DOCSLIB.ORG

18—Volcanic Features

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
18—Volcanic Features Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC Document Number FGDC-STD-013-2006 FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization Appendix A 18—VOLCANIC FEATURES REF NO DESCRIPTION SYMBOL CARTOGRAPHIC SPECIFICATIONS* NOTES ON USAGE* Use to show outline of Rim of volcanic crater—Identity and existence cer- lineweight .275 mm 18.1 topographic wall. tain, location accurate. Hachures point into crater H-8 Rim may not outline ? 1.0 hachure mm crater completely. Rim of volcanic crater—Identity or existence ques- lineweight 18.2 tionable, location accurate. Hachures point into .15 mm .75 May also be shown in ? mm crater 12.0 mm 2.0 mm red, magenta, or other Rim of volcanic crater—Identity or existence cer- colors. 2.0 mm 18.3 tain, location approximate. Hachures point into 3.5 mm crater ? Rim of volcanic crater—Identity or existence ques- 18.4 tionable, location approximate. Hachures point into ? .75 mm .75 mm crater Rim of volcanic crater—Identity and existence cer- 18.5 tain, location concealed. Hachures point into cra- 1.25 mm ter ? Rim of volcanic crater—Identity or existence ques- 18.6 tionable, location concealed. Hachures point into ? .75 mm .75 mm crater Rim of volcanic crater—Dot shows low point of cra- 18.7 dot diameter ter .875 mm May also be shown in Caldera margin (1st option)—Identity and existence lineweight .5 mm HB-8 18.8 red, magenta, or other certain, location accurate. Ticks point into caldera colors. ? 1.5 Caldera margin (1st option)—Identity or existence tick mm lineweight .75 mm 18.9 questionable, location accurate. Ticks point into ? .375 mm caldera 12.0 mm Caldera margin (1st option)—Identity and existence 18.10 certain, location approximate. Ticks point into cal- 3.5 mm dera ? Caldera margin (1st option)—Identity or existence 18.11 questionable, location approximate. Ticks point ? .75 mm .75 mm into caldera Caldera margin (1st option)—Identity and existence 18.12 1.5 mm 2.5 mm certain, location inferred. Ticks point into caldera ? Caldera margin (1st option)—Identity or existence 18.13 questionable, location inferred. Ticks point into cal- ? .75 mm .75 mm dera Caldera margin (1st option)—Identity and existence 18.14 certain, location concealed. Ticks point into cal- .5 mm 2.5 mm dera ? Caldera margin (1st option)—Identity or existence 18.15 questionable, location concealed. Ticks point into ? .75 mm .75 mm caldera Caldera margin (2nd option)—Identity and exis- May also be shown in lineweight .5 mm HB-8 18.16 tence certain, location accurate. Ticks point into red, magenta, or other caldera colors. ? 1.5 Caldera margin (2nd option)—Identity or existence hachure mm lineweight 18.17 questionable, location accurate. Ticks point into ? .75 mm .375 mm 1.125 mm caldera 12.0 mm Caldera margin (2nd option)—Identity and exis- 18.18 tence certain, location approximate. Ticks point 3.5 mm into caldera ? Caldera margin (2nd option)—Identity or existence 18.19 questionable, location approximate. Ticks point ? .75 mm .75 mm into caldera Caldera margin (2nd option)—Identity and exis- 18.20 tence certain, location inferred. Ticks point into 1.5 mm 2.5 mm caldera ? Caldera margin (2nd option)—Identity or existence 18.21 questionable, location inferred. Ticks point into cal- ? .75 mm .75 mm dera Caldera margin (2nd option)—Identity and exis- 18.22 tence certain, location concealed. Ticks point into .5 mm 2.5 mm caldera ? Caldera margin (2nd option)—Identity or existence 18.23 questionable, location concealed. Ticks point into ? .75 mm .75 mm caldera *For more information, see general guidelines on pages A-i to A-v. A–18–1 Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC Document Number FGDC-STD-013-2006 FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization Appendix A 18—VOLCANIC FEATURES (continued) REF NO DESCRIPTION SYMBOL CARTOGRAPHIC SPECIFICATIONS* NOTES ON USAGE* Contact separating individual lava flows within lineweight .2 mm color 100% red May also be shown in 18.24 same map unit—Identity and existence certain, H-8 magenta, black, or other location accurate colors. ? Contact separating individual lava flows within 18.25 same map unit—Identity or existence question- ? .75 mm able, location accurate 12.0 mm Contact separating individual lava flows within 18.26 same map unit—Identity and existence certain, 3.5 mm location approximate ? Contact separating individual lava flows within 18.27 same map unit—Identity or existence question- ? .75 mm .75 mm able, location approximate Contact separating individual lava flows within 18.28 same map unit—Identity and existence certain, 1.5 mm location inferred ? Contact