Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

KwaZulu-Natal South

Protected Area Management Plan

AUTHORISATION

This Management Plan for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is approved:

TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE

KwaZulu-Natal MEC: Department of Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs

RECOMMENDED

This Management Plan for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is recommended for approval by:

TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE

Chief Executive Officer: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife

Chairperson: Conservation Operations Management Committee Management Authority

Prepared by

45 Ridge Road Howick P O Box 14310 HOWICK 3290 Tel: 082 804 4412 Email: [email protected]

Citation Martindale, G., and Naylor, S. (2018) Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Management Plan. Version 1.0. TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHORISATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ABBREVIATIONS

1) BACKGROUND 1 1.1 Purpose of the plan 1 1.2 Structure of the plan 3 1.3 Alignment with METT 3 1.4 Introduction 4 1.5 The values of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 5 1.6 Adaptive management 7

2) DESCRIPTION OF MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY AND ITS CONTEXT 8 2.1 The history of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 8 2.2 The legal context for the management of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 12 2.3 Ecological context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 14 2.4 Cultural and heritage context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 34 2.5 Socio-economic role of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 35 2.6 The regional and local planning context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 39 2.7 Operational management within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 43 2.8 Management effectiveness in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy 45 2.9 Summary of management issues, challenges and opportunities 47

3) STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 51 3.1 Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s vision 51 3.2 Objectives and strategic outcomes 51

4) ZONATION PLAN 55 4.2 Conceptual development guidelines 56

5) ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE 59

6) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 60 6.1 Legal compliance and law enforcement 60 6.2 Business management and development 62 6.3 Socio-economic benefits 65 6.4 Conservation management 67 6.5 Cultural heritage and sense of place 74 6.6 Research and monitoring 74 6.7 Buffer zone protection, regional management and protected area expansion 77 6.8 Operational management 81

7) MONITORING AND REPORTING 85 7.1 Annual monitoring 85 7.2 Annual protected area management plan implementation review 88

8) MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY’S ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION 89 8.1 Implementation of the management plan 89 8.2 Responsibilities in implementing the protected area management plan 90 8.3 Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s resource requirements 90

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

APPENDIX B: LIST OF STATUTES TO WHICH MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY IS SUBJECT

APPENDIX C: COPY OF MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY’S NATURE RESERVE DECLARATION

APPENDIX D: SPECIES LISTS

APPENDIX E: PRO FORMA ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1.1 Vegetation types in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and their contribution towards protected area targets Table 2.3.1 Vegetation types in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and their contribution towards protected area targets Table 2.3.2 Threatened and endemic species present within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Table 2.3.2 Threatened and endemic species present within Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy Table 2.3.3 Identified listed invasive alien species that must be controlled within the reserve in terms of NEMBA Table 2.7.1 Shareholding within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Association Table 2.9.1 Management challenges, issues and opportunities Table 3.1 Objectives and strategic outcomes for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Table 6.1 Framework for legal compliance and law enforcement Table 6.2 Framework for business management and development Table 6.3 Framework for socio-economic benefits Table 6.4 Systematic biodiversity planning conservation targets for vegetation types to which Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy contributes Table 6.5 Framework for ecosystem and species management Table 6.6 Framework for fire and herbivore management, invasive plant species control and erosion management Table 6.7 Framework for cultural heritage and sense of place, and research and monitoring Table 6.8 Framework for buffer zone protection, regional management and protected area expansion Table 6.9 Framework for infrastructure and equipment, financial and human resources, and management systems Table 7.1 Annual monitoring schedule for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Structure of the Management Plan Figure 1.2 Regional location of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Figure 1.2 The adaptive management cycle (Management Strategy Evaluation, 2009) Figure 2.1 Land ownership within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Figure 2.2 Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy perimeter fence Figure 2.3 Actual monthly rainfall for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy recorded from 1995 to 2016 Figure 2.4 Mean monthly rainfall for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy recorded from 1995 to 2016 Figure 2.5 Topography of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and its surrounds Figure 2.6 Geology of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and its surrounds Figure 2.7 Drainage and hydrology of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and its surrounds Figure 2.8 Vegetation of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and its surrounds (KZN Vegetation layer) Figure 2.9 Burning blocks and location of VCA sites at Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Figure 2.10 Famine weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) Figure 2.11 Location of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy in relation to KZN macro- ecological corridors Figure 2.12 Role of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy within the Zululand landscape conservation initiative Figure 2.13 Local municipalities within which Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy falls Figure 2.14 Big 5 False Bay Spatial Development Framework Development Corridors Figure 2.15 Infrastructure located within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Figure 4.1 Zonation map of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Figure 5.1 Organisational structure for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Figure 6.1 Zone of Influence of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Figure 8.1 Process for the implementation of Management Plans

ABBREVIATIONS

Amafa Amafa aKwaZulu-Natali (KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Heritage Agency) BECVOL Biomass Estimates from Canopy Volumes CEO Chief Executive Officer

CPI Consumer Price Index DCO District Conservation Officer DEA National Department of Environmental Affairs

DWAS National Department of Water and Sanitation EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMF Environmental Management Framework

EMP Environmental Management Plan EWT Endangered Wildlife Trust Ezemvelo Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife

FPA Fire Protection Association in terms of the National Veld and Forest Fire Act (No.1 of 1998) GIS Geographical Information System IDP Municipal Integrated Development Plan

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LSU Large Stock Unit MEC Member of the Executive Council

METT Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool MOA Memorandum of Agreement MOU Memorandum of Understanding

NEMA National Environmental Management Act NFEPA National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Area NPAES National Protected Area Expansion Strategy

NSBA National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment PA Protected Area PES Present Ecological State (as applied to assessed water resources)

SDF Municipal Spatial Development Framework SMME Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation VCA Veld condition assessment WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas

WWF Word Wildlife Fund 1) BACKGROUND

1.1 Purpose of the plan Management plans for biodiversity stewardship sites are strategic documents that provide the framework for the development and operation of biodiversity stewardship sites. Biodiversity stewardship offers varying levels of formal protection of land with nature reserves being the highest level of protection and a recognised protected area in terms of the National Environmental: Management Protected Areas Act, No. 57 of 2003. Because of the importance of its biodiversity and ecological functions, Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy qualified and has been declared as a nature reserve in terms of the Act.

This management plan informs management at all levels, from the management authority through to support staff within partner organisations and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. The purpose of the management plan is to:

• Provide the primary strategic tool for management of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, informing the need for specific programmes and operational procedures. • Provide for capacity building, future thinking and continuity of management. • Enable the management authority to develop and manage Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy in such a way that its values and the purpose for which it has been established are protected. • Ensure the effective management of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy in accordance with relevant provincial, national and international norms and standards. • The plan outlines the implementation of the conditions laid out in the Protected Area Management Agreement for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, which are to: o Preserve the ecological integrity (including vulnerable and ecologically sensitive areas) of the game reserve. o Conserve the biodiversity of the game reserve. o Protect areas representative of all ecosystems, and species naturally occurring there. o Protect threatened or rare species. o Assist in ensuring the sustained supply of environmental goods and services provided by the nature reserve. o Provide for the sustainable use of natural and biological resources. o Create or augment destinations for nature-based tourism. o Manage the interrelationship between the natural environment, human settlement and economic development. o Rehabilitate and restore degraded ecosystems and promote the recovery of threatened and vulnerable species.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTEXT

Introduction

Management issues, Description and challenges and context opportunities

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Vision

Objectives

Key performance areas Strategic outcomes

Zonation plan

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Administrative

framework Adaptive management Management Guiding principles activity

Management targets

Monitoring and reporting

Annual plan of operation

Figure 1.1 Structure of the Management Plan

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1.2 Structure of the plan Section 1: Provides an introduction and background to the management plan and Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. Section 2: Establishes the context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, providing the basis for the strategic and operational management frameworks that follow. Section 3: Sets out the vision and objectives for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. Section 4: Sets out the zonation of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, outlining the land uses in particular zones. Section 5: Describes the administrative structure that has been established to assist in managing Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. Section 6: Sets out the management targets that must be achieved in managing the nature reserve. Section 7: Sets out the monitoring measures required to determine if management targets are being met. Section 8: Describes the components that must be included in the annual plan of operation.

1.3 Alignment with METT Management effectiveness is defined by the IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPAs) as the assessment of how well a protected area is being managed – primarily the extent to which it is protecting values and achieving goals and objectives (Hockings, Stolton & Dudley 2000; Hockings et al. 2006). The assessment of management effectiveness using the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT-SA Version 3, 2015) is not a management performance assessment but is intended to identify areas in which management effectiveness can be improved within a protected area and within the organisation managing the protected area.

As far as possible, this management plan has been aligned with the METT, which focuses on six elements of protected area management:

1. Understanding the context of existing values and threats. 2. Protected area planning and design. 3. The allocation of resources to the protected area. 4. The processes that are implemented in managing a protected area. 5. The outputs of management actions. 6. The outcomes or impacts of management actions.

It must be understood that not all aspects of the METT will be relevant to Mun- Ya-Wana Conservancy but that the METT is able to identify areas in which to focus management activities in an effort to address deficiencies and improve

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management. It thus provides a baseline upon which future management effectiveness can be measured and improved.

1.4 Introduction Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, which is 28,622.4 hectares in extent, is located to the south of the town of Mkuze and north of the town of Hluhluwe (Figure 1.2). It falls within the uMkhanyakude District Municipality and the Big Five Hlabisa Local Municipality.

Figure 1.2 Regional location of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

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The reserve forms a linkage between several protected areas as it links with Mkhuze Game Reserve, which is a part of iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage Site, to the north, Thanda Private Game Reserve to the west. As such it forms part of an important landscape scale conservation initiative, which seeks to link key protected areas across the region.

