DOCSLIB.ORG

Rabies and Rabies Virus in Wildlife in Mainland China, 1990–2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rabies and Rabies Virus in Wildlife in Mainland China, 1990–2013 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector International Journal of Infectious Diseases 25 (2014) 122–129 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Infectious Diseases jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijid Review Rabies and rabies virus in wildlife in mainland China, 1990–2013 a,b, a,b a,b Lihua Wang *, Qing Tang , Guodong Liang a State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai St., Changping Dist., Beijing 102206, China b Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China A R T I C L E I N F O S U M M A R Y Article history: The number of wildlife rabies and wildlife-associated human and livestock rabies cases has increased in Received 6 March 2014 recent years, particularly in the southeast and northeast regions of mainland China. To better understand Received in revised form 17 April 2014 wildlife rabies and its role in human and livestock rabies, we reviewed what is known about wildlife Accepted 17 April 2014 rabies from the 1990s to 2013 in mainland China. In addition, the genetic diversity and phylogeny of Corresponding Editor: Eskild Petersen, available wildlife-originated rabies viruses (RABVs) were analyzed. Several wildlife species carry rabies Aarhus, Denmark including the bat, Chinese ferret badger, raccoon dog, rat, fox, and wolf. RABVs have been isolated or detected in the bat, Chinese ferret badger, raccoon dog, Apodemus, deer, and vole. Among them, the bat, Keywords: Chinese ferret badger, and raccoon dog may play a role in the ecology of lyssaviruses in mainland China. Wildlife rabies All wildlife-originated RABVs were found to belong to genotype 1 RABV except for a bat-originated Irkut Genetic diversity virus isolated in 2012. Several substitutions were found between the glycoprotein of wildlife-originated Phylogeny RABVs and vaccine strains. Whether these substitutions could affect the efficacy of currently used Mainland China vaccines against infections caused by these wildlife-originated RABVs needs to be investigated further. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RABVs in the bat, Chinese ferret badger, and raccoon dog were distinct from local dog-originated RABVs, and almost all collected wildlife-originated isolates were associated with older China clades II to V, suggesting the possibility of wildlife reservoirs in mainland China through the ages. ß 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/3.0/). The role of the domestic dog in the spread of RABVs has been 1. Introduction established in China, and almost 95% of human cases have been 5–9 associated with dog transmission. However, the number of Rabies is one of the oldest diseases in recorded human history, wildlife rabies and wildlife-associated human and livestock rabies 1 dating back more than 4000 years. It occurs in over 150 countries cases has increased in recent years, particularly in the southeast 2 and territories. More than 70 000 human rabies deaths occur and northeast regions of China (Figure 1 and Table 1). The majority annually, and Asia accounts for approximately 80% of the have occurred in the most recent 10 years. Viruses have also been 3 worldwide total. Rabies was first reported in about 556 BC and isolated or detected in wildlife, including the bat, Chinese ferret has persisted in China for more than 2500 years. Rabies has been 10–20 badger, raccoon dog, Apodemus, deer, vole, and wolf. To better one of the most important infectious diseases in China since the understand wildlife rabies and its role in human and livestock 4,5 1950s. Although comprehensive preventive measures have been rabies, we reviewed what is known about wildlife rabies from the taken in past decades (including dog vaccination and post- 1990s to 2013 in mainland China. Additionally, the genetic exposure prophylaxis following human exposure), rabies remains diversity and phylogeny of available wildlife-originated RABVs 4–7 a significant public health problem in mainland China. were analyzed. Currently, China is second only to India in the number of people killed by rabies worldwide, and the epidemic area has expanded to 2. Species of wildlife carrying rabies in mainland China almost the entire country. Many provinces are beginning to report 5–8 their first cases in more than 10 years. Any warm-blooded animal can catch rabies and pass rabies to 3 human beings. Dogs are the main vectors of rabies and have 5–9 played a pivotal role in human rabies in mainland China. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 58900896; fax: +86 10 58900840. E-mail address: wanglih9755@hotmail.com (L. Wang). However rabies has also been reported in wildlife and livestock http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.016 1201-9712/ß 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). L. Wang et al. / International Journal of Infectious Diseases 25 (2014) 122–129 123 Figure 1. Distribution of wildlife and livestock rabies reported in mainland China from the 1990s to 2013. Species of wildlife and livestock reported to carry rabies are indicated next to the name of each province. Provinces: AH, Anhui; BJ, Beijing; CQ, Chongqing; FJ, Fujian; HA, Henan; HB, Hebei; HI, Hainan; HLJ, Heilongjiang; HuB, Hubei; HuN, Hunan; GD, Guangdong; GS, Gansu; GX, Guangxi; GZ, Guizhou; JL, Jilin; JS, Jiangsu; JX, Jiangxi; LN, Liaoning; NM, Inner Mongolia; NX, Ningxia; QH, Qinghai; SC, Sichuan; SD, Shandong; SH, Shanghai; SN, Shaanxi; SX, Shanxi; TJ, Tianjin; XJ, Xingjiang; XZ, Tibet; YN, Yunnan; ZJ, Zhejiang. CFB, Chinese ferret badger; RD, raccoon dog. including the Chinese ferret badger, raccoon dog, bat, Apodemus, 2.2. Raccoon dog deer, vole, fox, wolf, cat, pig, yellow bull, goat, sheep, cattle, buffalo, and donkey. Cases of wildlife rabies have occurred in both rabies In mainland China, raccoon dogs are distributed widely in the endemic areas (southeast) and sporadic areas (northeast) of northeastern and southwestern regions of rabies-endemic 14,21 mainland China (Figure 1, Table 1). areas. Two outbreaks of raccoon dog rabies have been recorded in mainland China. One occurred in the county of Qingyuan of 2.1. Chinese ferret badger Liaoning Province in 1982, causing more than 30 raccoon dog 13 14 deaths. The other occurred in Inner Mongolia in 2007. The As one of the most popular wildlife animals, Chinese ferret latter outbreak was caused by one wild raccoon dog, and 15 badgers (Melogale moschata) are distributed mostly in the domestic raccoon dogs died. The rabid animals had typical clinical 5,11 southeast region of China. Since 1995, Chinese ferret badger signs of rabies, and samples tested positive by direct fluorescence rabies outbreaks have occurred periodically in the southeast of assay (DFA), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction mainland China, including the provinces of Anhui, Jiangxi, and (RT-PCR), and mouse inoculation test (MIT). Genetic analysis of 20 Zhejiang. RABVs were first detected in Chinese ferret badgers the isolated virus showed that the outbreak was caused by an 14 collected in Zhejiang Province in 2008, and have since been arctic-like RABV. This was the first report of arctic-like RABV in detected continuously in Chinese ferret badgers (alive and China. dead) collected in Anhui, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces 12,19,20 (Figure 1, Table 1). Nucleotide sequencing revealed 2.3. Bat 99.4–99.8% homology within the Chinese ferret badger isolates, and 83–89% homology to the dog RABV isolates in the Other than carnivores, the bat is the most important natural 22 nucleoprotein and glycoprotein genes in the same rabies- reservoir host of RABVs known today. In recent years, several 12,19,20 endemic regions. In addition, one study showed appar- research groups have conducted long-term studies to investigate ently healthy Chinese ferret badgers with a high percentage of whether bats carry rabies in mainland China; RABV antibodies rabies seroconversion (69.6%). Although the titration of virus were detected in the serum of collected bats. Of the bat serum neutralizing antibodies (VNA) was very low, ranging from 0 to samples collected from four southern provinces (Yunnan, Guangxi, 2.6 IU/ml, the high percentage of rabies seroconversion in Guangdong, and Hainan) of China in 2010, 2.2% (15/685) were 