separating individual lava flows within 18.29 same map unit—Identity or existence question- ? .75 mm .75 mm able, location inferred Contact separating individual lava flows within 18.30 same map unit—Identity and existence certain, .5 mm location concealed ? Contact separating individual lava flows within 18.31 same map unit—Identity or existence question- ? .75 mm .75 mm able, location concealed Flow lobe or lava-flow front—Identity and existence all lineweights .2 mm color 100% red 18.32 certain, location accurate. Hachures on side of 7.5 mm overlying younger flow H-8 ? ? Flow lobe or lava-flow front—Identity or existence 18.33 questionable, location accurate. Hachures on side ? ? .75 mm of overlying younger flow hachure height 1.25 mm; spacing 4.0 mm Flow lobe or lava-flow front—Identity and existence 18.34 certain, location approximate. Hachures on side of 3.5 mm overlying younger flow ? ? Flow lobe or lava-flow front—Identity or existence 18.35 questionable, location approximate. Hachures on ? ? .75 mm .75 mm side of overlying younger flow Flow lobe or lava-flow front—Identity and existence 18.36 certain, location concealed. Hachures on side of .5 mm overlying younger flow ? ? Flow lobe or lava-flow front—Identity or existence 18.37 questionable, location concealed. Hachures on ? ? .75 mm .75 mm side of overlying younger flow lineweight .2 mm length and 18.38 Form line on lava flow spacing may color 100% red vary color 100% red stem length 18.39 Flow lines on lava flow stem lineweight and spacing 2.0 may vary .175 mm 25° mm lineweight .25 mm length and 18.40 Cracks on surface of lava flow color 100% spacing may red vary 18.41 Volcanic fissure lineweight .25 mm .375 mm 1.25 mm 18.42 Buried volcanic fissure .5 mm .375 mm hachure lineweight color 100% 18.43 Volcanic fissure where lava has been emitted .15 mm red circle lineweight 1.375 mm Lava tube—Red circles indicate presence of sky- .2 mm; diameter 18.44 lights (not mapped to scale) along lava tube .75 mm; color 25° 100% red lineweight .15 mm lineweight Lava tube—Red circles outline collapses (mapped .2 mm; 18.45 to scale) along lava tube color 100% red 60° lineweight .2 mm 60° 18.46 Crest line of pressure ridge or tumulus on lava flow 1.0 mm color 100% 5.5 red mm lineweight .2 mm 60° 1.0 mm 18.47 Pressure ridge on lava flow color 100% 5.5 red mm *For more information, see general guidelines on pages A-i to A-v. A–18–2 Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC Document Number FGDC-STD-013-2006 FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization Appendix A 18—VOLCANIC FEATURES (continued) REF NO DESCRIPTION SYMBOL CARTOGRAPHIC SPECIFICATIONS* NOTES ON USAGE* Ice-contact lava-flow margin—Identity and exis- lineweight .2 mm color 100% red May also be shown in 18.48 tence certain, location accurate. Rectangles on H-8 magenta, black, or other side of overlying younger flow colors. ? Ice-contact lava-flow margin—Identity or existence .5 mm 18.49 questionable, location accurate. Rectangles on ? .75 mm 2.0 mm side of overlying younger flow 12.0 mm Ice-contact lava-flow margin—Identity and exis- 18.50 tence certain, location approximate. Rectangles 3.5 mm on side of overlying younger flow ? Ice-contact lava-flow margin—Identity or existence 18.51 questionable, location approximate. Rectangles on ? .75 mm .75 mm side of overlying younger flow Ice-contact lava-flow margin—Identity and exis- 18.52 tence certain, location concealed. Rectangles on .5 mm 2.5 mm side of overlying younger flow ? Ice-contact lava-flow margin—Identity or existence 18.53 questionable, location concealed. Rectangles on ? .75 mm .75 mm side of overlying younger flow all lineweights .875 mm May also be shown in .2 mm 18.54 Outline of basalt-filled lava pond 1.0 mm magenta, black, or other tick spacing 2.0 mm (at base) color 100% red colors. lineweight .2 mm 60° May also be shown in 18.55 Small cone, vent, cinder cone, or spatter cone magenta, black, or other color 100% 2.0 mm red 2.0 mm colors. lineweight .2 mm 2.625 mm 18.56 Large cone, vent, cinder cone, or spatter cone 2.625 mm color 100% 60° red lineweight .2 mm 2.0 mm 45 18.57 Small hornito ° 2.0 mm color 100% red 2.0 mm lineweight .2 mm 2.625 mm 18.58 Large hornito 45° color 100% 2.625 mm red 2.625 mm lineweight .5 mm .2 mm 18.59 Spatter rampart 90° color 100% 1.5 mm red lineweight .2 mm 18.60 Rootless vent area on lava flow pattern line color 327-R 100% red lineweight .2 mm pattern 18.61 Thermal area 121-R in line color 50% red 100% red color 100% H-7 lineweight .15 mm; Rotate tail to downhill. T red T radius .5 mm 18.62 Thermal spring dot diameter May also be shown in 1.5 mm 2.0 mm magenta or other colors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Source to Surface Model of Monogenetic Volcanism: a Critical Review