1.5 The values of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy The values of a place are those remarkable attributes that exemplify it, which led to it being identified as a priority for the Biodiversity Stewardship Programme and to be proclaimed as a nature reserve. The values are important in planning and management, as they are the aspects of the place that must be protected. The values of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy include:

Socio-economic ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy provides benefits to its values landowners flowing from tourism and sustainable resource use. ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy contributes to community upliftment through biodiversity conservation and tourism. Regional ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is a model for private conservation values sector and community conservation, regionally, which has demonstrated new approaches and innovations in conservation and sustainable nature- based tourism outside of state-protected areas. and species ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has high habitat values heterogeneity and high levels of endemism. ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy provides suitable habitat for plant and animal species representative of the region. ▪ A large variety of rare, endemic and threatened animal and plant species are found at Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. ▪ A number of unique habitat types are present, including sand forest vegetation. Ecosystem function ▪ The Mun-Ya-Wana and Mzinene Rivers and a values number of associated wetlands and tributaries run through Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and feed into the St Lucia wetland system. ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy provides a critical connection to surrounding natural habitat and other protected areas. Scenic values ▪ The beauty, views and vistas of the area, the high topographical variation and contrasting habitats make Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy a place of high aesthetic appeal and scenic values. ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is a place of beauty that makes an important contribution to the sense of place of the region.

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Cultural and ▪ There are important archaeological and historical values paleontological artefacts within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. Scientific, research ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy enables research in and educational species, ecology and ecosystem function that values contributes to the understanding of the biodiversity and conservation imperatives of such systems. ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is an educational asset that enables people of all ages and education levels to improve their understanding and appreciation of nature.

Consistent with Section 17 of the Protected Areas Act, the purpose of Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy is to:

• Protect representative areas of Makatini Clay Thicket, Southern Lebombo , Zululand Lowveld, Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld, Maputaland Coastal Thicket, Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation and Eastern Licuati Sand Forest. • Provide landscape level biodiversity conservation that connects protected areas and contributes to the protection of the ecological integrity of the region. • Protect part of the catchment of the Mun-Ya-Wana River, which feeds into the St Lucia wetland system. • Protect threatened, rare and endemic species. • Assist in the supply of sustained environmental goods and services. • Provide a flagship destination for nature-based tourism that generates significant foreign exchange earnings. • Be a successful model of biodiversity conservation and community beneficiation through nature-based tourism.

1.5.1 Protection of the values The protected area’s values, in particular those that underlie the functioning of its ecosystems and the protection of its rare and threatened species, will be given the highest degree of protection to ensure the persistence of these systems predominantly unaltered by human activity.

1.5.2 Ecosystem-based management Decision-making associated with the protection of the reserve’s ecosystems will be scientifically based on internationally accepted principles and concepts of conservation biology. The protected area ecosystems will be managed with minimal interference to natural processes. Specific management may be desirable, when the structure or function of a habitat or ecosystem has been significantly altered by human induced impacts or previous management. Specific management will only be considered when this option is the best alternative available to restore ecological integrity.

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Where directed management is required, it will be based on scientific research, and will employ techniques that emulate natural processes as closely as possible.

1.6 Adaptive management The preparation of this management plan has been undertaken based on the guiding principles of adaptive management, which is a structured, iterative process in which decisions are made using the best available information, with the aim of obtaining better information through monitoring of performance (Figure 1.3). In this way, decision making is aimed at achieving the best outcome based on current understanding, whilst accruing the information needed to improve future management. Adaptive management can lead to revision of a part or if necessary the whole management plan.

Adaptive management enables landowners and managers to:

i) Learn through experience. ii) Take account of, and respond to, changing factors that affect the biodiversity stewardship site. iii) Develop or refine management processes. iv) Adopt best practices and new innovations in biodiversity conservation management. v) Demonstrate that management is appropriate and effective.

Figure 1.3 The adaptive management cycle (Management Strategy Evaluation, 2009)

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2) DESCRIPTION OF MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY AND ITS CONTEXT

2.1 The history of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Prior to 1992 the majority of what is now Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy consisted of a number of relatively small-scale farms focussed on cattle farming, sisal, pineapple and cotton farming, and hunting farms. Phinda Private Game Reserve was then established in 1991. At about the same time, an extensive bush-clearing programme was instituted in an effort to return the reserve to its original state based on aerial photography from the 1960s. The photography showed that many areas had become heavily encroached, by woody plant species such as spp. and as a result of overgrazing.

In 1993, the owners of the land in the Conservancy incorporated the company Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy to provide a basis for coordinated and cooperative management. In 2008 the company was wound up and deregistered and replaced by the creation of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Controllers Association. The association was established to provide for the administration, control and management of the Conservancy, to establish a mechanism for the effective control and management of developments taking place in the Conservancy, and to provide members’ respective entitlements and restrictions to the occupation, use and enjoyment of the Conservancy. The association agreement was signed between three key partners:

• The Conservation Corporation, which is now andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve. • Zuka Private Game Reserve. • SKS Estates, which represents the Bumbeni property.

The land ownership within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is depicted in Figure 2.1 and Table 2.1.1. Although the three entities do not own all of the land, they control it in terms of lease arrangements. In this context, the control of the land is as follows:

• AndBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve – 16,826.0725 ha o This equates to control of 59.3% of the reserve’s land. • Zuka Private Game Reserve -10,024.4310 ha o This equates to control of 35,3% of the reserve’s land. • SKS Estates – 1,523.8398 ha o This equates to control of 5.4% of the reserve’s land.

The Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Controllers Association is the appointed management authority for the nature reserve and has amongst its main objectives and purpose to:

• Establish the game reserve as a sanctuary in perpetuity for wildlife, flora and the habitat for exhibition, propagation, protection and

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preservation of the wildlife, the flora and habitat so as to enable sustainable resource utilisation. • Promote and protect the game reserve and the communal interests of each member in the game reserve, including the protection of the conservancy against poaching disturbance, deterioration, defacement or destruction and to limit the impact of man-made structures, installations, processes, products or human activities.

The association has the power to appoint a management committee and “delegate to the management committee, all such powers and authority required for the proper and efficient management, control and administration of the association and the conservancy”. Member’s shares in the association are divided according to the amount of land controlled by the members, which means that andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve is the major shareholder in the game reserve.

Figure 2.1 Land ownership within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

Table 2.1.1 Land within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

Landowner Area (ha)

The Farm Phindaland No. 16282 2,378.7377

Remainder of Portion 15 of the Farm Katema-Nedersetting No. 14250 522.6767 Portion 17 of the Farm Katema-Nedersetting No. 14250 1,334.0864 Portion 30 of the Farm Katema-Nedersetting No. 14250 673.6506

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Table 2.1.1 (continued)

Landowner Area (ha)

Portion 2 of the Farm Morrisvale No. 13100 56.9154 Phinda Land 4,966.07 Portion 18 of the Farm Katema-Nedersetting No. 14250 1,139.5289 Bischoff 1,139.5289

Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust 6,105.60

Remainder of Portion 21 of the Farm Katema-Nedersetting No. 14250 2,268.0169 The Farm Iswelihle No. 13163 337.9128

The Farm Mun-Ya-Wana No. 13161 522.4496 Remainder of the Farm Umgotsha No. 13308 414.8628 Remainder of the Farm Golweni No. 13309 313.0418 Portion 1 of the Farm Indabana No. 13162 209.9583 Phinda Land 4,066.24 Portion 4 of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13252 35.4909

Portion 5 of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13252 32.3749 Plots 67.87 Portion 0 of the Farm Shotton No. 13810 555.2292

Portion 0 of the Farm Umzigi No. 13809 439.0843 Shotton 994.31 The Farm Mtante No. 13813 530.9843 The Farm Skipton No. 13812 564.6832 The Farm Dhlamini No. 13811 515.9747 Lulubush 1,611.64

Makhasa Community Trust 6,740.06

The Farm Bube No. 16148 1,172.0978 The Farm Monte Rosa No. 13272 927.5403

Portion 2 of the Farm Golweni No. 13309 93.6563 Remainder of the Farme Indabana No. 13162 588.8919 Portion 1 of the Farm Umgotsha No. 13308 167.4804 The Farm Harrowgate No. 15511 1,030.7473

andBeyond Phinda 3,980.41

&BEYOND PHINDA TOTAL 16,826.0725

Remainder of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13525 1,373.8398 Portion 13 of the Farm Bumbeni No, 13525 120.0000

Portion 14 of the Farm Bumbeni No, 13525 30.0000

SKS Estates (owned by Makhasa) 1,523.8398

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Table 2.1.1 (continued)

Landowner Area (ha)

Remainder of the Farm Ntabankosi No. 14594 1,129.7840 Portion 5 of the Farm Fagolweni No. 16156 986.9628 Snowy Owl 2,116.75 The Farm Tebelwane No. 13517 691.3706 The Farm Zuka No. 13516 693.7937 The Farm Sutton No. 17714 2,099.8184 Zuka Land 3,484.98

Portion 2 of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13252 31.8516 Portion 3 of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13252 35.4921 Portion 6 of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13252 32.3757 Plots 99.72 The Farm Nkonka No. 13285 610.6433 Nkonka 610.64 The Farm Versveld No. 16019 1,029.7839 Portion 2 of the Farm Mkuze South No. 14402 51.3600 Bayala 1,081.14

The Farm Sungulwane No. 16020 955.5500 Portion 1 of the Farm Mduna Landgoed No. 15140 55.8700 Sungulwane 1,011.42 The Farm Ingagula No. 13057 633.3336 Remainder of the Farm Impangele No. 13058 381.2674 The Farm Mduna Landgoed No. 15140 605.1739 Fever Tree 1,619.77

ZUKA TOTAL 10,024.45

SUB-TOTAL 28,374.3433

Portion 1 of the Farm Fagolweni No. 16156 248.0391

Mziki 248.0391

TOTAL 28,622.3824

The association agreement enables the management committee to establish an administrative fund “to enable the conservancy to conduct its affairs, carry out the objects and purpose of the conservancy including the repair, maintenance, upkeep, control, management and administration of the conservancy and the association’s assets which shall include reasonable provisions for future maintenance and repairs.”

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The association focuses its efforts on the following:

• Development controls, in particular architectural guidelines and the density of development. • The erection and maintenance of perimeter fences and entrance gates. • The management of all wildlife, which is managed by the warden, under the control and direction of the management committee. This includes overseeing the culling, hunting, capture and conservation of all wildlife and habitat on the conservancy.

Amongst other provisions, the association agreement, stipulates the permissible commercial bed densities within the reserve. In this regard commercial bed densities are limited to one bed per 75 ha.

Key ecological and habitat management interventions, such as fire management and invasive alien plant control, are undertaken at the costs of the individual members but are coordinated through the management committee.

