + + + DD 64 Acheilognathus macropterus (Bleeker) - + DD 65 Acheilognathus lamensis Nguyen, 1983 Θ - + DD 66 Acheilognathus meridianus Wu, 1939 - + DD 67 ocellatus (Kner, 1867) - + + + DD 68 Rhodeus spinalis Oshima, 1926 17 + + + LC 69 Rhodeus elongatus (Mai, 1978) Θ - + + DD 70 Parator zonatus (Lin, 1935) - + + NE 71 Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881) 5 + + VU VU DD 72 Paraspinibarbus macracanthus(Pel. & Chev., 1936) - + DD 73 babeensisNguyen, 2001 Θ 2 + + DD 74 Spinibarbus caldwelli (Nichols, 1925) 2 + + VU DD 75 Spinibarbus hollandi Oshima, 1919 10 + + + + + DD

9 76 Spinibarbus denticulatus (Oshima, 1926) * 20 + + + + + LC 77 Spinibarbus sp. 5 + + DD 78 Barbodes semifasciolatus (Günther, 1868) 5 + + + + + LC 79 Neolissocheilus benasi (Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936) - + DD 80 Acrossocheilus iridescens (Nichols & Pope, 1927) * 30 + + + + + DD 81 Acrossocheilus krempfi (Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936) - + + + + DD 82 Acrossocheilus elongatus (Pel. & Chev., 1934) - + + DD 83 Acrossocheilus macroquadatus (Mai, 1978) Θ - + DD 84 Acrossocheilus malacopterus Zhang, 2005 35 + + + + DD 85 Acrossocheilus clivosius (Lin, 1935) 10 + + DD 86 Acrossocheilus sp. 7 + + DD 87 ovale Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936 5 + + DD 88 Onychostoma gerlachi (Peters, 1881) * 14 + + + NT 89 Onychostoma simum (Sau. & Dab., 1874) - + + DD 90 Onychostoma laticeps Günther, 1896 * 15 + + VU NE 91 Onychostoma leptura (Boulenger, 1900) * 5 + + DD 92 Luciocyprinus langsoni Vaillant, 1904 - + + CR VU 93 Rectoris posehensis Lin, 1935 5 + + + NE 94 Rectoris mutabilis (Lin, 1933) 3 + + + + NE 95 Rectoris longibarbus Zhu, Zhang & Lan, 2012 5 + + + + NE 96 Ptychidio jordani Myers, 1930 2 + + + + CR 97 Ptychidio sp. 2 + + DD 98 Vietnamia remtua Nguyen, Ngo & Nguyen, 2016 Ꚛ 7 + + + + DD 99 Vietnamia sp. 2 + + DD 100 notabilis Peters, 1881 * 23 + + VU VU DD 101 Semilabeo obscurus Lin, 1981 30 + + LC 102 Bangana tonkinensis (Pellegrin & Chevey, 1934) - + VU 103 Labeo pierrei (Sauvage, 1880) 1 + + VU

10 104 Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) * ⸫ 1 + + + + LC 105 Cirrhinus molitorella (Valenciennes, 1844) 1 + + + + NT 106 Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) * ⸫ 1 + + + + LC 107 Metzia formosae (Oshima, 1920) 27 + + LC 108 salsburyi Nichols & Pope, 1927 * 35 + + + + LC 109 orientalis Nichols, 1925 18 + + + + LC 110 Garra pingi Tchang, 1929 - + + DD 111 Garra caudofasciata (Pellegrin vµ Chevey, 1936) - + LC 112 Discogobio microstomus (Mai, 1978) Θ 16 + + LC 113 Discogobio tetrabarbatus Lin, 1931 - + LC 114 Discogobio caobangi Nguyen, 2001 Ꚛ 4 + + NE 115 Discogobio pacboensis Nguyen, 2001 Ꚛ - + NE 116 Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) * 19 + + + + + LC 117 Carassioides cantonensis (Heincke, 1892) - + + + LC 118 Procypris mera Lin, 1933 - + + EW DD 119 carpio Linnaeus, 1758 * 5 + + + VU 120 Cyprinus hyperdorsalis Nguyen, 1991 Θ - + DD 121 Cyprinus exophthalmus Mai, 1978 Θ - + + DD 122 Cyprinus rubrofuscus Lacepede, 1803 - + LC (2) Cobitidae 123 Leptobotia elongata (Bleeker, 1870) 5 + + + VU 124 Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758 - + LC 125 Cobitis sinensis Sauvage & Dabry, 1874 30 + + + LC 126 Sinibotia pulchra (Wu, 1939) 3 + + DD 127 Misgurnus tonkinensis Rendahl, 1937 Θ 3 + + NE 128 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Cantor, 1842 * 10 + + LC (3) Balitoridae 129 Vanmanenia caobangensis Nguyen, 2005 Θ - + DD