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 28, 2021 Source to surface model of monogenetic volcanism: a critical review I. E. M. SMITH1 &K.NE´ METH2* 1School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 2Volcanic Risk Solutions, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Small-scale volcanic systems are the most widespread type of volcanism on Earth and occur in all of the main tectonic settings. Most commonly, these systems erupt basaltic magmas within a wide compositional range from strongly silica undersaturated to saturated and oversatu- rated; less commonly, the spectrum includes more siliceous compositions. Small-scale volcanic systems are commonly monogenetic in the sense that they are represented at the Earth’s surface by fields of small volcanoes, each the product of a temporally restricted eruption of a composition- ally distinct batch of magma, and this is in contrast to polygenetic systems characterized by rela- tively large edifices built by multiple eruptions over longer periods of time involving magmas with diverse origins. Eruption styles of small-scale volcanoes range from pyroclastic to effusive, and are strongly controlled by the relative influence of the characteristics of the magmatic system and the surface environment. Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license. Small-scale basaltic magmatic systems characteris- hazards associated with eruptions, and this is tically occur at the Earth’s surface as fields of small particularly true where volcanic fields are in close monogenetic volcanoes. These volcanoes are the proximity to population centres.
    [Show full text]
  • A Unique Volcanic Field in Tharsis, Mars: Monogenetic Cinder Cones and Lava Flows As Evidence for Hawaiian Eruptions
    42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011) 1379.pdf A UNIQUE VOLCANIC FIELD IN THARSIS, MARS: MONOGENETIC CINDER CONES AND LAVA FLOWS AS EVIDENCE FOR HAWAIIAN ERUPTIONS. P. Brož1 and E. Hauber2, 1Institute of Geophysics ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic, [email protected], 2Institut für Planetenforschung, DLR, Berlin, Germany, [email protected]. Introduction: Most volcanoes on Mars that have Data: We use images from several cameras, i.e. been studied so far seem to be basaltic shield volca- Context Camera (CTX), High Resolution Stereo Cam- noes, which can be very large with diameters of hun- era (HRSC), and High Resolution Imaging Science dreds of kilometers [e.g., 1] or much smaller with di- Experiment (HiRISE) for morphological analyses. ameters of several kilometers only [2]. Few Viking Topographic information (e.g., heights and slope an- Orbiter-based studies reported the possible existence gles) were determined from single shots of the Mars of cinder cones [3,4] or stratovolcanoes [5-7], and only Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) in a GIS environ- the advent of higher-resolution data led to the tentative ment, and from stereo images (HRSC, CTX) and de- interpretation of previously unknown edifices as cinder rived gridded digital elevation models (DEM). cones [8] or rootless cones [9]. The identification of Morphometry: For comparison between the cinder cones can constrain the nature of eruption proc- cones and terrestrial morphological analogues (i.e. esses and, indirectly, our understanding of the nature cinder cones [10]) we determined some basic mor- of parent magmas (e.g., volatile content). Here we re- phometric properties and their ratios (e.g., crater di- port on our observation of a unique cluster of possible ameter [WCR] vs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science Behind Volcanoes
    The Science Behind Volcanoes A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates, e.g., in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so- called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanoes a to Z
    Mount St Helens National Volcanic Monument – Teacher’s Corner -Teacher Info. Gifford Pinchot National Forest USDA Forest Service Volcanoes A to Z – Bus Activity Time Requirement: all day Exhibit / Trail Used: all exhibits/trails visited Locations: all locations visited, review on the bus en route back to your school. This activity is to be completed throughout the day and between other activities. Students will make note of key words while reading exhibits, interpretive signs, or labels, or by hearing them from each other, their teacher, movies or rangers. Consider distributing on the bus and collecting on the bus. Goal: 1) The student will become familiar with terminology related to the study of volcanoes, geology, or the ecosystems that surround them. Objectives: 1) The student will listen attentively. 