23 Chinese ferret badgers is an interesting discovery, and could be positive for RABV antibodies. However, no bat-originated due to abortive rabies infections in the Chinese ferret badger lyssavirus was isolated until 2012: the first bat-originated 20 population. lyssavirus (Irkut virus, IRKV-THChina12; in Murina leucogaster) 124 L. Wang et al. / International Journal of Infectious Diseases 25 (2014) 122–129 Table 1 Summary of reported wildlife rabies and wildlife-associated human rabies in mainland China, 1990–2013 a b Provinces Counties Period Rabies cases Number Confirmation method Ref. tested Chinese ferret ZJ Lishui 2008 1 23 DFA/RT-PCR 19 badger rabies JX Fuzhou 2009 1 23 DFA/MIT/RT-PCR 12 c ZJ, AH, JX / 2010 9 265 FAT/MIT 20 Bat rabies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BMJ Open Is Committed to Open Peer Review. As Part of This Commitment We Make the Peer Review History of Every Article We Publish Publicly Available
    BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017557 on 25 September 2017. Downloaded from BMJ Open is committed to open peer review. As part of this commitment we make the peer review history of every article we publish publicly available. When an article is published we post the peer reviewers’ comments and the authors’ responses online. We also post the versions of the paper that were used during peer review. These are the versions that the peer review comments apply to. The versions of the paper that follow are the versions that were submitted during the peer review process. They are not the versions of record or the final published versions. They should not be cited or distributed as the published version of this manuscript. BMJ Open is an open access journal and the full, final, typeset and author-corrected version of record of the manuscript is available on our site with no access controls, subscription charges or pay- per-view fees (http://bmjopen.bmj.com). If you have any questions on BMJ Open’s open peer review process please email editorial.bmjopen@bmj.com http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017557 on 25 September 2017. Downloaded from BMJ Open Vitamin D status in tuberculosis patients with diabetes, pre- diabetes, and normal blood glucose in China ForJournal: peerBMJ Open review only Manuscript ID bmjopen-2017-017557 Article Type: Research Date Submitted by the Author: 04-May-2017 Complete List of Authors: Zhao, Xin; Beijing Hospital,
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China
    Country Report for the Preparation of the First Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China June 2003 Beijing CONTENTS Executive Summary Biological diversity is the basis for the existence and development of human society and has aroused the increasing great attention of international society. In June 1992, more than 150 countries including China had jointly signed the "Pact of Biological Diversity". Domestic animal genetic resources are an important component of biological diversity, precious resources formed through long-term evolution, and also the closest and most direct part of relation with human beings. Therefore, in order to realize a sustainable, stable and high-efficient animal production, it is of great significance to meet even higher demand for animal and poultry product varieties and quality by human society, strengthen conservation, and effective, rational and sustainable utilization of animal and poultry genetic resources. The "Report on Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China" (hereinafter referred to as the "Report") was compiled in accordance with the requirements of the "World Status of Animal Genetic Resource " compiled by the FAO. The Ministry of Agriculture" (MOA) has attached great importance to the compilation of the Report, organized nearly 20 experts from administrative, technical extension, research institutes and universities to participate in the compilation team. In 1999, the first meeting of the compilation staff members had been held in the National Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service, discussed on the compilation outline and division of labor in the Report compilation, and smoothly fulfilled the tasks to each of the compilers.