2.2 The legal context for the management of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy There is a large body of legislation that is relevant to the management of Mun- Ya-Wana Conservancy, but the primary legislation guiding the management of protected areas is the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (No.57 of 2003).

The Protected Areas Act establishes the legal basis for the creation and administration of protected areas in , as its objectives include provisions “for the protection and conservation of ecologically viable areas representative of South Africa’s biological diversity and its natural landscapes”. The Act sets out the mechanisms for the declaration of protected areas and the requirements for their management.

A detailed list of relevant legislation is provided in Appendix B. As the management authority, Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy should familiarise itself with the purpose and contents of the statutes and their subsequent amendments and regulations.

2.2.1 Proclamation status of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife has negotiated Biodiversity Stewardship Agreements with the landowners of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. Through this agreement, the landowners have committed to proclaiming the site as a nature reserve in terms of Section 23 of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (No.57 of 2003). A copy of the gazette notice, proclaiming Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy as a nature reserve is provided in Appendix C.

2.2.2 Boundary demarcation and deviations The Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy perimeter fence is a 1.8m heavy galvanized, electrified Veldspan or Bonnox game fence that meets the requirements of the

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National Norms and Standards for the Management of Elephants in South Africa. Along boundaries with communal areas and cattle farms, the fence line has an additional electric fence consisting of three electric strands, which is intended to maintain a distance of six metres between buffalo and cattle to prevent the transmission of corridor disease (Figure 2.2). As such the boundary of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is known by the management authority, is fully demarcated and is respected by local residents, neighbouring land users and the public.

Figure 2.2 Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy perimeter fence

Boundary deviations exist between Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and Mkhuze Game Reserve, which is managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. These deviations are not addressed through a legally binding agreement.

2.2.3 Servitude register Three district roads (the P466, the D448 and the D463) run through the Mun- Ya-Wana Conservancy and there are several other servitudes. A register of these servitudes must be compiled and maintained.

2.2.4 Invasive species control in terms of the Biodiversity Act In terms of Section 76 of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (No.10 of 2004), the management authority of a protected area must incorporate an invasive species control plan in the protected area management plan. This is addressed in Sections 3 and 4 below. Furthermore, Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has a comprehensive invasive alien species control plan for 2014 to 2019, which meets the requirements of the Biodiversity Act (Boyce 2014). The plan includes the identification of key invasive alien species, their distributions and densities, and a series of management and control strategies that include the use of fire, chemical and

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manual control, and the maintenance of boundaries and buffer zones to prevent new infestations.

2.3 Ecological context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

2.3.1 Climate and weather Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has a warm to hot, humid, tropical to subtropical climate with hot summers and cool to warm winters. Tropical cyclones, which occur infrequently along the coast, generally from January to March, and are often accompanied by high wind speeds, result in occasional episodic large- scale floods. The mean annual rainfall for the period 1995 to 2017 was 709mm with with maximum and minimum annual rainfall records of 1,195mm and 308mm being recorded in 2000 and 2015 respectively (Figure 2.3), which indicates the significant variability characterising the annual precipitation of the area (Trollope et al. 2011).

400

350

300

250

200 Rainfall (mm)

150

100

50

0

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Figure 2.3 Actual monthly rainfall for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy recorded from 1995 to 2016

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More than 75% of the annual rainfall occurs between the months of October and March. In contrast, very little rain falls between the months of May and September with July having the lowest average rainfall at 14mm (Figure 2.4).

120

100

80

60 Rainfall (mm)

40

20

0

Figure 2.4 Mean monthly rainfall for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy recorded from 1995 to 2016

The area is generally climatically stable with the mean annual temperature fluctuation less than 12 oC (Bothma 2002). The mean temperature is 21.8 oC, the highest average monthly temperature occurs in January, with an average of 25.5 oC and the lowest average temperature occurs in July, at 16.4 oC.

2.3.2 Topography The Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy lies at the south-western boundary of the extensive Maputaland Coastal Plain. The altitude of the reserve ranges from 5m above sea level on the Mzinene River in the south to approximately 50m above sea level in the north-east to 340m in the south west. To the north in Mkhuze Game Reserve, the height above sea level rises to 474m at Khombe Peak in the Lebombo Mountains (Figure 2.5).

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Figure 2.5 Topography of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and its surrounds

2.3.3 Geology and soils The geological variation and the associated soils of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy contribute significantly to the diversity of vegetation types in the area (Figure 2.6). The Letaba Basalts, Karoo Sequence constitute the even turf covered terrain west of the Ubombo Range and consists of dark to red clay soils derived from mainly basalts of the Letaba Formation and small amounts of Rhyodacite of the Jozini Formation Lebombo Group. Post-dating and overlying the Letaba Formation, are erosion resistant rhyolites of the Ubombo

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Mountain, Jozini Formation. To the east, post-dating and overlying the rhyolites of the Jozini Formation are the less resistant Cretaceous sediments of the Zululand Group, continuing from the eastern base of the Ubombos where the gently undulating nature of the terrain signifies the start of the Maputaland Coastal Plain (Wolmarans and du Preez 1986).

Figure 2.6 Geology of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and its surrounds

The Cretaceous sediments comprise three formations exposed in striking north-south zones parallel to the eastern foot slopes of the Lebombo Mountains (Wolmarans and du Preez 1986). The first to be deposited was the

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lower Cretaceous Makatini Formation consisting of non-marine, fluviatile coarse sandstone and conglomerate. The overlying Mzinene Formation consists of shallow marine silts and sands, while the St Lucia Formation near the coast is the youngest and comprises of buff and greenish grey glaucanitic silts and fine sands. Overlying and post-dating the Cretaceous aged sediments are the Quaternary and Tertiary marine deposits related to marine regressions and transgressions that resulted in the most conspicuous topographic feature of the Maputaland Costal Plain, the linear north-south trending dune ridges (Goodman 1990).

In contrast to the infertile soils over most of the coastal plains, weathering of rhyolite and basalt on the Lebombo Mountains has produced relatively fertile soils with high clay contents. Soil derived from the rhyolite and basalt to the west was deposited on the coastal plain below as clayey but shallow lithosols (Whatkeys et al. 1993). To the east there is a belt of rich clay-loam soils formed primarily in situ on the Cretaceous strata. These vary from red loamy to clayey soils in the higher-lying areas and black vertisols on the lower-lying valley bottoms. Although there is a general understanding of the soils in the reserve, a detailed, fine-scale soil survey is required in order to generate an accurate soil map for the reserve.

2.3.4 Drainage and hydrology Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is drained by a number of drainage lines towards the Nsumu and Msunduzi Rivers in the north (outside of the reserve). The Mduna River flows from the western portion of the reserve. The Mhlosinga and the Mun-Ya-Wana Rivers cover the major portion of the catchment in the reserve and drain into the Mzinene River on the southern boundary of the reserve, which ultimately flows into the St Lucia Wetland system (Figure 2.7). The rivers are seasonal, flowing during the wet summer months and reduced to isolated pools and subterranean seepage through sediments in winter.

In the northern section of the reserve there are numerous small (less than 0.25 ha) shallow clay floored seasonal pans occurring throughout the reserve. These occur mainly in the depressions between the sand dunes. Artificial watering points consist of a number of dams scattered throughout the reserve. The largest of these are the Mvubu and Fagolweni Dams that are generally permanent.

The Mhlosinga and Mun-Ya-Wana Rivers and the Mzinene River that they flow into on the reserve’s southern boundary are all National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Area (NFEPA) Rivers. Similarly, a number of the wetlands within the reserve are NFEPA wetlands. The implication of this is that these rivers and wetlands are considered a priority for the provision of freshwater ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation nationally. Furthermore, the rivers and wetlands within the reserve make up an integral part of the St Lucia Wetland system, South Africa’s largest estuary and a primary component of the iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage Site. The protection and management of the reserve is thus important in maintaining the connectivity and ecological integrity of iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage Site.

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Figure 2.7 Drainage and hydrology of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and its surrounds

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2.3.5 Vegetation Mucina and Rutherford (2006) have identified nine vegetation types that occur within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. The updated KZN vegetation layer has further refined these vegetation types and has identified 14 vegetation types (Figure 2.8). A finer scale vegetation assessment, which identified 25 plant communities within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has been undertaken (van Rooyen 2007). For the purposes of this management plan though, the focus will be on the 14 vegetation types identified in the KZN vegetation layer, as these are used to determine the contribution of the reserve to provincial and national biodiversity and protected area targets (Table 2.3.1).

Table 2.3.1 Vegetation types in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and their contribution towards protected area targets

Vegetation type Threat status Extent of Proportion of Contribution vegetation provincial extent of to biodiversity within the veg type within the targets reserve (ha) reserve Lowveld Riverine Forest Critically 129.8 1.29% 1.3% Endangered Alluvial Wetlands: Subtropical Endangered 97.5 0.57% 1.8% Vegetation Zululand Lowveld Vulnerable 7,529.1 1.13% 6.0% Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld Vulnerable 3,056.5 2.00% 10.5% Freshwater Wetlands: Subtropical Vulnerable 48.5 0.35% 1.5% Freshwater Wetlands Southern Lebombo Bushveld Least threatened 5,891,1 5.13% 21.4% Tembe Sandy Bushveld Least threatened 8,379.0 7.57% 39.9% Maputaland Pallid Sandy Bushveld Least threatened 1,890,0 3.08% 12.3% Makatini Clay Thicket Least threatened 462.3 1.43% 7.5% Licuati Sand Forest: Eastern Sand Forest Least threatened 483.1 1.90% 2.8%

Freshwater Wetlands: Subtropical Least threatened 6.6 0.04% 0.2% Freshwater Wetlands: Tall Grassland/ Sedge/Reed Wetlands Freshwater Wetlands: Subtropical Least threatened 493.2 1.05% 4.4% Freshwater Wetlands: Short Grass/ Sedge Wetlands Freshwater Wetlands: Subtropical Least threatened 36.6 0.48% 2.0% Freshwater Wetlands: Coastal Lakes and Pans Inland Saline Wetlands Wetlands: Least threatened 20.5 0.80% 3.3% Subtropical Salt Pans

It is evident that Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy makes a substantial contribution to several protected area targets and plays a key role in protecting several threatened vegetation types.