2) The student will recall and list vocabulary words for things and concepts encountered on a field trip to Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. 3) The student will distinguish nouns from other parts of speech. WASHINGTON EALRS and OREGON BENCHMARK STANDARDS Washington Social Studies 2.0- The student understands the complex physical and human characteristics of places and regions. Geography 2.1- Describe the natural characteristics of places and regions. Science 4.2 Use writing and speaking skills to organize and express science ideas. a. Use science vocabulary appropriately in written explanations, conversations and verbal presentations. Oregon Science-CCG The Dynamic Earth- Understand the properties and limited availability of the materials which make up the Earth. BM1- Recognize physical differences in Earth materials. Language-CCG Select functional, precise, and descriptive words appropriate to audience and purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Volcanic Rootless Cones, Ice Mounds, and Impact 3 Craters on Earth and Mars: Using Spatial Distribution As a Remote 4 Sensing Tool
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 111, XXXXXX, doi:10.1029/2005JE002510, 2006 Click Here for Full Article 2 Identification of volcanic rootless cones, ice mounds, and impact 3 craters on Earth and Mars: Using spatial distribution as a remote 4 sensing tool 1 1 1 2 3 5 B. C. Bruno, S. A. Fagents, C. W. Hamilton, D. M. Burr, and S. M. Baloga 6 Received 16 June 2005; revised 29 March 2006; accepted 10 April 2006; published XX Month 2006. 7 [1] This study aims to quantify the spatial distribution of terrestrial volcanic rootless 8 cones and ice mounds for the purpose of identifying analogous Martian features. Using a 9 nearest neighbor (NN) methodology, we use the statistics R (ratio of the mean NN distance 10 to that expected from a random distribution) and c (a measure of departure from 11 randomness). We interpret R as a measure of clustering and as a diagnostic for 12 discriminating feature types. All terrestrial groups of rootless cones and ice mounds are 13 clustered (R: 0.51–0.94) relative to a random distribution. Applying this same 14 methodology to Martian feature fields of unknown origin similarly yields R of 0.57–0.93, 15 indicating that their spatial distributions are consistent with both ice mound or rootless 16 cone origins, but not impact craters. Each Martian impact crater group has R 1.00 (i.e., 17 the craters are spaced at least as far apart as expected at random). Similar degrees of 18 clustering preclude discrimination between rootless cones and ice mounds based solely on 19 R values.
    [Show full text]
  • The Boring Volcanic Field of the Portland-Vancouver Area, Oregon and Washington: Tectonically Anomalous Forearc Volcanism in an Urban Setting
    Downloaded from fieldguides.gsapubs.org on April 29, 2010 The Geological Society of America Field Guide 15 2009 The Boring Volcanic Field of the Portland-Vancouver area, Oregon and Washington: Tectonically anomalous forearc volcanism in an urban setting Russell C. Evarts U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefi eld Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA Richard M. Conrey GeoAnalytical Laboratory, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA Robert J. Fleck Jonathan T. Hagstrum U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefi eld Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA ABSTRACT More than 80 small volcanoes are scattered throughout the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area of northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington. These vol- canoes constitute the Boring Volcanic Field, which is centered in the Neogene Port- land Basin and merges to the east with coeval volcanic centers of the High Cascade volcanic arc. Although the character of volcanic activity is typical of many mono- genetic volcanic fi elds, its tectonic setting is not, being located in the forearc of the Cascadia subduction system well trenchward of the volcanic-arc axis. The history and petrology of this anomalous volcanic fi eld have been elucidated by a comprehensive program of geologic mapping, geochemistry, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and paleomag- netic studies. Volcanism began at 2.6 Ma with eruption of low-K tholeiite and related lavas in the southern part of the Portland Basin. At 1.6 Ma, following a hiatus of ~0.8 m.y., similar lavas erupted a few kilometers to the north, after which volcanism became widely dispersed, compositionally variable, and more or less continuous, with an average recurrence interval of 15,000 yr.