    [Show full text]
  • 대외경제정책연구원-2014 KIEP Visiting Fellows Program.Hwp
    2014 2014 KIEP KIEP Visiting Fellows Program KIEP Fellows Visiting Visiting Fellows Program Edited by JEONG Hyung-Gon Edited by JEONG Hyung-Gon 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong-Si 339-705, Korea Tel: (8244) 414-1042 / Fax: (8244) 414-1043 URL: http://www.kiep.go.kr 2014 KIEP Visiting Fellows Program Edited by JEONG Hyung-Gon The Contents of the KIEP Visiting Fellow Program do not reflect or represent the official opinion of KIEP. The KIEP Visiting Fellows Program is published with the aim of promoting discussions among researchers, and to remember the outstanding achievements by the visiting fellows who came to KIEP. KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP) 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong-Si 339-705, Korea Tel: (8244) 414-1042 Fax: (8244) 414-1043 URL: http://www.kiep.go.kr LEE Il Houng, President Published 2015 in Korea by KIEP ⓒ 2015 KIEP Acknowledgements In 2009, Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) launched "Visiting Fellows Program (VFP)" with the view of advancing cross-border exchanges of knowledge, information, insights and expertise. Since its inception, the VFP has demonstrated that sharing thoughts and ideas through face-to-face contacts and dialogue works as a catalyst for enhancing mutual understanding among scholars and professionals with diverse background. By successfully implementing the VFP for the past 7 years, KIEP has been motivated to assume the role as a hub for international economic research in the region. As a host of the program, KIEP has many mandates. One of those tasks is to let more people know what has been accomplished through the program and how valuable it is.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
    Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Food and Agriculture 2016 (SOFA): Climate
    2016 THE STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE CLIMATE CHANGE, AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-109374-0 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to copyright@fao.org. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. © FAO 2016 COVER PHOTOGRAPH ©FAO/D. Hayduk KIROKA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA. Hand weeding a rice paddy forms part of the System of Rice Intensification method in this climate-smart agriculture project.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold Wave Climate Characteristics and Risk Zoning in Jilin Province
    Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2018, 6, 38-51 http://www.scirp.org/journal/gep ISSN Online: 2327-4344 ISSN Print: 2327-4336 Cold Wave Climate Characteristics and Risk Zoning in Jilin Province Shiqi Xu1,2, Xueyan Yang1, Rui Sun3, Shuai Fu4, Honghai Liang1, Linan Chen5 1Climate Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, China 2Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Changbai Mountain Meteorology & Climate Change, Changchun, China 3Climate Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China 4Institute of Space Weather of NUIST, Nanjing, China 5Liaoyuan City Meteorological Station, Liaoyuan, China How to cite this paper: Xu, S.Q., Yang, Abstract X.Y., Sun, R., Fu, S., Liang, H.H. and Chen, L.N. (2018) Cold Wave Climate Characte- Using the meteorological data of 50 stations in Jilin Province from 1961 to ristics and Risk Zoning in Jilin Province. 2016, the demographic and economic data, and geographical information of Journal of Geoscience and Environment all counties and cities aims to conduct the risk zoning of cold wave disasters Protection, 6, 38-51. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2018.68004 in Jilin Province. The results show that, since 1961, the average number of cold wave occurrences per year in Jilin Province is 8.3 days, of which the Received: June 28, 2018 highest number of occurrences occurred in February, followed by December Accepted: August 10, 2018 and January, and the spring cold wave occurred mostly in March. From the Published: August 13, 2018 map of cold-sea disaster risk zoning in Jilin Province, due to factors such as Copyright © 2018 by authors and topography and land use distribution, the west and east of Jilin Province have Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • External Monitoring Report of Resettlement for ADB Financed