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Figure 2.8 Vegetation of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy (KZN vegetation layer)

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Southern Lebombo Bushveld (Muncina and Rutherford 2006) is the largest vegetation type in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, covering approximately 30.09% of the reserve. It occurs in , KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland at altitudes between 100 and 600 metres. It is an open bushveld dominated by Acacia and Combretum species. Biogeographically important species associated with this vegetation type include Pachycarpus lebomboensis (a Lebombo endemic) and Gasteria batesiana (a northern KZN endemic).

Tembe Sandy Bushveld (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 24.01% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It occurs in KwaZulu-Natal in the Maputaland lowveld, east of the Pongola River and in a strip of land between Tembe Elephant Park and the border in the north extending south to the Mkuze and Msunduzi River regions. The vegetation occurs on extensive flat to slightly undulating plains and is characterised by an open to closed woodland with a canopy that is five to 10 m tall dominated by Terminalia sericea with a species-rich layer and grassy undergrowth. There are a number of Maputaland endemic species associated with this vegetation type.

Zululand Lowveld (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 18.19% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It occurs in KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland and Mpumalanga, predominantly around Mkuze, Hluhluwe and Ulundi to just north of Ongoye Forest at an altitude of 50 to 450 metres. The vegetation occurs in extensive flat or only slightly undulating landscapes supporting a complex of various bushveld units ranging from dense thickets of Dichrostachys cinerea and Acacia species through park-like savanna with flat- topped A. tortilis to tree dominated woodland with broad-leaved open bushveld with Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra and A. nigrescens. Tall grassveld types with sparsely scattered solitary trees and form a mosaic with the typical savanna thornveld, bushveld and thicket patches.

Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 12.45% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It occurs in the regions immediately to the east of the Lebombo Mountains, eastwards to the western edge of the Tembe Sandy Bushveld at an altitude of 20 to 200 metres. The vegetation comprises mixed but mainly compound leaved short (5-10 m) woodlands and wooded grasslands. It occurs on the crests, upper and mid- slopes of gently undulating terrain. The vegetation type is dissected by two large alluvial floodplains associated with the Mkuze and Phongolo Rivers.

Maputaland Pallid Sandy Bushveld (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 8.05% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It occurs in KwaZulu- Natal in the Maputaland lowveld, east of the Pongola River between Tembe Sandy Bushveld and the Maputaland Coastal Belt at altitudes of between 40 to 80 metres. The vegetation occurs on ancient coastal dune cordons on gently undulating terrain and comprises an open to closed evergreen woodland with a canopy of five to 10 metres. It differs from Tembe Sandy Bushveld in the generally higher clay content of the soils and higher water table and lower evaporation rates, arising from its proximity to the east coast.

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Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) collectively cover approximately 2.51% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. Mucina and Rutherford (2006) do not distinguish between different categories of this vegetation type as the KZN vegetation layer does. These wetlands are widely distributed in South Africa, occurring withn the Albany Thicket Biome, the Coastal Belt from Transkei to Maputaland and the Lowveld and Central Bushveld regions at altitudes ranging from zero to 1,400 metres. The vegetation occurs in flat topography supporting low beds dominated by reeds, sedges and rushes, and water-logged meadows dominated by grasses. It is found typically along the edges of seasonal pools in aeolian depressions as well as fringing alluvial backwater pans or artificial dams.

Makatini Clay Thicket (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 1.86% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It occurs in KwaZulu-Natal, mostly embedded as varying sized patches within Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld, where it occurs in bottomland positions. It comprises a mixed, but mainly simple-leaved short bushland and thicket with emergent trees up to 10 metres and a generally dense dominant shrub layer that one to four metres tall. It occurs on the lower slopes and bottomlands of gently undulating terrain.

Licuati Sand Forests: Eastern Sand Forest (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 1.80% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It occurs in KwaZulu-Natal in a broad and highly fragmented belt from False Bay in the south to the national border with Mozambique (Tembe Elephant Park and Ndumo Game Reserve). The main distribution of the forest is in Maputaland. It consists of dense thickets of five to six metre short forest up to tall forests with the canopy reaching 15 metres, with a well-developed shrub layer and very poorly developed ground layer. The dominant trees are Cleistanthus schlechteri, Dialium schlechteri and emergent Newtonia hildebrantii. The shrub layer is dominated by Croton pseudopulchellus, Cola greenwayi, Pteleopsis myrtifolia, Psydrax locuples, Drypetes arguta and the woody climber Uvaria lucida. The most conspicuous graminoid in the herb layer is Eragrostis moggii. Epiphytic orchids and lichens festoon the trees. This forest houses a large number of local Maputaland endemics and forms the core of the Maputaland Regional Centre of Endemism. Many other tropical elements have their southern-most distribution here and/or are found in South Africa exclusively here.

Lowveld Riverine Forest (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 0.54% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It is an azonal vegetation type that occurs in riparian areas in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and Provinces. It consists of tall forests fringing larger rivers (gallery forest) and water pans. In the case of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, this forest occurs alongside the Msunduzi River. When dominated by sycomorus or Diospyros mespiliformis, these forests are dense and tall, structured into several layers with a well-developed dense shrub layer.

Alluvial Wetlands: Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 0.09% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It occurs in

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Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces and is found in broad river alluvia and around some river-fed pans in the subtropical region of eastern South Africa. The vegetation occurs in flat alluvial riverine terraces supporting an intricate complex of macrophytic vegetation (channel of flowing rivers and river-fed pans), marginal reed beds (along very slow flowing water courses) as well as extensive flooded grasslands, ephemeral herblands and riverine thickets. This vegetation type is generally found in a complex of Subtropical Riverine Forests (gallery forest) and both are usually embedded within various bushveld types of the Savanna Biome.

Inland Saline Wetlands: Subtropical Salt Pans (Mucina and Rutherford 2006) covers approximately 0.09% of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. It occurs in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces, in the subtropical regions of South Africa at altitudes ranging from zero to 1,400 metres. It consists of shallow depressions, often found on old alluvial terraces of rivers surrounded by zones of bank reeds or low herblands and in more perennial pans also filled with a dense carpet of macrophytic floating vegetation.

2.3.6 Plant species There are a number of confirmed threatened and endemic plant species that occur within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy (Table 2.3.2).

Table 2.3.2 Threatened and endemic plant species present within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

Species Common name Threat status Endemic status Warburgia salutaris Pepper-bark tree Endangered Non endemic sylvatica Forest elephants foot Vulnerable Non endemic Haworthia limifolia None Vulnerable Non endemic Crassula lanceolata None Near Threatened SA endemic Crinum acaule Maputaland grass crinum Near Threatened Non endemic Crotalaria dura Wild lucerne Near Threatened KZN endemic Synaptolepis kirkii None Near Threatened Non endemic Combretum mkuzense Maputaland bushwillow Near Threatened Non endemic Elaeodendron transvaalense Bushveld saffron Near Threatened Non endemic Erythrophleum lasianthum Maputaland ordeal tree Near Threatened Non endemic Combretum sp. nov. None Declining KZN near-endemic Aneilema dregeanum Blue Aneilema Declining Non endemic Boophone disticha Fan-leaved Boophone Declining Non endemic Crinum bulbispermum Vaal River lily Declining Non endemic Eulophia speciosa None Declining Non endemic Hypoxis hemerocallidea Star-flower Declining Non endemic Acridocarpus natalitius var. Narrow- -fruit Declining Non endemic linearifolius Acridocarpus natalitius var. Moth-fruit Declining Non endemic natalitius gummifera Green-stem Declining Non endemic Balanites maughamii Torchwood Declining Non endemic Newtonia hildebrandtii Lebombo wattle Declining Non endemic

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Table 2.3.2 (cont.)

Species Common name Threat status Endemic status foetida subsp. Filipes Sandveld shepherds-tree Declining Non endemic canthartica Blue sweetberry Declining Non endemic Carissa tetramera Sand num-num Declining Non endemic Cladostemon kirkii Tongakierie Declining Non endemic Cola greenwayi Hairy cola Declining Non endemic Croton pseudopulchellus Small lavender Croton Declining Non endemic Cussonia arenicola Sand cabbage-tree Declining Non endemic Drypetes arguta Water ironplum Declining Non endemic Ficus tremula Quiver-leaf fig Declining Non endemic Lasiodiscus pervillei subsp. Red-hair bush Declining Non endemic pervillei Monodora junodii Green-apple Declining Non endemic Pavetta catophylla Christmas bush Declining Non endemic Psydrax fragrantissima Tonga Quar Declining Non endemic Psydrax locuples Sand Quar Declining Non endemic Pteleopsis myrtifolia Stink-bushwillow Declining Non endemic Pyrostria hystrix Porcupine-bush Declining Non endemic Salacia leptoclada Sand lemon-rope Declining Non endemic Suregada zanzibariensis Sand canary-berry Declining Non endemic Tapura fischeri Leafberry tree Declining Non endemic Toddaliopsis bremekampii Wild-mandarin Declining Non endemic Vitex ferruginea Plum finger-leaf Declining Non endemic subsp.amboniensis Searsia kawzuluana KwaZulu dwarf currant Not threatened (rare) KZN endemic Cyrtorchis praetermissa None Not threatened KZN endemic neglecta None Not threatened KZN endemic Clutia pulchella Wart-fruit lightning-bush Not threatened KZN endemic Tapura fischeri Leafberry-tree Not threatened KZN endemic Euphorbia sp. None Not threatened KZN endemic Crotalaria macrocarpa Golden birdflower Not threatened KZN near-endemic Cyphostemma natalitium None Not threatened KZN near-endemic Eugenia capensis Dune myrtle Not threatened KZN near-endemic Pelargonium tongaense Tonga Pelargonium Not threatened (rare) SA endemic Anthospermum streyi None Not threatened (rare) SA endemic Ancylobothrys petersiana Climbing milk-apricot Not threatened SA endemic Ceropegia distincta Haygarth’s Ceropegia Not threatened SA endemic Cissus fragilis Forest grape vine Not threatened SA endemic Crassula perforata None Not threatened SA endemic Crinum delagoense Candy-striped Crinum Not threatened SA endemic Dicoma zeyheri Doll’s protea Not threatened SA endemic Acacia natalitia Pale-bark sweet thorn Not threatened SA endemic fascicularis var. Zigzag -bush Not threatened SA endemic zeyheri Chionanthus foveolatus Pcok-ironwood Not threatened SA endemic Diospyros scabrida Coast bladder-nut Not threatened SA endemic

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Table 2.3.2 (cont.)