11 130 Vanmanenia ventrosquamata (Mai, 1978) Θ 4 + + DD 131 Balitora lancangjiangensis (Zheng,1980) - + + LC 132 Balitora kwangsiensis (Fang, 1930) - + + LC 133 Balitora brucei Gray, 1830 - + NT 134 Sinogastromyzon rugocauda Mai, 1978 3 + + DD 135 Sinogastromyzon cf puliensis Liang, 1974 5 + + VU 136 leveretti (Nichols & Pope, 1927) - + DD (4) 137 fasciolata (Nichols & Pope, 1927) 8 + + + + + DD 138 Schistura caudofurca (Mai, 1978) 5 + + LC 139 Schistura incerta (Nichols, 1931) - + DD 140 Schistura chapaensis (Rendahl, 1944) - + DD 141 Schistura sp1. 8 + + DD 142 Schistura sp2. 5 + + DD 143 Traccatichthys taeniatus (Pel. & Che., 1936) - + LC 144 Traccatichthys pulcher (Nichols & Pope, 1927) 25 + + + + LC II Characiformes (5) Characidae 145 Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier, 1818) * ⸫ 1 + + NE III Siluriformes (6) Bagridae 146 Pelteobagrus intermedius Nichols & Pope, 1927 - + LC 147 Pelteobagrus vachelii (Richardson, 1846) - + + + DD 148 Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson, 1846) 5 + + + LC 149 Tachysurus virgatus (Oshima, 1926) - + DD 150 Pseudobagrus crassilabris (Günther, 1864) 10 + + NE 151 Hemibagrus pluriradiatus (Vaillant, 1892) * 3 + + + LC 152 Hemibagrus guttatus (Lacepède, 1803) * 9 + + + VU VU DD

12 153 Hemibagrus dongbacensis Nguyen, 2005 Θ - + DD 154 Hemibagrus vietnamicus Mai, 1978 Θ 3 + + EN EN DD 155 Hemibagrus hongus Mai, 1978 - + DD (7) Cranoglanididae 156 Cranoglanis bouderius (Richardson, 1846) 7 + + VU 157 Cranoglanis henrici (Vaillant, 1893) 5 + + LC 158 Cranoglanis caolangensis Nguyen, 2005 Θ - + NE (8) Siluridae 159 Silurus asotus Linnaeus, 1758 * 20 + + + + + LC 160 Silurus meridionalis Chen, 1977 * 32 + + LC 161 Silurus langsonensis Nguyen, Vu & Nguyen, 2015 Θ 4 + + DD 162 Silurus caobangensis Nguyen, Vu & Nguyen, 2015 Θ 5 + + DD 163 Pterocryptis cochinchinensis (Valenciennes, 1840) * 7 + + LC (9) 164 rutilus Ng & Kottelat, 2000 1 + + + + VU VU DD 165 Glyptothorax honghensis Li, 1984 5 + + + DD 166 Glyptothorax hainanensis (Nichols & Pope, 1927) 3 + + NE 167 Glyptothorax interspinalus (Mai, 1978) - + NT (10) Clariidae 168 Clarias fuscus (Lacepede, 1803) 10 + + + + + LC 169 Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) * ⸫ 1 + + + LC 170 Clarias sp. 9 + + DD IV Osmeriformes (11) Salangidae 171 Salanx chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) - + DD 172 Salanx ariakensis Kishinouye, 1902 - + NE V Cyprinodontiformes (12) Aplocheilidae