    Social Monitoring Report Project Number: 40665 October 2011 PRC: Songhua River Basin Water Pollution Control and Management Project (Jilin Component) Prepared by the Project Management Office of Jilin Provincial Government with the assistance of Northeast Project Management Co. Ltd. For: Jilin Provincial Government Dehui City Tianyi Water Co. Ltd.; Gongzhuling City Urban State-Owned Assets Operations Co. Ltd. Fusong County Lantianbishui Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd.; Fuyu County Wastewater Treatment Co. Ltd.; Jingyu County Yutong Municipal Engineering Co. Ltd.; Liuhe County Bishui Wastewater Treatment Co. Ltd.; Tonghua County Water Supply Co.; Yushu Tianyi Water Co. Ltd.; Da’an City Xingcheng Urban Infrastructure Development and Construction Co. Ltd. Huadian City Infrastructure Development Construction Investment Co. Ltd.; Huinan County Chaoyang Township Huashu Domestic SolidWaste Treatment Service Co. Ltd.; Jiaohe City Jiemei Solid Waste Co.; Jingyu County Huanyu Domestic Solid Waste Management Co. Ltd,; Liuhe County Luyuan Domestic Solid Waste Management and Service Co. Ltd.; Meihekou City Jiecheng Domestic Solid Waste Collection, Transportation and Treatment Co. Ltd.; Tongyu County Hecheng Domestic Solid Waste Sanitary Landfill; Changbaishan Development and Construction Group Co. Ltd. This report has been submitted to ADB by the Project Management Office of Hefei Municipal Government and is made publicly available in accordance with ADB’s public communications policy (2005). It does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB. ADB
    [Show full text]
  • Directors and Senior Management
    THIS DOCUMENT IS IN DRAFT FORM, INCOMPLETE AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND THE INFORMATION MUST BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE SECTION HEADED “WARNING” ON THE COVER OF THIS DOCUMENT. DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT OUR DIRECTORS Overview Our Board consists of five executive Directors and three independent non-executive Directors. The table below sets forth certain information in respect of our Directors: Relationship with other Director(s) Date of first joining Date of appointment Roles and and the senior Name Age Position our Group as Director responsibilities management Executive Directors Mr. Yu Haiyang 40 Chairman of our April 27, 2015 February 15, Overall strategic planning, Elder cousin of (于海洋) .... Board and 2019 business direction and Ms. Yu Xiaofei executive Director market development (于曉霏), one of our senior management members Mr. Jiang 44 Executive Director April 27, 2015 February 15, Overall mining and N/A Yingliang and chief executive 2019 operational management (姜英良) .... officer of our Group Ms. Pia Pompea 51 Executive Director January 27, 2020 June 15, 2021 Business development and N/A Tonna ..... and chief marketing marketing officer of our Group Mr. Chi Yongxi 48 Executive Director August 6, 2017 June 15, 2021 Supervision of overall N/A (遲永喜) .... and mine manager mining construction and of our Group operations Mr. Liu Zhong 58 Executive Director January 15, 2021 June 15, 2021 Overall mining related N/A (劉忠) ..... and chief technical technical advisory and engineer of our management Group – 221 – THIS DOCUMENT IS IN DRAFT FORM, INCOMPLETE AND SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND THE INFORMATION MUST BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE SECTION HEADED “WARNING” ON THE COVER OF THIS DOCUMENT.
    [Show full text]
  • Profile of Tonghua County
    Appendix 3 Profile of Tonghua County Tonghua County is located in the southeast of Jilin Province, the southwest foot of Changbai Mountain and the middle reaches of Hunjiang River. The exact position of Tonghua County is at east longitude 125°17'--126°25' and north latitude 41°19'--42°07', with Baishan City bordering in the east, Jian City adjacent to the south, Huairen County of Liaoning Province and Xinbin County at a junction in the west, and Liuhe County linking in the north. Tonghua County is typical of mountainous terrain with an area of 3726.5 square kilometers, which is known as ‘Eight mountains, half water and half field’. The county hall is located in the Kuaidamao town, which has jurisdiction over 5 villages, 10 towns and 160 administrative villages. The county has a population of 250,000 consisted of 17 nationalities, which are Han, Manchu, Korean, Hui and other nationalities. With the rapid and healthy development of county economy, the developing environment and urban civilization of Tonghua County have been greatly improved, and people's mental outlook and urban image also take on a new look. The county has won honorary titles successively as National Health County, National Garden County, National Hundreds of Small and Medium Cities of the Most Investment Potential, National Harmonious City of the Public, National Afforestation Model County, National Green Well-off County, Model County of National Unity and Progress, National Advance County of Human Security and Civil Affairs, National Advanced County of Hunyuxinfeng Household Activities, National Civilization County. Tonghua County is rich in ecological resources.