Species Common name Threat status Endemic status Diospyros simii Climbing star-apple Not threatened SA endemic Diospyros villosa Hairy star-apple Not threatened SA endemic Ehretia rigida Puzzle bush Not threatened SA endemic Erythroxylum pictum Forest coca-tree Not threatened SA endemic Euclea crispa Blue guarri Not threatened SA endemic Euclea natalensis Hairy guarri Not threatened SA endemic Halleria lucida Tree-fuschia Not threatened SA endemic Hyphaene coriacea Lala palm Not threatened SA endemic Mystroxylon aethiopicum Kooboo berry Not threatened SA endemic Olea capensis Ironwood Not threatened SA endemic Rhoicissus sessilifolia Coast grape Not threatened SA endemic Canthium setiflorum subsp. Rough turkey-berry Not threatened SA endemic setiflorum Cassipourea mossambicensis Sand onionwood Not threatened SA endemic Croton steenkampianus Maputaland Croton Not threatened SA endemic microthyrsa Sand raisin Not threatened SA endemic Haplocoelum foliolosum subsp. Galla-plum Not threatened SA endemic mombasense Hippocratea delagoensis Maputaland paddle-pod Not threatened SA endemic Lagynias lasiantha Smooth pedent-medlar Not threatened SA endemic Leptactina delagoensis Sand nightstar Not threatened SA endemic Lagynias monteiroi Dune pendent-medlar Not threatened SA endemic Oxyanthus latifolus Sand wild-loquat Not threatened SA endemic Sclerochiton apiculatus Blue lips Not threatened SA endemic Tarenna junodii Climbing Tarenna Not threatened SA endemic Tricalysia delagoensis Tonga jackal-coffee Not threatened SA endemic Tricalysia maputensis Sand jackal-coffe Not threatened SA endemic Warneckea sousae Tonga false rose-apple Not threatened SA endemic Wrightia natalensis Saddle-pod Not threatened SA endemic In addition to the threatened and endemic plant species present in Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy, there are a number of trees that are Protected in terms of the National Forest Act 1998 (Act No. 84 of 1998):

• Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra • Sideroxylon inerme • • Cleistanthus schlecteri • Pittosporum viridiflorum • Elaeodendron transvaalense • Balanites maughamii • Newtonia hildebrantii • Warburgia salutaris

A comprehensive plant list is included in Appendix D.

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2.3.7 Threatened and endemic animal species There are a number of confirmed threatened and endemic animal species that occur within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy (Table 2.3.3).

Table 2.3.3 Threatened and animal endemic species present within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

Species Common name Threat status Endemic status Diceros bicornis minor Black rhinoceros Endangered Non endemic Ceratotherium simum White rhinoceros Endangered Non endemic Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Vulnerable Non endemic

Panthera pardus Leopard Vulnerable Non endemic Mellivora capensis Honey badger Vulnerable Non endemic Gyps africanus White-backed vulture Vulnerable Non endemic Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced vulture Vulnerable Non endemic Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded vulture Vulnerable Non endemic Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur Vulnerable Non endemic Polemaetus bellicosus Martial eagle Vulnerable Non endemic Tyto capensis African grass owl Vulnerable Non endemic Pelecanus rufescens Pink-backed pelican Vulnerable Non endemic

Pelecanus onocrotalus Great white pelican Near Threatened Non endemic Sagittarius serpentarius Secretarybird Near Threatened Non endemic Felis serval Serval Near Threatened Non endemic Crocuta crocuta Spotted hyena Near Threatened Non endemic Canis adustus Side-striped jackal Near Threatened Non endemic Uroplectes formosus maculipes Lesser thick-tailed scorpion Not threatened KZN endemic Trigotenia phinda None Not threatened KZN endemic Trachycystis watsoni Watson’s pinwheel Not threatened KZN endemic Proandricus notabilis Earthworm Not threatened KZN endemic

Gonioscelis zulu Robber fly Not threatened KZN endemic Stagira natalenis Cicada Not threatened KZN endemic Dendromus cf. nyikae Nyika Climbing Mouse Not threatened 1st record in KZN Neotragus moschatus Suni Not threatened Near endemic Paraxerus palliates Tonga Red Squirrel Not threatened Near endemic

2.3.8 Mammalian fauna Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is managed as a Big 5 Game Reserve and as such has a number of the game species typical of the northern Zululand region. A number of threatened mammal species naturally occurred or have been reintroduced into the reserve including black rhino (EN), white rhino (EN), cheetah (VU), leopard (VU), honey badger (VU), serval (NT), spotted hyena

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(NT) and side-striped jackal (NT). A list of mammal species is included in Appendix D.

2.3.9 Elephant management In accordance with the National Norms and Standards for the Management of Elephants in South Africa, published in terms of Section 9 of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No 10 of 2004), an Elephant Management Plan has been prepared for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. The management plan identifies that the reserve has an estimated elephant carrying capacity of approximately 100 and that the number of elephants at the time of the preparation of the management plan was 89. The primary management objective is to maintain a relatively low elephant population number that is manageable whilst allowing for adequate visitor experience.

Most of the elephants introduced into the reserve originated from the Kruger National Park although six individuals originated from . The elephant management plan includes the following key provisions:

• Sand forest exclosures will be maintained to prevent or limit the impacts of elephants on the sand forest areas and on species woody species. • An annual immuno-contraceptive vaccination programme will be maintained in an effort to limit elephant population growth rates to 1 to 2%. • Opportunities to move elephants in accordance with the National Norms and Standards for the Management of Elephants in South Africa will be undertaken even if the population is below the preferred maximum density. • Land expansion and consolidation opportunities will be explored to allow for growth of the elephant population. • An elephant vegetation impact assessment programme would be developed by the end of 2014. • A detailed stocking rate model to manage all other wildlife species would be developed by the end of 2014.

2.3.10 Avifauna Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has a high diversity of species, with 415 recorded species, associated with its high habitat heterogeneity. In addition, the reserve is significant for avifaunal conservation for the following reasons:

• The habitat that it has for waterfowl and its connection to iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage Site, which is also a listed Ramsar Site (Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat). • The presence of a number of sand forest-endemic species, associated with the high-quality sand forest habitat in the reserve.

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• Its inclusion in a new Important Bird Area (IBA) to be known as the Zululand IBA, which has been proposed by BirdLife South Africa.

The Zululand IBA One of the primary reasons for the creation of the Zululand IBA is that it will incorporate breeding populations of savanna associated vultures and raptors which are currently only represented in the protected area system within Hluhluwe-iMfolosi Park (HIP) in KwaZulu-Natal. Important components of these populations occur outside of HIP within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and a number of biodiversity stewardship sites in the region. The proclamation of these sites and the creation of the IBA enable appropriate landscape level conservation that will capture much of the breeding and feeding area of these vultures and other raptors. Importantly, all of the vulture species are listed as globally threatened.

The IBA is also significant because it supports a number of species at the southernmost limit of their range, including:

• Bennet’s Woodpecker. • Burchell’s Starling. • Red-billed Buffalo Weaver. • Magpie Shrike. • Pearl-spotted Owlet. • Red-headed Weaver. • Brown-headed Parrot. • Grey and Red-billed Hornbills. • Levaillant’s Cuckoo. • Purple Roller.

The IBA also supports a number of East Coast Endemics, including:

• Rudd’s Apalis. • Pink-throated Twinspot. • Lemon-breasted Canary. • Neergard’s Sunbird.

A list of bird species is included in Appendix D.

2.3.11 Herpetofauna (reptiles and ) The list of reptile and species that occur in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is not complete. Notable species on the list include Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and African rock python (Python sebae), which are both classified as Vulnerable. The reptile and amphibian species list is contained in Appendix D.

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2.3.12 Invertebrates Little is known about the invertebrate species within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy but it is likely that similar species assemblages and diversity as would occur in surrounding protected areas would be present within the reserve.

2.4.13 Fire and herbivore management Fire is a key driver of ecological dynamics in southern African systems, which are largely driven by patterns of disturbance. Fire contributes to patterns of disturbance by removing the vegetative growth of plants, and in contrast to grazing it does this non-selectively, which reduces the competitive advantages of species adapted to grazing. An important aspect of fire in savanna environments is the role that it plays in controlling bush encroachment and stimulating new growth for both grazing and browsing species. This can be used as a tool to encourage game to move from over-utilised to under-utilised areas of a property (Bothma 2002).

Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has a comprehensive fire management plan and may be considered to be at the forefront in developing the science and research in savanna fire management in South Africa. In 1998 Professor Winston Trollope provided recommendations on the assessment and monitoring of range condition in order to apply prescribed burning as a means of maintaining and improving range condition, and combatting and preventing bush encroachment. Through the Working on Fire programme he has subsequently remained closely involved in the use and management of fire and the associated monitoring and research associated with it in the Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy. In 1998, a veld condition assessment programme was introduced together with simple, reliable techniques for assessing range condition and for collecting appropriate ecological data. Range condition was used to determine management decisions and range management practices could be adapted to maintain optimal habitat conditions. The data is used to determine management considerations such as forage and fuel potential, trends in ecological status and resistance to soil erosion across the reserve. Through the Munyawana Veld Condition Assessment (VCA) Monitoring Programme that has subsequently developed in the reserve, there are 43 veld condition assessment sites on the reserve that are used to collect data, which guides rangeland management practices such as such as stocking rates, grazing management and burning programmes (Figure 2.9).

Issues that are considered particularly important in determining burning practices include the effects of management practices on the forage production of the reserve to support herbivores and the effects that burning has on the productivity of the reserve’s rangelands, bush encroachment and alien plant species such as Chromolaena odorata. Monitoring enables the reserve to maintain the rangeland in optimal condition in an effort to maintain the wildlife population in an optimal productive condition, which is important for the ecological stability of the reserve and its attraction as a premier tourism destination.