13 173 Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton, 1822) - + + LC (13) Poeciliidae 174 Gambusia affinis (Gaird & Birard, 1853) ⸫ - + + + LC 175 Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1860 ⸫ - + + NE VI Beloniformes (14) Adrianichthyidae 176 Oryzias latipes (Temm. & Schl., 1846) - + NE 177 Oryzias sinensis Chen, Uwa & Chu, 1989 - + LC VII Synbranchiformes (15) Synbranchidae 178 Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) * 5 + + + + + LC (16) Mastacembelidae 179 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède, 1800) * 19 + + + + + LC 180 Mastacembelus aculeatus Basilewsky, 1855 - + NE 181 Sinobdella sinensis (Bleeker, 1870) - + + + LC VIII Perciformes (17) Percichthyidae 182 Siniperca kwangsiensis Fang & Chong, 1932 - + DD 183 Siniperca scherzeri Steidanchner, 1892 17 + + + + DD 184 Siniperca chuatsi(Basilewsky, 1855) - + NE 185 Siniperca vietnamensis Mai, 1978 - + + DD 186 Coreoperca whiteheadi Boulenger, 1900 * 32 + + + + LC (18) Cichlidae 187 Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) * ⸫ 5 + + + NE 188 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) * ⸫ 5 + + NT (19) Eleotridae 189 Eleotris fusca (Forster, 1801) - + LC (20) Odontobutidae

14 190 Sineleotris chalmersi (Nichols & Pope, 1927) 5 + + LC 191 Sineleotris namxamensis Chen & Kottelat, 2004 3 + + DD 192 Neodontobutis tonkinensis (Mai, 1978) 3 + + DD (21) Gobiidae 193 Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) 8 + + LC 194 Rhinogobius giurinus (Rutter, 1897) 3 + + + + + LC 195 Rhinogobius leavelli (Herre, 1935) 6 + + + LC 196 Rhinogobius brunneus (Tem. & Sch., 1845) 4 + + + DD (22) Anabantidae 197 Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) 5 + + + + DD (23) Osphronemidae 198 Macropodus opercularis(Linnaeus, 1758) 3 + + + + + LC (24) Channidae 199 Channa orientalis Bloch & Schneider, 1801 - + NE 200 Channa maculata (Lacepède, 1801) * 5 + + EN EN LC 201 Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) 6 + + LC 202 Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) 4 + + + + LC Total 1270 56 101 107 54 124 4 4 32 9 9 202 Note: 1 – Mai Dinh Yen (1978); 2 – Nguyen Van Hao (2001, 2005); 3 – Ngo Sy Van (2005a); 4 – Nguyen Kiem Son (2005b); 5 – Author (2017); (*) - Species of economic value; (⸫) - Species imported and raised; (Θ) – Species endemic to the North; (Ꚛ) – Species endemic to the study area; (-) – Species previously recorded in the study area were not collected; Red book of Vietnam; IUCN; Species on the list of endangered precious and rare aquatic species in Vietnam should be protected, rehabilitated and developed. Ministry of Agriculture (NE – Not Evaluated; LC – Least Concern; DD – Data Deficient; NT – Near Threatened; VU – Vulnerable; EN – Endangered; CR – Critically Endangered; EW – Extinct in the Wild).