    [Show full text]
  • TESTING the PSEUDOCRATER HYPOTHESIS. MC Payne1 and JD
    Sixth International Conference on Mars (2003) 3070.pdf TESTING THE PSEUDOCRATER HYPOTHESIS. M. C. Payne1 and J. D. Farmer1, 1Arizona State University (Department of Geological Sciences, PO Box 1404, Tempe, AZ 85287, [email protected], [email protected]) Introduction: In a regional study of the margin of proved more helpful than the DEM, which had a spa- the north polar cap, a field of coniform features was tial resolution of ~230 m/pixel. observed in the Olympia Planitia region and hypothe- Comparisons with Analog Landforms: A num- sized to be a pseudocrater field (Figure 1). Volcano- ber of volcanic, as well as cold climate landforms, ice features located at the margin of a polar cap has were proposed as potential analogs for the field of great significance for astrobiology. Such interactions coniform features at the study site. Methods for the could provide potential shallow subsurface habitable analysis of these features were adapted from previous zones of liquid meltwater, as well as a mechanism for authors [1-4]. A brief overview of the analysis of the transporting a subsurface biota into near-surface envi- observed coniform features and comparisons with po- ronments via convecting hydrothermal systems. Such tential analog landforms follows. a biota, or prebiotic organic chemistry, could be sub- Rampart craters. Figure 2 compares MOLA pro- sequently cryopreserved in shallow polar ground ice files of two rampart craters present on the nearby formed as such systems cooled and died. In this study, northern plains of Mars near the study site, with a pro- a number of methods were employed to test the pseu- file of Meteor Crater (a small terrestrial impact crater), docrater hypothesis, including feature profiling (using and the knobby features at the study site.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Map of Medicine Lake Volcano, Northern California by Julie M
    Geologic Map of Medicine Lake Volcano, Northern California By Julie M. Donnelly-Nolan Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 2927 View of Medicine Lake volcano from northeast. Photo by Julie M. Donnelly-Nolan, 1978 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................1 Geography and Access ..............................................................................................................1 Name of the Volcano ...................................................................................................................1 Methods.........................................................................................................................................2 Previous Geologic Work ......................................................................................................................2 Geologic and Tectonic Setting ............................................................................................................3 Pre-MLV Volcanic Activity...................................................................................................................4 Eruptive History of MLV .......................................................................................................................4 Eruptive Stage 1: Approximately 500 ka to 300 ka .................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Lava Building Blocks
    Lava Building Blocks Grade Level: 5-10 Overview Students investigate the influence of magma viscosity on the shape of a volcanic cone. Then, they explore the nature and motions of lava flows and learn about the Learner Objectives: importance of lava flows as the building Students will: blocks of Mount Rainier. ● Recognize the importance of lava flows in the construction of Mount Rainier. ● ● Recognize that at Mount Rainier lava Graphic “Photographs of Lava Flows at Mount Rainier” flows are visible as thick ridges that radiate from the volcano and as thin ● Graphic “Volcanic Rocks of Modern 1 ledges within the volcanic cone. Mount Rainier” ● Relate the general viscosity of lava flows For each student group: to a type of volcano: shield, cinder cone, or stratovolcano. ● Newspaper ● Make some generalized comparisons of ● Cardboard 1x1 meter (3x3 foot) lava flow behavior at Mount Rainier, ● One sample (small half-filled paper cup) Mount St. Helens, and Kilauea Volcano each of three household products (e.g., chocolate syrup, corn syrup, shampoo, Setting: Classroom oatmeal, jelly, ketchup, rubber cement, and a tube of toothpaste.) Timeframe: 40 minutes ● Specimens of lava rocks (optional) Lava on the Run -40 minutes ● Paper cups Materials: ● Pencil ● Lava on the Run Ruler ● Stopwatch ●“Lava on the Run” student page ● Measuring spoon ● Graphic “Three Types of Volcanic Cones” Vocabulary: Andesite, basaltic andesite, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE composite volcano, cinder cone, cone, crater, dacite, eruption, eruption column, glacier, lahar, landslides, lava, lava dome, lava flow, Living with a Volcano in Your Backyard- magma, magma chamber, pyroclastic flow, An Educator's Guide with Emphasis on rockfall, rock rubble, shield volcano, silica, Mount Rainier stratovolcano, vent, viscosity, volcano, volcanic gases Prepared in collaboration with the National Park Service U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanoes and Lava Flows