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Figure 2.9 Burning blocks and location of VCA sites at Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy

The Fire Management Plan for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy provides a detailed overview of the behaviour of fire, its effects on African grasslands and savannas, considering issues such as fire intensity, season of burning, frequency of burning, and the interaction between fire and herbivory. The plan provides a detailed methodology for the implementation of the veld monitoring programme and the process of interpreting the data that emerges from it. It describes the ecological criteria for prescribed burning that aims to achieve the following:

• The maintenance of a high species diversity of perennial grass plants.

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• The maintenance of an optimum relationship between herbaceous and woody vegetation that maintains the grass sward in a vigorous and palatable condition that ensures that flow of forage for grazing animals and provides adequate resistance to accelerated soil erosion. • Limits on the extent of the area of the reserve burnt in any one season, in which not more than 50% of the total area available for burning is burnt during a growing season, in an effort to maintain sufficient forage for the reserve’s ungulate population.

The plan provides guidance on the implementation of prescribed burning, which is determined based on the findings of the Munyawana Veld Condition Assessment Monitoring Programme after which proposed areas to be burnt are discussed and agreed upon. The plan identifies the burn blocks and prescribes general fire requirements and burn frequencies for each of them. For example, areas that are productive with relatively high rainfall are recommended to be burnt every three years, whilst areas that are less productive or are more at risk for wildfires have different recommendations.

The plan described, in detail, the training, staff and equipment requirements related to fire. It also sets out the requirements for the establishment and maintenance of fire breaks and provides a map depicting the location of boundary and internal firebreaks that are to be maintained in the reserve.

The plan identifies the legislative requirements for fire management that the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy must consider, which relate primarily to compliance with the National Veld and Forest Fire Act (Act No. 101 of 1998). Importantly, it identifies that the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is a member, and for compliance purposes must remain so, of the Zululand Fire Protection Association.

2.3.14 Invasive species There are generally not problems with invasive alien animals within Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy. A variety of invasive alien plant species are known to occur within the reserve (Table 2.3.4).

Table 2.3.4 Identified listed invasive alien plan species that must be controlled within the reserve in terms of NEMBA

Common name Scientific name NEMBA category Chromolaena / Triffid weed / Chromoleana odorata 1b Parafienbos Famine weed Partehnium hysterophorus 1b Lantana / Tickberry Lantana camara 1b Smelter’s bush Flaveria bidentis 1b

Guava Psidium guajava 3

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In terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (No.10 of 2004 – NEMBA) and the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (No.43 of 1983 – CARA), landowners are required to control and eradicate listed invasive alien species on their land. NEMBA categorises such plants on the following basis:

Category 1a: Prohibited - a person in control of a Category 1a Listed Invasive Species must comply with the provisions of section 73(2) of NEMBA; immediately take steps to combat or eradicate listed invasive species in compliance with sections 75(1), (2) and (3) of NEMBA; and allow an authorised official from DEA to enter onto land to monitor, assist with or implement the combatting or eradication of the listed invasive species. Category 1b: Prohibited/exempted if in possession or under control – a person in control of a Category 1b Listed Invasive Species must control the listed invasive species in compliance with sections 75(1), (2) and (3) of NEMBA. A person contemplated in sub- regulation (2) must allow an authorised official from DEA to enter onto the land to monitor, assist with or implement the control of the listed invasive species, or compliance with the Invasive Species Management Programme contemplated in section 75(4) of the Act. Category 2: Permit required - Category 2 Listed Invasive Species are those species listed by notice in terms of section 70(1)(a) of the Act as species which require a permit to carry out a restricted activity within an area specified in the notice or an area specified in the permit. A landowner on whose land a Category 2 Listed Invasive Species occurs or person in possession of a permit, must ensure that the specimens of the species do not spread outside of the land or the area specified in the notice or permit. Unless otherwise specified in the notice, any species listed as a Category 2 Listed Invasive Species that occurs outside the specified area contemplated in sub-regulation (1), must, for purposes of these regulations, be considered to be a Category 1b Listed Invasive Species and must be managed according to Regulation 3. Persons or organ of state must ensure that the specimens of such Listed Invasive Plant Species do not spread outside of the land over which they have control. Category 3: Prohibited - Category 3 Listed Invasive Species are species that are listed by notice in terms of section 70(1)(a) of NEMBA, as species which are subject to exemptions in terms of section 71(3) and prohibitions in terms of section 71A of the Act, as specified in the notice. Any plant species identified as a Category 3 Listed Invasive Species that occurs in riparian areas, must, for the purposes of these regulations, be considered to be a Category 1b Listed Invasive Species and must be managed according to regulation 3.

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Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has a comprehensive Invasive Alien Species Control Plan. Historically, the primary invasive plant in the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has been Chromolaena odorata, which has been controlled through mechanical, chemical and biological means and is largely under control and managed through ongoing maintenance controls. The control plan includes a map depicting the distribution of invasive alien plants in the reserve and outlines the necessary management and control strategies necessary to eradicate and manage infestations. The control plan aims to reduce all invasive alien plant species populations to a maintenance level by 2019.

Although it is not currently a major problem, Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, falls within an area highly susceptible to invasion by Parthenium hysterophorus (famine weed), which originates from the Caribbean/Central and South America. This species is a highly aggressive invader that has been found in the reserve. It is a very fast-growing, rapidly-spreading annual plant that forms dense stands and is extremely difficult to eradicate (Figure 2.10). It exhibits “allelopathy” which means that it exudes chemicals that actively inhibit the germination or growth of nearby plants of other species. It poses an extremely high invasion risk to all the lowveld savanna areas of South Africa and has a very strong adverse impact on the areas invaded as it completely out- competes native plants, and causes severe allergic reactions (on the skin, e.g. dermatitis and in the respiratory tract, e.g. asthma) in a large proportion of people who come into repeated contact with it (measured as being greater than 7 out of 10 people exposed to it in a recent Australian study). It also causes severe physiological impacts on domestic livestock (e.g. “toxic to cattle”) and wildlife that can result in death in extreme cases of continuous high-level exposure.

Figure 2.10 Famine weed (Parthenium hysterophorus)

2.4 Cultural and heritage context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy In 2012, Gavin Anderson of Umlando: Archaeological Tourism and Resource Management conducted a heritage survey of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. The aim of the survey was to record the heritage sites in the reserve, to assess each of the sites of significance and to develop a basic management plan for them. Fifty-five sites have been recorded within the reserve and a systematic

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survey was undertaken of them in May 2012, resulting in a rating of the sites according to their levels of significance from low to medium to high.

The survey of the reserve revealed that a number of middle to late stone age sites exist within the reserve, consisting of scattered tools at low density, most of which are of low significance. One site, which includes early, middle and late Stone Age artefacts and artefacts from the late Iron Age and historic period is considered of high significance due to the variety of artefacts present. Several other sites were of medium significance because of the density or variety of artefacts found or because they form part of the cultural landscape. The survey recommended various mitigation measures that are need to manage and maintain the sites and identified their potential tourism value.

Of particular importance within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, there are a number of paleontological sites, which were surveyed as part of the heritage assessment. These include several fossilised trees and one site containing a very large area of Cretaceous fossils at various stratigraphic levels. The types of fossils present include:

• Ammonites and bivalves (Trigonia) • Infilled worm or burrows • Ammonite – Puzosia • Nautiloid • Ammonite – Pervinquieria • Acanthoceras fluxosum Crick, 1907 • Fossilised wood • Oyster - Gryphaea

The survey identified that fossils have been and continue to be removed and recommended mitigation either through banning of site visits to the area or through the construction of a wooden walkway along the site and interpretive materials to display the fossils.

The management plan identified the sites that would be considered sensitive, which should not be visited and others that could be visited in a controlled manner. If resources are available, a more detailed archaeological and paleontological survey of the reserve should be undertaken.

2.5 Socio-economic role of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Two communities, which are the immediate neighbours to the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, own a considerable amount of the land within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy following successful land claims processes. The legal entities, which represent the beneficiaries of the land claim, and are thus the formal landowners of the land, are:

• The Makhasa Community Trust. • The Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust.

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Lease arrangements have been established between the community trusts and some of the former landowners, in particular andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve.

2.5.1 The Makhasa Community Trust A notarial lease has been established between the Makhasa Community Trust and andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve for the following properties within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy:

• The Remainder of Portion 21 of the Farm Katema Nedersetting No. 14250 (2,268.0 ha). • The Farm Izwelihle No. 13163 (337.9 ha). • Portion 1 of the Farm Indabana No. 13162 (210.0 ha). • The Farm Munyawana No. 13161 (522.4 ha). • The Remainder of the Farm Umgotsha No. 13308 (414.9 ha). • The Remainder of the Farm Golweni No. 13309 (313.0 ha). • The Farm Shotton No. 13810 (555.2 ha). • The Famr Umzigi No. 13809 (439.1 ha). • The Farm Mtante No. 13813 (531.0 ha). • The Farm Skipton No, 13812 (564.7 ha). • The Farm Dhlamini No. 13811 (516.0 ha). andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve thus leases an area of 6,672.2 ha within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy from the Makhasa Community Trust and the lease is registered against the title deeds of the properties. The lease period is for 36 years with an option to renew the lease for a further period of 36 years. The lease enables andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve to carry out businesses related to the use of the site as a nature reserve, which includes ecotourism, hunting and related activities. An initial annual rental amount is established in the lease, which then increases annually on an inflationary basis, which is related to CPI (Consumer Price Index).

An important aspect of the notarial lease agreement is that it gives andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve the exclusive right to apply for the leased area to be declared as a protected area in terms of the Protected Areas Act but andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve may not exercise this right without the prior written consent of the Makhasa Community Trust.

In addition to the annual rental that is paid to the community trust, the notarial lease includes provisions for assistance to the Makhasa Community:

• Employment preference – andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve is required to apply an employment policy which prefers members of the Makhasa Community for employment within the land that the Makhasa Community Trust owns, provided that there is a suitable employee with necessary level of skill and competence. • Discretionary assistance:

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o andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve commits to support the Africa Foundation in its efforts to benefit the Makhasa Community through the provision of operational, financial and technical assistance to the foundation. o andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve commits to promote community based projects, which seek to develop skills and build capacity within the Makhasa Community. • Further endeavours – andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve and the Makhasa Community Trust commit to the development of an agreement that provides to equity shareholding, skills transfer, capacity building and/or other business opportunities for the benefit of the Makhasa Community Trust.