15 3.1.2. Comment on nomenclature and classification To get the list of species on the corrected taxon name, author name or location of 53 species classification 16 varieties 3.1.3. Diversified fish species composition of Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin Diversified species of Bang Giang River - Ky Cung River, presented in Table 3.2. Table 3.2. Structural component of fish in Bang Giang – Ky Cung river basin Families Genara Species N0 Order N0 % N0 % N0 % 1 Beloniformes 1 4,17 1 1,01 2 0,99 2 Characiformes 1 4,17 1 1,01 1 0,50 3 Cypriniformes 4 16,67 69 69,70 144 71,29 4 Cyprinodontiformes 2 8,33 3 3,03 3 1,49 5 Osmeriformes 1 4,17 1 1,01 2 0,99 6 Perciformes 8 33,33 11 11,11 21 10,40 7 Siluriformes 5 20,83 10 10,10 25 12,38 8 Synbranchiformes 2 8,33 3 3,03 4 1,98 Total 24 100 99 100 202 100 Order: Among them, Perciformes is the most family diversity with 8 families, accounting for 33.33%; followed by the Siluriformes with 5 families, accounting for 20.83%; Cypriniformes have 5 families, accounting for 16.67%; Synbranchiformes and Cyprinodontiformes have two families, accounting for 8.33%; There are 3 order of fish with only one family: Characiformes, Beloniformes and Osmeriformes accounting for 4.17% (Table 3.2). Families: Carp (Cyprinidae) has the largest number of varieties with 59 varieties, accounting for 59.60%; 3 families have 4 varieties: Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Bagridae, accounting for 4.04%; 8 families have 2 varieties: the Gobiidae, the Mastacembelidae, the Nemacheilidae, the Odotobutidae, the Percichthidae, the Poeciliidae, the fish family the Siluridae and Sisoridae, accounting for 2.02%; 12 families have 1 variety, accounting for 1.01%. Genara: 99 varieties of fish have 52 varieties of multi-species, from 2 to 7 species, accounting for 52.53% and 47 species of single species, accounting for 47.47%. 01 variety have the highest number of species with 07 species is Acrossocheilus, accounting for 3.47%; Species: Cypriniformes have the largest number of species with 144 species, accounting for 71.29%; secondly, there are 25 species of shrimps (Siluriformes), accounting for 12.38%; ranked third in the list of species of Perciformes (21 perciformes), accounting for 10.40%. The remaining 1 to 4 species, accounting for 0.5% to 1.98%.

16 Carp (Cyprinidae) has the largest number of species, 122 species, 59 species, accounting for 60.4%; followed by the Lang family has 10 species, accounting for 4.95%; Balitoridae and Nemacheilidae have 8 species, accounting for 3.96%; Cobitidae have 6 species, accounting for 2.97%; the Percichthyidae and the Siluridae have 5 species, accounting for 2.48%; The remaining families are from 1 to 4 species, accounting for 0.5% - 1.98%. General comment: By analyzing the results, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes and Perciformes were the dominant species in the study area. In it, the carps variety and abundance in the number of species and number of species, accounting for 69.70% and 71.29% respectively. The diversity of taxa of the same species, in the , reflects the suitability of habitat and distribution of the study area. The study area has hilly terrain with large proportions, no seawater invasion, the environment is completely freshwater, the fishes here are freshwater, they live throughout their life. 3.1.4. Describe the morphological characteristics of newly recorded species in the study area Of the 202 fish species recorded in the Bang Giang-Ky Cung River Basin, detailed description of the morphological characteristics of 10 unidentified taxa, and 3 new recorded species for Vietnam. has not been described by the author in the country. The characteristics of each species are described in the thesis. 3.2. Conservation value of the study area 3.2.1. Endemic species There are 28 endemic species in North Vietnam that are distributed in the study area, accounting for 13.86% of total fish species distributed here. There are 12 endemic species found only in the study area but not found elsewhere in Vietnam, accounting for 5.9%. Comparison of the number of endemic species in Cyprinidae found in the study area with the number of endemic species found in the carps of the country and North Vietnam. are shown in Figure 3. 18. The Cypriniformes have 79 endemic species in the country, of which 23 are endemic in the study area (29.1%). There are 8 species in the study area (10.1%). Compared with the North with 63 species endemic in the Cypriniformes, the number of endemic species in North Vietnam is 23 species in the study area (36.5%), The study area is 8 species (accounting for 12.7%). In addition to endemic fish species in northern Vietnam, the Bang Giang - Ky Cung fish fauna also exhibits unique characteristics, especially some endemic species from southern China that are distributed in the study area: Ptychidio and Ptychidio jordani species, Rectoris longibarbus, Acrossocheus malacopterus and Procypris mera.

