Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Monogenetic Volcanic Fields Koji Kiyosugi University of South Florida, [email protected]
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University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Monogenetic Volcanic Fields Koji Kiyosugi University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, and the Geology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Kiyosugi, Koji, "Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Monogenetic Volcanic Fields" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4101 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Monogenetic Volcanic Fields by Koji Kiyosugi A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Charles B. Connor, Ph.D. Stephen Sparks, Ph.D. Timothy H. Dixon, Ph.D. Paul H. Wetmore, Ph.D. Rocco Malservisi, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 4, 2012 Keywords: Volcanic hazard, volcanic distribution, conduit distribution, dike distribution, nonparametric kernel method, uncertainty of recurrence rate, Monte Carlo method Copyright © 2012, Koji Kiyosugi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Charles Connor, for giving me the opportunity to work with him at the University of South Florida. I also would like to thank the rest of my committee members, Dr. Stephen Sparks, Dr. Timothy H. Dixon, Dr. Paul H. Wetmore and Dr. Rocco Malservisi, for their support throughout these five years. I am also grateful to Dr. Diana Roman for her help as a committee member when she was at the USF. I am very thankful to Laura Connor for her help with my computational problems. I am also very grateful to Judy McIlrath for her personal support during my time in Tampa. A special thanks to Dr. Mikel Diez and Ana for their hospitality during my visit to the University of Bristol. I am grateful to Aurélie and Brian. We had field work together in San Rafael Swell in the summer of 2011. Many thanks also to volcanology group, Sylvain, Armando, Leah, Heather, Mel, John, Catie, Megan, Jacob, Ophelia, Alain, Sophie, Wayne and Mandie because they have always been very supportive as well. A special thanks also to Mary Haney and Mandy Stuck for their help and administration. I also would like to thank Prof. Kazuhiro Tanaka at the Yamaguchi University for his scientific and personal advice. I am also grateful to the National Science Foundation (NSF) for partially funding my research (Grant EAR-0910696) and to the Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO) and the Obayashi Corporation for their support. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VOLCANO DISTRIBUTION, CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, AND P-WAVE TOMOGRAPHY: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE ABU MONOGENETIC VOLCANO GROUP, SW JAPAN .............................................................................................................6 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................6 2.2 The Abu Monogenetic Volcano Group ............................................................7 2.3 Volcanic events in the Abu Monogenetic Volcano Group .............................10 2.4 Spatial density and temporal recurrence rate .................................................12 2.5 Seismic Tomography ......................................................................................17 2.6 Discussion ......................................................................................................18 2.7 Conclusions ....................................................................................................22 CHAPTER 3: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIKE AND VOLCANIC CONDUIT DISTRIBUTION IN A HIGHLY-ERODED MONOGENETIC VOLCANIC FIELD: SAN RAFAEL, UT, USA .................................................30 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................30 3.2 Geologic background .....................................................................................32 3.2.1 Conduits ..........................................................................................33 3.2.2 Dikes ...............................................................................................34 3.2.3 Sills .................................................................................................35 i 3.3 Estimating conduit and dike spatial density ...................................................35 3.4 Discussion and Conclusions ..........................................................................38 CHAPTER 4: A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING RECURRENCE RATE OF VOLCANIC EVENTS ACCOUNTING FOR UNCERTAINTY IN AGE DETERMINATIONS .................................................................................46 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................46 4.2 Method for Recurrence Rate Estimation ........................................................50 4.3 Calculation with synthetic datasets ................................................................58 4.4 Example analyses ...........................................................................................59 4.4.1 Yucca Mountain region ...................................................................59 4.4.2 Abu Monogenetic Volcano Group ...................................................62 4.4.3 Izu-Tobu Volcano Group .................................................................64 4.5 Discussion ......................................................................................................66 4.5.1 Uncertainty of recurrence rate ........................................................66 4.5.2 Variation of recurrence rate on volcanic fields ...............................67 4.5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of the method ................................68 4.6 Conclusion .....................................................................................................70 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................80 APPENDIX A: THE CONDUITS IN THE SAN RAFAEL REGION ............................92 APPENDIX B: PERL CODE FOR THE RECURRENCE RATE CALCULATION ..................................................................................................95 APPENDIX C: INPUT FILES FOR THE RECURRENCE RATE CALCULATION OF THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN REGION ............................140 APPENDIX D: INPUT FILES FOR THE RECURRENCE RATE CALCULATION OF THE ABU MONOGENETIC VOLCANO GROUP ..............................................................................................................152 APPENDIX E: INPUT FILES FOR THE RECURRENCE RATE CALCULATION OF THE IZU-TOBU VOLCANO GROUP ..........................181 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Vent list of the AMVG. aK-Ar dates from Kakubuchi et al. (2000). bK-Ar dates from Kimura et al. (2003). ...............................................................26 Table 3.1. Comparison of San Rafael region and other monogenetic volcanic fields. Area of volcanic field (km²) is the area included in 95th percentile contour line of conduit or volcano density map and may reflect the magmatic footprint area (Valentine and Perry, 2006). .........................................45 Table 4.1. Summary of the datasets and the results of recurrence rate calculation of volcanic fields. Mean, median and uncertainty of recurrence rates are estimated current (0 Ma) values. ..........................................................................76 Table 4.2. Summary of the dataset and the result of effusion rate calculation of the Abu Monogenetic Volcanic Group. Mean, median and uncertainty of effusion rates are estimated current (0 Ma) values. .............................................78 Table A1. The conduits in the San Rafael region. Length (L) and width (W) are read from satellite images. ...................................................................................92 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Location of the volcanic fields studied. ...........................................................5 Figure 2.1. Location map for the Abu Monogenetic Volcano Group. .............................24 Figure 2.2. Tectonic setting around the AMVG. (a) Distribution and E-W cross section of earthquake hypocenters and focal mechanisms (Depth < 30 km). Dots show hypocenters of earthquakes (Mj > 2) occurred from 1988 to 1998 based on the Japan University Network Earthquake Catalog (JUNEC). The focal mechanisms were determined by using broadband waveform data recorded by the F-net seismic network of the National Research Institute for Earth Science