The notarial lease that has been formulated thus ensures a number of socio- economic benefits are conferred on the Makhasa Community, including rental fees paid, as part of the lease agreement, preferential employment opportunities and programmes and projects that aim at skills development and capacity building within the community.

A notarial lease has been established between the Makhasa Community Trust and SKS Estates for the following properties within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy:

• The Remainder of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13525 (1,373.8 ha). • Portion 13 of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13525 (120.0 ha). • Portion 14 of the Farm Bumbeni No. 13525 (30.0 ha).

SKS Estates thus leases an area of 1,523.8 ha within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy from the Makhasa Community Trust. The lease period is for 12 years with an option to renew the lease for a further period of 12 years. The lease limits the use of the property by SKS Estates to game farming and as a tourist destination. An initial annual rental amount is established in the lease, which then increases annually on an inflationary basis, which is related to CPI (Consumer Price Index).

2.5.2 The Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust A notarial lease has been established between the Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust and andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve, which is very similar to that established for the Makhasa Community Trust. The lease is for the following properties within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy:

• Portion 2 of the Farm Morrisvale No. 13100 (56.9 ha). • Portion 17 of the Farm Katema Nedersetting No. 14250 (1,334.1 ha). • Portion 30 of the Farm Katema Nedersetting No. 14250 (673.6 ha). • Remainder of Portion 15 of the Farm Katema Nedersetting No. 14250 (522.7 ha). • The Farm Pindaland No. 16282 (2,378.7 ha).

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andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve thus leases an area of 4,966.1 ha within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy from the Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust and the lease is registered against the title deeds of the properties. The lease period is for 36 years with an option to renew the lease for a further period of 36 years. The lease enables andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve to carry out businesses related to the use of the site as a nature reserve, which includes ecotourism, hunting and related activities. An initial annual rental amount is established in the lease, which then increases annually on an inflationary basis, which is related to CPI (Consumer Price Index).

An important aspect of the notarial lease agreement is that it gives andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve the exclusive right to apply for the leased area to be declared as a protected area in terms of the Protected Areas Act but andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve may not exercise this right without the prior written consent of the Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust.

In addition to the annual rental that is paid to the community trust, the notarial lease includes provisions for assistance to the Mnqobokazi Community:

• Employment preference – andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve is required to apply an employment policy which prefers members of the Mnqobokazi Community for employment within the land that the Mnqobokazi Community Trust owns, provided that there is a suitable employee with necessary level of skill and competence. • Discretionary assistance: o andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve commits to support the Africa Foundation in its efforts to benefit the Mnqobokazi Community through the provision of operational, financial and technical assistance to the foundation. o andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve commits to promote community based projects, which seek to develop skills and build capacity within the Mnqobokazi Community. • Further endeavours – andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve and the Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust commit to the development of an agreement that provides to equity shareholding, skills transfer, capacity building and/or other business opportunities for the benefit of the Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust.

The notarial lease that has been formulated thus ensures a number of socio- economic benefits are conferred on the Mnqobokazi Community, including rental fees paid, as part of the lease agreement, preferential employment opportunities and programmes and projects that aim at skills development and capacity building within the community.

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2.6 The regional and local planning context of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

2.6.1 Protected areas expansion Areas of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy are priorities for both the national and KZN Protected Areas Expansion strategies. In addition, the reserve forms an important linkage with four macro-ecological corridors (Figure 2.11):

• The False Bay Corridor • The Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park Corridor • The Lebombo South Corridor • The Maputaland Corridor

Figure 2.11 Location of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy in relation to KZN macro-ecological corridors

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At a landscape level this means that the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is important in linking other protected areas, in enabling large-scale ecological processes across the region and in enabling climate change adaptation through facilitating the movement of wide-ranging species across different areas and habitat types.

Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy forms part of a landscape-level biodiversity conservation initiative, implemented through the KZN Biodiversity Stewardship Programme. The reserve forms an important linkage between sites that stretch from Pongola Nature Reserve in the north to Mkhuze Game Reserve and iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage Site to the east and south (Figure 2.12).

Figure 2.12 Role of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy within the Zululand landscape conservation initiative

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The reserve is thus an integral part of a protected area expansion effort that seeks to link a number of protected areas in northern Zululand, in an effort to enable landscape-level ecological function and the provision of habitat to wide-ranging species, in particular a number of threatened bird species.

In addition to its role within the landscape, efforts to expand the footprint and size of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy are being explored. These include efforts to include more communally-owned and private land, incorporated into the reserve through lease arrangements and through purchase.

2.6.2 Regional and local planning frameworks Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy falls within uMkhanyakude District Municipality and the Big Five Hlabisa Local Municipality (Figure 2.13), which set the regional and local planning frameworks.

Figure 2.13 Local municipalities within which Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy falls

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The Big 5 False Bay Integrated Development Plan (IDP), Local Economic Development (LED) Plan and Spatial Development Framework (SDF) identify tourism, particularly ecotourism, as an important economic driver within the municipality. Linked to this, the SDF identifies the P466, a district road that runs through Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy as a tourism corridor, linking the N2 and R22 and tourism attractions on these roads (Figure 2.14).

Figure 2.14 Big 5 False Bay Spatial Development Framework Development Corridors

The SDF includes the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy within its category of protected and conservation areas, which it acknowledges are sensitive areas that are restricted for development. Specifically, the map depicting the land use management framework in the SDF identifies the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy as a nature reserve, thus acknowledging the reserve’s land use and its ecological and biodiversity importance.

The SDF identifies three nodes that are of relevance to the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy:

• The KwaMnqobokazi Traditional Authority: KwaGiba Tertiary Social Node, which envisages the development of an arts and craft centre, a post box centre, workshops, small scale municipal offices, and passive and active open space. • The KwaMnqobokazi Traditional Authority: KwaMnqobokazi Tertiary Social Node, which envisages the development of retail facilities, a community service centre and the formalisation of an existing hall.

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• The KwaMakhasa Traditional Authority: KwaMakhasa Community Multi-use Node, which includes a number of facilities that may be developed in the node such as a police station, health facilities, retail facilities and densification of rural housing.

2.7 Operational management within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy The core focus and business, which drives the operational management and resources the conservation of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, is ecotourism, primarily aimed at high-end tourists. As a result, there are several five-star or higher lodges and associated infrastructure to support ecotourism activities. The lodges are owned and operated by andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve:

• Phinda Zuka Lodge (owned by Zuka but leased by AndBeyond) • Phinda Homestead • Phinda Forest Lodge • Phinda Vlei Lodge • Phinda Mountain Lodge • Phinda Rock Lodge • Bayete Camp

The following commercial lodges are operated under the umbrella of Zuka:

• Bayala Safari Lodge • Bayala Camp • Sungulwane Camp

There are also a number of non-commercial accommodation facilities within Bumbeni and Zuka. In addition to the lodges and other accommodation, the Mziki shareblock is located within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, although it is not a member of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Association. There are 21 houses located within the Mziki Shareblock.

In terms of the Conservancy Association agreement, the association has the power to appoint a management committee and “delegate to the management committee, all such powers and authority required for the proper and efficient management, control and administration of the association and the conservancy”. The association agreement sets the requirement for development control, the maintenance of the perimeter fence and associated security requirements, traversing rights, and the ownership and provisions relating to wildlife, which are owned proportionally based on the proportion of each member’s shares in the association (Table 2.7.1).

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Table 2.7.1 Shareholding within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Association

Entity Shareholding SKS Estates (Bumbeni) 5.37% Zuka Private Game Reserve 35.33% andBeyond Phinda Private Game Reserve 59.30%

The association agreement stipulates that all wildlife is to be managed by the warden, under the direction of the management committee. The management committee consists of a representative of each member and thereafter an additional representative for each complete 4,000 ha of land controlled by the member. There cannot be more than 10 representatives on the management committee. The warden’s responsibilities include:

• The implementation of introduction of all wildlife. • Obtaining and maintaining the necessary veterinary and/or nature conservation permits for the introduction or export of wildlife. • Determining the number and species of wildlife to be introduced into the conservancy. • Overseeing the culling, hunting, capture and conservation of all wildlife and habitat within the conservancy. • Conducting an annual game count. • Reporting to the annual general meeting on any increase or decrease in wildlife numbers and on all other relevant information pertaining the conservancy’s wildlife and habitat.

In terms of the association agreement, the members are obligated to obtain the consent of the management committee for any issues related to wildlife introductions, hunting, culling and capture.

2.7.1 Infrastructure The infrastructure found within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is primarily related to the management of the reserve and the operation of ecotourism ventures (Figure 2.15). As a result, infrastructure includes:

• A perimeter fence and access gates. • Three bomas: o An antelope boma. o An elephant boma. o A predator boma. • Two workshops. • Two offices. • 10 lodges. • Various non-commercial accommodation.

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• Two air strips • A number of staff houses and the houses that are within the Mziki shareblock.

Figure 2.15 Infrastructure located within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

In addition to this there is a range of support infrastructure, which includes:

• A number of boreholes.

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• A number of dams. • A road network consisting of main access roads, management tracks and tracks for conducting guided game viewing drives. • Powerlines, including surface and below ground lines. • Water pipelines. • Masts for radio and IT communications infrastructure.

2.7.2 Environmental Management in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Environmental management in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is undertaken through the implementation of an Environmental Maintenance Management plan. The plan institutes measures to control and manage any environmental impacts that may arise from the operations and associated infrastructure and equipment of the reserve.

2.8 Management effectiveness in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy In the management effectiveness assessment, undertaken for the Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy using the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT SA Version 3, 2015), the reserve achieved a score of 70.5%, which is above the minimum benchmark for protected areas in South Africa and internationally. The following key issues, which must be addressed to improve management effectiveness, were highlighted in the assessment:

• Legal status – at the time of the METT assessment, the reserve had not been declared as a nature reserve. • A zone of influence surrounding the reserve has not been identified or agreed to with landowners and the local municipality (although as shown in the review of the IDP (Section 2.6.2), the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is identified as a conservation area and the tourism corridor identified for the region seeks to encourage compatible land uses with the reserve). • Management plan – at the time of the METT assessment, the reserve did not have a management plan, approved by the MEC. • Although there is an education, awareness and interpretation programme for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, it is not integrated into the reserve’s management plan. • Health and safety – an external audit has not been conducted to certify that the reserve complies with and implements the Occupational Health and Safety Amendment Act (Act No. 181 of 1993) • Staff housing – there is not a policy and standards for housing through which staff are housed. • Annual plan of operation – at the time of the METT, an annual plan of operation, linked to the management plan’s targets, was not undertaken.

