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Sunset Crater National Monument Geologic Resources Evaluation

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Sunset Crater National Monument Geologic Resources Evaluation National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2005/004 Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2005/004 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 September 2005 U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. Natural Resource Reports are the designated medium for disseminating high priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series include vital signs monitoring plans; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; fact sheets; and regularly-published newsletters. Views and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect policies of the National Park Service. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Printed copies of reports in these series may be produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is also available from the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program website (http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications) on the internet, or by sending a request to the address on the back cover. Please cite this publication as: Thornberry-Ehrlich, T. 2005. Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument Geologic Resource Evaluation Report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2005/004. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. NPS D-54, September 2005 Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose of the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program ............................................................................................3 Geologic Setting .........................................................................................................................................................3 Geologic Issues............................................................................................................. 6 Recreation Demands..................................................................................................................................................6 Slope Failures and Erosion ........................................................................................................................................6 Pumice Mining Issues.................................................................................................................................................6 Seismicity and Volcanism...........................................................................................................................................7 Noise Pollution............................................................................................................................................................7 Water Issues...............................................................................................................................................................7 Wind Erosion and Deposition .....................................................................................................................................8 General Geology ........................................................................................................................................................8 Air Issues....................................................................................................................................................................8 Geologic Features and Processes............................................................................... 9 Sunset Crater .............................................................................................................................................................9 Archaeological Geology..............................................................................................................................................9 Ecosystem Rebound ..................................................................................................................................................9 Unique Volcanic Features ........................................................................................................................................10 Map Unit Properties .................................................................................................... 14 Map Unit Properties Table........................................................................................................................................15 Geologic History.......................................................................................................... 19 References................................................................................................................... 23 Appendix A: Geologic Map Graphic .......................................................................... 25 Appendix B: Scoping Summary................................................................................. 27 Attachment 1: Digital Geologic Map CD SUCR Geologic Resource Evaluation Report iii List of Figures Figure 1: Location of Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument..................................................................................5 Figure 2: Aerial view of Sunset Crater Volcano............................................................................................................11 Figure 3: Aerial view of Sunset Crater Volcano............................................................................................................11 Figure 4: View of lava flow in Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument...................................................................12 Figure 5: Photo of a fumarole deposit near the summit of Sunset Crater Volcano.......................................................12 Figure 6: Photo of a lava tube entrance .......................................................................................................................13 Figure 7: Geologic time scales.....................................................................................................................................21 Figure 8: Major uplifts and basins present during the Pennsylvanian age in the southwestern United States. ............22 Figure 9: Cross section of Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument. ......................................................................22 iv NPS Geologic Resources Division Executive Summary This report has been developed to accompany the digital geologic map produced by Geologic Resource Evaluation staff for Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument. It contains information relevant to resource management and scientific research. Between A.D. 1064 and 1180, a series of earthquakes and to slumping and landslides because they lack volcanic eruptions brought the dormant San Francisco stabilizing plant growth. Intense seasonal storms Volcanic Field back to life. These events were the only produce flash floods that dramatically alter the eruptions in the Southwest indisputably witnessed by landscape, creating new hazard areas in the process. early native peoples. The earthquakes and eruptions Road and trail construction also impacts the stability probably profoundly changed their way of life. Billowing of a slope. Predominantly unconsolidated units such as ash, falling cinders, and forest fires blackened the the cinders and ash forming the slopes of Sunset landscape. When the volcanism was over, a classic Crater are prone to fail when saturated with water. example of a cinder cone, Sunset Crater Volcano, loomed over an altered land of lava flows, ash layers, and Erosion degrades the slopes of the cinder cone. The cinders. loose, unconsolidated volcanic debris is easily washed away during a storm. Lava flows and other large blocks Today Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument of volcanic ejecta can be undercut by erosion. When represents the Colorado Plateau’s most recent volcanic this happens, large blocks of the overlying rocks can eruption. Much of the ground surface is covered
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