    What Are The Types of What Did Native Volcanoes? Americans See? Craters of the Moon has three kinds of volcanoes to “The area now known as Craters of the Moon see. Laidlaw Volcano and Pillar Butte are Shield is important to the Shoshone-Bannock because Volcanoes that form when liquid rock oozes and it represents both a place of sacred power and flows out of a central vent. Pilot Butte and Lava Butte an ancestral ground crossed during seasonal are Cinder Cone Volcanoes that formed when migrations. The lava rock was heated in our liquid rocks spatters and spits up from of a central sweat lodges and it was the rock that sent our vent. Big Southern Butte, like Oregon's Mount St. prayers up to the creator. In the landscape of Helens, is a Volcanic Dome which forms when liquid the lava flows, harmony was found.” rock is at hotter temperatures and can be expolsive. -Laverne Broncho, Shoshone-Bannock Tribal Member How Old Are The Lava Flows? Southern Idaho has 12 volcanic fields that range from 0.5 million years old near its eastern border with Yellowstone National Park to 15 million years old near its western border with Oregon. Craters of the Moon is part of a volcanic field in south-central Idaho that formed 11 million years ago. At Craters of the Moon, the most recent series of lava flowed from volcanoes as recent as 2,100 years ago. Learn more. Shoshone legend speaks of a serpent on a mountain who, angered by lightning, coiled around it and squeezed until liquid rock flowed, fire shot from cracks, and the mountain exploded.
    [Show full text]
  • Inbar Et Al., 2011, Holocene Cinder Cones... (Jody)
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 201 (2011) 301–311 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Morphometric and morphological development of Holocene cinder cones: A field and remote sensing study in the Tolbachik volcanic field, Kamchatka Moshe Inbar a,⁎, Michael Gilichinsky b, Ivan Melekestsev c, Dmitry Melnikov c, Natasha Zaretskaya d a Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Israel b Department of Forest Resource Management, SLU, Umea, Sweden c Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, RAS, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia d Geological Institute, RAS, Moscow, Russia article info abstract Article history: The evolution of landscape over time is a central aspect of geological, paleogeographical and Received 14 January 2010 geomorphological studies. Volcanic features like cinder cones offer the opportunity to monitor the processes Accepted 18 July 2010 and development of the landscape. Cinder cones are perhaps the simplest and most common volcanic Available online 24 July 2010 landforms in the world. Morphological and morphometric study of cinder cones has proven an efficient tool for determining their relative dates, and the erosional processes affecting them. The extensive Kamchatka Keywords: volcanic province (Russian Far East), with its large Tolbachik cinder cone field, is an excellent case study for Kamchatka volcanic province fi Tolbachik eruption spatial and temporal classi cation and calibration of changes in morphometric values with time. cinder cones We show how the morphological and morphometric values of the monogenetic cinder cones, measured in morphometry the field and by digital elevation models, can be used to validate their age and erosional processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Google Earth to Study the Basic Characteristics of Volcanoes
    USING GOOGLE EARTH TO STUDY THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANOES by Stacia Schipper and Stephen Mattox 28 SCIENCE SCOPE USING GOOGLE EARTH TO STUDY THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLCANOES andforms, natural hazards, and the change canocams.html) provides links to numerous live in the Earth over time are common material webcams. in state and national standards. Volcanoes exemplify these standards and readily cap- Getting started with Google Earth Lture the interest and imagination of students. With a Google Earth is a program that allows you to explore minimum of training, students can recognize erupted the Earth in great detail. This virtual globe allows materials and types of volcanoes; in turn, students can you to visit any location on Earth and observe a 3-D relate these characteristics to eruption violence and view of Earth’s surface and gather other data. Google potential risk to both nearby and distant populations. Earth can be downloaded for free from http://earth. With the advent of Google Earth and the database of google.com . volcanoes supplied by the Smithsonian Institutions’ To allow students to be able to view the 3-D relief Global Volcanism of volcanoes, the “terrain” feature should be selected. Program (www.volcano.si.edu), students can de- This can be achieved by going to the “Layers” pull- scribe almost any volcano on Earth. Although about down menu and checking the box labeled “terrain.” 60 volcanoes erupt in an average year, there are 15 to To ensure that metric units of measurement are being 20 that have been continuously active for many years, used, go to the “Tools” tab and select “Options.” Click and will probably continue to erupt for decades.
    [Show full text]