    [Show full text]
  • State-Run Industrial Enterprises in Fengtian, 1920-1931
    State Building, Capitalism, and Development: State-Run Industrial Enterprises in Fengtian, 1920-1931 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Yu Jiang IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Liping Wang, Ann Waltner October 2010 © Yu Jiang, 2010 Acknowledgements I am grateful that Department of History at University of Minnesota took a risk with me, somebody with no background in history. I also thank the department for providing a one-semester fellowship for my dissertation research. I am deeply indebted to Minnesota Population Center for hosting me in its IT team for many years – it allowed me, a former software engineer, to keep abreast of the latest developments in computer technology while indulging in historical studies. Thanks are especially due to Steve Ruggles (MPC director) and Pete Clark (IT director) for giving me this great opportunity. The source materials for this dissertation mostly come from Liaoning Provincial Archives, Liaoning Provincial Library, and Meihekou Archives. I thank these institutions for their help. Liaoning Shekeyuan offered both warm reception and administrative help right after I arrived in Shenyang. My archival research in Shenyang also benefited greatly from Chris Isett’s help. Su Chen from East Asian Library at University of Minnesota has been helpful numerous times in locating important documents. My committee members, Mark Anderson, Ted Farmer, M.J. Maynes, Ann Waltner, and Liping Wang provided valuable comments on the draft. M.J. and Ann’s thoughtful comments on a paper based on my dissertation helped improve my work.
    [Show full text]
  • Jilin Urban Development Project
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 46048-001 March 2014 People’s Republic of China: Jilin Urban Development Project FINAL REPORT (Volume I of V) Prepared by HJI Group Corporation Costa Mesa, CA, USA. For Jilin Provincial Government This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of 15 January 20141) Currency Unit – yuan (CNY) CNY 1.00 = $ 0.1667 $1.00 = CNY 6.000 ABBREVIATIONS 1 Due to the uncertainty of future change of the exchange rate, a fixed currency exchange rate is assumed and used for the analysis of the project. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Jilin Urban Development Project (TA 8172-PRC) Final Report March 24, 2014 Mr. Arnaud Heckmann Project Manager Urban Development Specialist East Asia Department Asian Development Bank Manila, Philippines Re: Draft Final Report Submission Jilin Urban Development Project (TA 8172-PRC) Dear Mr. Heckmann: The PPTA Consultant, HJI Group Corporation (HJI), is pleased to submit the Final Report for the referenced project for your review and approval. The report was prepared based on the project Terms of Reference and summarized the study and assessment results during the PPTA process.. Should you have any questions regarding the submission, please do not hesitate to contact me. Very Truly Yours, HJI Group Corporation Yinbo Liu, PhD, PE Team Leader Encl.
    [Show full text]
  • KIM IL SUNG with the Century 2
    KIM IL SUNG With the Century 2 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE PYONGYANG, KOREA 1994 Part I THE ANTI-JAPANESE REVOLUTION 2 I went to Beishan Park before leaving Jilin in the summer of 1930 The Rev. Son Jong Do’s house and his daughter The summer of 1930 A street in Dunhua Mrs. Song Gye Sim and her son Ko Jae Bong Some phases of the bestial atrocities and plunder committed by the Japanese in those days The general strike of the dockers in Wonsan The massacre of Korean patriots Their plunder of natural resources The Suppression of Kwangju Students’ Movement The fabrication of the Wanbaoshan incident Han Yong Ae who helped me in my underground struggle Harbin My younger brother Chol Ju and Zhang Wei-hua Hailong Tong-A Ilbo (dated March 26, 1931) reports my arrest Jiajiatun village where the Kalun Meeting was held and the first party organization was formed Kalun Railway Station The house in Kalun where I stayed Bolshevik, the organ of the first party organization A panoramic view of Lijiatun in Guyushu where the Korean Revolutionary Army was formed Tieling Kim Hyok Kong Yong Gongzhuling Choe Chang Gol Kim Won U Kye Yong Chun Pak Kun Won Changchun My uncle Kim Hyong Gwon The Hamnam 268 which the members of the KRA unit captured Publications reporting the KRA’s advance into the homeland A grave-keeper’s house at Riwon where the members of the armed group which had advanced into the homeland stayed for a few days Choe Hyo Il The site of the Naejung police sub-station in Phabal-ri A temple on Mt.
    [Show full text]