17

Fig. 3. 18. Number of species, the percentage of endemic species found in the study area 3.2.2. The rate fish species in Vietnam Red Animals, the rate fish species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and the rate fish species risk of extinction should be preserved and developed in Vietnam 3.2.2.1. The rate fish species in Vietnam Red Animals According to the Red Book of Vietnam (2007) and based on the list of species recorded in the study area, identified 9 species listed in the Red Book (4.45%). 5 species have been recorded in the threat level Vulnerable (VU), 2 species of endangered species (EN), 1 species of Critically Endangered (CR) and 1 species of extinct in the wild (EW). 3.2.2.2. The rate fish species risk of extinction should be preserved and developed according to Decision 82 - Ministry of Agriculture According to Decision 82 - Ministry of Agriculture (2008), there are 9 species of conservation value in the study area (accounting for 4.45% of total species in the study area) include: 7 species level conservation classification Vulnerable (VU); 2 species are endangered (EN). 3.2.2.3. The rate fish species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species List of species distributed in the watershed of Ky Cung - Bang Giang river was assessed in the IUCN red list according to the threat level as follows: 39 species not evaluated (NE), (accounting for 19.3%); 80 species data deficient (DD), (accounting for 39.6%); 68 species are less concerned (LC), (33.7%); 6 species are threatened (NT), accounting for 3.0%; 8 species at Vulnerable (VU), (4.0%) and 1 Critically Endangered (CR), accounting for 0.5%.

18 3.3. Distribution of fish species in the Bang Giang-Ky Cung river basin 3.3.1. Distribution by districts in the study area The number of species caught in the districts of the study area is presented in Fig. 3. 22.

Fig. 3. 22. Distribution of fish species and percentages found in the districts 3.3.2. Distribution by aquatic ecosystems The Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin has the following types of aquatic ecosystems: - The static water ecosystem includes ponds, lakes and fields. - Water flow ecology: It is divided into ecosystems of rivers, streams, main rivers and tributaries, are shown in Fig. 3. 23 and Fig. 3. 24.

Fig. 3. 23. The distribution chart according to the ecological system of Ky Cung river

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Fig. 3. 24. The chart distributed in aquatic ecosystems Bang Giang river 3.3.3. Distribution by terrain The Bang Giang and Ky Cung rivers have two main types of terrain: mountainous terrain and flat sunken terrain; however, there are differences in the river basin. Bang Giang river basin, hilly terrain has more species encountered than the sunken terrain, with 105 species, the lowland terrain has fewer species, only 66 species, the number of species encountered in both forms The topography is 59 species. In contrast to the Bang Giang basin, the Ky Cung river basin has a higher number of species with 103 species, hilly terrain has lower species, only 51 species, the number of species common to both types of terrain are 42 species (Fig.3. 25).

Fig. 3. 25. Number and percentage of fish species caught by topography in the study area 3.3.4. Distribution characteristics by vertical Based on the natural morphology of habitat, environmental conditions and according to Fishbase (2017). The 202 fish species identified in the study area were

20 divided into three groups: group demersal fish (Bottom layer), group pelagic fish (Surface layer) and group benthopelagic fish (fish living in the middle) Group pelagic fish has the lowest number of species 3 species (1.5%); group of middle species has the highest number of species of 140 species (accounting for 69.3%), bottom fish group has 59 species (accounting for 29.2%) (Fig. 3. 26).

Fig. 3. 26. Number and percentage (%) of fish species distributed by water layers 3.4. Compare the species composition of the fish fauna of the study area with other fish fauna 3.4.1. Compare the classification units between the fish fauna of the study area and other fish fauna The research area has high biodiversity compared to other areas, in rank order, family, genus taxon and species level (Fig. 3. 27)

Fig. 3. 27. Comparison of classification units between study area and other fish fauna

21 3.4.2. Compares the level of intimacy between the study area with the other fish fauna The results show that the study area is closely related to the fish fauna: Red river (close coefficient S = 0.88); Da river (close coefficient S = 0.70); Lam River (close coefficient S = 0.72). The proximity to the Ma river fish fauna (close coefficient S = 0.59) and have few close relationships with Gianh river fish fauna (close coefficient S = 0.33). Fig. 3. 28 shows the relationship of species composition between the study area and other fish fauna, analyzed by Pass 3.0 software. The results show that the river basins are closely related, forming two groups of relationships: 1 - the study area with the Red river and Da river basins, of which the Red river and the Da river form the group small, close relationship with the research area; 2 - Ma River Basin, Lam River and Gianh River, in which Ma River, Lam River is a small group, closely related to Gianh River

Fig. 3. 28. Relationship diagram of the species composition of the study area with other fish fauna 3.5. The geographic features of the fish fauna of the study area and the location of this area in the geographic distribution of freshwater fishes in Vietnam. The fish fauna of the Bang Giang - Ky Cung River consists of species of different origins, belonging to two zoological subspecies: Chinese subregion and the Indo – Indosinian subregion, which belong to the Oriental rigion. as shown in Fig. 3. 29 below.

Fig. 3. 29. Geographical origin of fish species in the study area

22 The origin of Chinese subregion has 145 species, accounting for 82.9%; the origin of Indo – Indosinian subregion has very few species with 7 species, accounting for 4.0%. Thus, the Bang Giang - Ky Cung fishery basin has the origin of Chinese subregion dominant than the origin of Indo – Indosinian subregion. 3.6. Value of fish species in Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin The study area has identified 34 species of economically valuable fish, 25 species of conservation value, 15 species of medicinal value, 47 species of ornamental value, 13 species of protected species value. people and 10 species of pest kill for plants. 3.7. Exploitation situation of fishermen, fishing gear Field surveys, and interviews with local fishermen in the study area show that natural fish stocks in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin are declining. 3.7.1. Some fishing gear used in the main exploitation in the study area The study area uses 3 main fishing gears: gill net, electric pulse and fishing net. 3.7.2. Fishery resources aquaculture and nature fish in the study area The study area has 18 species of fish raised for the purpose of supplying food and ornamental products to local people, which are sold in markets, restaurants and supermarkets in the two provinces of Cao Bang and Lang Son, accounting for 8.9%. Overall, yield farmed fish higher than 3-4 times the total yield of nature fish (Fig. 3: 44 and 3: 45).

Fig. 3. 2. Ratio% of farmed fish, natue fish in Cao Bang province

Fig. 3. 3. Ratio% of farmed fish, natue fish in Lang Son province

23 3.7.3. Causes of resource depletion Resource depletion must be attributed to global climate change affecting the hydrological regime of basins; Due to the rapidly increasing population pressure on livelihoods, demand for food; Urbanization, industrial parks, bridges, hydropower, and factories have increased water pollution; Fishing techniques are destructive. All these causes have been directly affecting the fish resources in the study area. 3.7.4. Restore, regenerate and develop aquatic resources, protect and conserve fish biodiversity 3.7.4.1. Restore, regenerate and develop fish resources The subjects that need to be prioritized for regenerative restoration in the study area include: Semilabeo notabilis, Hemibagrus guttatus, Hemibagrus vietnamicus, Bagarius rutilus, Channa maculata, Spinibarbus caldwelli, Onychostoma gerlachi, and attention to species of economic value. In parallel with the rehabilitation and rehabilitation of fisheries resources in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung system. 3.7.4.2. Conservation of fish biodiversity in the study area Conservation of rare and valuable fishes of high scientific and economic value are in danger of extinction in the study area. There should be solutions: general solutions and specific solutions.. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSIONS 1. The Bang Giang - Ky Cung basin study identified 202 fish species belonging to 99 genera, 24 families and 8 orders. Of these, 124 species were collected, 78 were not sampled, and 170 species were collected from previous studies. Complementary to the science of 1 species and 1 new species, the study area and freshwater fish in Vietnam were 3 species and 3 species, 22 species were recorded for the new study area and 10 unclassified taxa. There are 28 species endemic to the North of Vietnam, 12 species have been recorded only in the study area, 25 species need conservation (9 species according to Vietnam Red Data Book, 9 species according to Decision 82 of the Ministry of Agriculture and 15 species according to IUCN). Perciformes have the largest number of families with 8 families accounting for 33.33%; Carp (Cyprinidae) has the highest number of 59 varieties, accounting for 59.6%; There are 52 varieties of multi-species, 47 species of single species, Acrossocheilus species for the largest number of species of 7 species; Cypriniformes have 144 species and the carp (Cyprinidae) has 122 species, dominating the other families. 2. Distribution: Phuc Hoa and Trang Dinh districts have the highest number of species, 74 and 75 species; ecological advantages flowing water than standing water ecosystems, major rivers have more species than tributaries; Bang Giang river in mountainous terrain and Ky Cung river in lowland terrain have more species; as a result, the number of species living in the middle layer dominates.

24 About the degree of similarity in species composition: The study area is more diverse than the surrounding areas in terms of order, families, varieties and species; It is very close to the Red River, Da River and Lam River, relative proximity to the Ma River, less close to Gianh River. About geographic distribution: The study area has 4 distribution factors: endemic factors, wide distribution factors, North Vietnam - South China Elements and the Mekong, of which North Vietnam - South China dominated, accounting for 82.9%. Study area belong to Chinese Subrigion 3. In the study area there were 34 fish species of economic value; 18 species of farmed fish, including 11 species of imported species, 15 species of medicinal value, 47 species of fishes, 13 species of fish prevention, 10 species of pests to kill pests. The farmed fish stocks dominant than natural fish resources in the study area. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Introducing the Ptychidio jordani species listed in the IUCN List of Species to be Conserved in the Study Area and in Vietnam.. 2. – Develop a strict protection plan for the river section running through Dinh Phong commune, Ban Giaoc waterfall in Dam Thuy commune, Trung Khanh district, where this is the spawning ground for some species of conservation value recorded in Vietnam Red Book, it is strictly forbidden to catch during the breeding season from January to March lunar calendar. Fish species should be preserved: Semilabeo notabilis, Hemibagrus guttatus. To protect the riverbank near the Ta Lung border gate in My Duc commune, Phuc Hoa district, where the fishes of Bagarius rutilus, Semilabeo notabilis and Hemibagrus guttatus are listed in the Red Book of Vietnam. - Develop action plans to protect the river section from That Khe Town to the Viet Trung border, which is the breeding ground for rare fish: Bagarius rutilus, Folifer brevifilis, Semilabeo notabilis and Hemibagrus guttatus, and many other fish species, 3 months ban, lunar 1-3 months. NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS 1. The thesis has provided the most comprehensive list of fish species in the Bang Giang - Ky Cung river basin of 202 species belong to 99 genera, 24 families and 8 orders. Supplemented for the science of 1 genus and 1 new species. Complement the fish fauna Vietnam 3 genus and 3 new species, supplemented the research area of 3 genus and 22 new species. 2. Determine the distribution characteristics of the fish species in the study area. 3. The Bang Giang - Ky Cung river fish fauna has been identified as having 25 species of conservation value and status. 4. Recommend 2 solution exploitation and conservation of fish species in the study area.

25 LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS

1. Nguyen Van Giang, Nguyen Huu Duc, Nguyen Kiem Son (2015), " Data on the composition of Ky Cung river fish species in Lang Son province, Vietnam", Journal of Science Hanoi national university: Natural Science and Technology. 31(4S), p 50-55 2. Nguyen Van Giang, Nguyen Huu Duc, Nguyen Kiem Son (2015), " Data on fish species composition in Bang Giang river, Cao Bang province, Vietnam" The 6th National Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, Publishing house Science and Technology, Hanoi, 91 - 95. 3. Nguyen Van Hao, Ngo Sy Van, Nguyen Van Giang (2016), " Description of the new genus Vietnamia gen. n. and a new species Vietnamia remtua sp. n belong to subfamily (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes) found in Cao Bang, Vietnam ", Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 103 - 111. 4. Nguyen Van Giang, Nguyen Huu Duc, Nguyen Kiem Son (2016), Acrosocheilus malacopterus Zhang, 2005 a new record for freshwater fish fauna of Vietna, Scientific Report, Second National Conference of Vietnam Museum of Nature, Publishing house, Natural Science and Technology, Hanoi. 5. Nguyen Van Giang, Nguyen Huu Duc, Nguyen Kiem Son (2017), "Rectoris longibarbus Zhu, Zhang & Lan 2012, a new record species, from Northeast of Vietnam", Journal of Scienes Hanoi national university: Natural Science and Technology. 33(1S), 1-6