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• Standard operating procedures – although there are a number of standard operating procedures in place, not all have been developed and some key ones are outstanding. • Human Resources (HR) management systems – the METT identified the need for team building, communication and skills development as aspects that needed to be improved in HR management. • Maintenance of operational equipment – the METT identified the need for the development of a formalised maintenance schedule. • Tourism infrastructure – the METT identified that issues such as off- road driving and events held outside of lodges (e.g. weddings, bush breakfasts or dinners, etc.) may be having negative impacts on the reserve’s ecology. • Staff development and productivity – the METT identified the need for staff performance reviews and more structured training programmes. • Linking of management plan to key performance areas – at the time of the METT there was no management plan, which was linked to the key performance areas of the reserve manager. • Land use planning and management outside of the protected area – the METT found that land use planning does not take the needs of the reserve into account, although the review of the IDP (Section 2.6.2) shows that the needs to the reserve are considered in the IDP. Nevertheless, there is a need to engage with the local municipality to ensure that the IDP and SDF continue to consider the reserve, its biodiversity conservation importance and the need to maintain compatible surrounding land uses. • Water use planning – the METT identified that there is forum or apparent catchment management taking place and that this may be detrimental to the reserve.

2.9 Summary of management issues, challenges and opportunities The following section summarises the key management issues and challenges outlined in the descriptive sections above, which must be addressed through the management plan. The issues and challenges have been grouped under key performance areas, which flow through the strategic and operational management frameworks that follow (Table 2.9.1).

Table 2.9.1 Management issues, challenges and opportunities

Key performance Issue Opportunity Challenge area Legal protection of Mun-Ya- ▪ Declare the reserve to ▪ Ensure that all the land Legal compliance Wana Conservancy through ensure it is properly legally within the reserve is and law formal proclamation. protected. declared as a protected enforcement area.

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Table 2.9.1 (continued)

Key performance Issue Opportunity Challenge area Poaching and security ▪ Collaboration between ▪ Increasing poaching partners, neighbours and pressure, particularly on landowners to achieve rhino. improved law enforcement. Boundary deviations ▪ Develop and adopt a ▪ Legal uncertainties related Legal compliance formal agreement on to boundary deviations. and law boundary deviations on enforcement the Mkhuze Game (continued) Reserve boundary. Servitude register ▪ Develop a detailed register ▪ Uncertainty or ignorance of of all servitudes registered servitudes and their legal against the title deeds of status. the properties within the reserve. Development of appropriate ▪ Optimise the income ▪ Maintaining the balance tourism ventures that generation and return on between financial returns contribute towards the investment of the reserve. and the ecological business and financial viability integrity of the reserve. of Mun-Ya-Wana Business Conservancy. management and Mitigating the impacts of ▪ Ensuring that tourist and ▪ Minimising activities that development tourist and visitor activities visitor activities are may lead to ecological on the Mun-Ya-Wana compatible with the degradation or pose Conservancy. ecological integrity of the threats to the species and reserve and that they habitat within the reserve. embrace key concepts of sustainability. Provision of socio-economic ▪ Optimising socio-economic ▪ Ensuring broad support for benefits to the surrounding benefits of the reserve, the reserve through the communities neighbouring associated with its programmes being Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. operation and business implemented with the Socio-economic activities. communities. benefits Environmental education, ▪ Address environmental ▪ Ensuring support for the interpretation and education and awareness reserve through raising awareness. activities within the awareness of its management plan. biodiversity and ecology. Detailed understanding of the ▪ Undertake a detailed soil ▪ Lack of detailed knowledge reserve’s soils. survey in order to that may inhibit generate a fine-scale, management detailed soil map for the interventions. reserve. Conservation Management of game species ▪ Maintenance of an optimal ▪ Impacts on plant species management mix and numbers. species mix and numbers composition and diversity, that incorporates associated with over- appropriate ratios of bulk utilisation by herbivore to selective feeders and is species. within carrying capacity.

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Table 2.9.1 (cont.)

Key performance Issue Opportunity Challenge area Implementation of a fire ▪ Implement an ecologically- ▪ Implementing a burning management regime based based fire regime, which programme that on an ecological approach to maintains heterogeneity, addresses bush burning. ecological functioning of encroachment, and avoids the habitats within the land degradation and reserve and facilitates a over-utilisation of natural programme of rest sensitive habitats. and non-selective grazing. Conservation of key sensitive ▪ Maintenance of unique ▪ Impacts associated with habitats within Mun-Ya-Wana and sensitive habitat types over-utilisation of Conservancy. in an optimal condition sensitive habitats (e.g (e.g. Sand Forest). elephant impacts). Conservation Specific management ▪ Management of ▪ Balancing the requirements management measures for rare and threatened fauna, of rare and threatened (continued) threatened species that occur particularly cheetah, and species within the overall within the nature reserve. white and black rhino. species mix of the reserve. ▪ Management of rare and threatened plant and animal species. Management of elephant ▪ Elephant management in ▪ Ensuring that elephant population accordance with the population numbers are reserve’s Elephant maintained within carrying Management Plan. capacity. Control of infestations of ▪ Continue to contain ▪ Threat of infestations by invasive plant species listed in invasive plant species in Parthenium hysterophorus terms of the Biodiversity Act an effort to keep them at (famine weed). and CARA. maintenance levels. Protection of the reserve’s ▪ Ensure that artefacts are ▪ Loss of or damage to cultural heritage and properly protected whilst artefacts and degradation Cultural heritage paleontological artefacts enabling visitors to of historically or and sense of place appreciate the history and paleontologically palaeontology of the important sites. reserve. Aligning research with key ▪ Encouragement and reserve management and support to research and Research and operational issues. monitoring programmes monitoring and projects that can inform key management issues. Alignment with local and ▪ Collaboration between ▪ Ensuring that impacting regional planning in other protected areas, the land uses do not affect the Buffer zone determining appropriate iSimangaliso Park World ecology or species of the protection and buffers and land uses around Heritage Site and the reserve. regional the nature reserve. municipality to ensure management appropriate land uses surrounding the reserve.

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Table 2.9.1 (cont.)

Key performance Issue Opportunity Challenge area Identification of a zone of ▪ Identification of a zone of ▪ Inappropriate land use and influence for the reserve. influence which can be activities in the areas discussed with the local around the reserve. authorities in an effort to ensure appropriate land use and activities in the regions around the Buffer zone reserve. protection and Expansion of Mun-Ya-Wana ▪ Pursue opportunities to ▪ Ensuring that all land regional Conservancy to protect the expand the reserve and incorporated into the management viability of the reserve’s align it with other reserve is properly (continued) businesses, and its ecological surrounding protected protected and managed in functioning and processes areas. alignment with the and ensure the protection of reserve. species and habitats. Water use planning and ▪ Participation in catchment ▪ Non-existent or management that considers management planning inappropriate catchment the ecological needs of the processes. management that leads to Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. detrimental impacts. Maintenance of infrastructure ▪ Ensuring that all ▪ Impacts associated with infrastructure and insufficient maintenance. equipment is appropriately managed to avoid unnecessary environmental impacts. Human resource management ▪ Creation of HR ▪ Implementation of ad hoc systems management systems that staff performance and allow for staff skills development Operational performance reviews and approaches. management skills development. Ensuring compliance with the ▪ Ensuring the health and ▪ Legal liability and risk Occupational Health and safety of staff and visitors associated with non- Safety Act. within the reserve. compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act. Development of standard ▪ Ensuring all key standard ▪ Ad hoc, inconsistent operating procedures. operating procedures approaches to key have been developed and management issues. are being implemented.

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3) STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The strategic framework is aimed at providing the basis for the long-term protection, development and operation of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. The vision describes the long-term goal for the operation and management of the reserve. The objectives and strategic outcomes that follow are intended to provide the basis for the achievement of the vision.

3.1 Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s vision To be a world-renowned leader in the practice of biodiversity conservation and protected area management – to be the best privately-run protected area in Africa

The ecological value of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy extends beyond its immediate surrounds, where it forms a fundamental link in a landscape level conservation initiative. The immense natural beauty, ecological value, unique habitat and presence of several flagship species, underpin its status as a world- class nature-based tourism destination. Its success as a tourist destination relies on the protection of this natural resource base, the management of its facilities and infrastructure and the support of the local communities that neighbour it. The following key guiding principles inform the achievement of the reserve’s vision and objectives:

• The provision of Ecotourism business opportunities in the natural and cultural environment based within the influence sphere of the Mun- Ya-Wana Conservancy. • The provision of socio-economic benefits to the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s neighbours that contribute to the local economy and the efforts of conservation in a sustainable manner based on sound business principles. • The formation of partnerships that integrate the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy in regional initiatives that support the reserve’s vision. • Conservation of key biodiversity features, biophysical processes, landscapes, abiotic, historical and archaeological resources.

3.2 Objectives and strategic outcomes An objective has been identified for each of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s key performance areas, which follow from the management challenges, issues and opportunities, and relate to the important functions and activities necessary to protect, develop and manage it effectively. The objectives have then been translated into strategic outcomes, which form the basis for the management activities and targets set out in the operational management framework, described in Section 6 below. Table 3.1 sets out the key performance areas, the objective for each key performance area and the strategic outcomes, required to realise the objectives.

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Table 3.1 Objectives and strategic outcomes for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

Key performance area Objective Strategic outcome

Legal compliance and law Comply with and enforce legislation pertaining • Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is a legally declared nature reserve. enforcement to the protection, development and • There is adequate security and law enforcement within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. management of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. • Any boundary deviations are addressed through formal agreements. • A servitude register is developed for the reserve. • Wildlife risks to neighbours, visitors, staff, infrastructure and livelihoods are minimised.

Business management and Support business ventures that are consistent • Income for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy shareholders is optimised through tourist wildlife ventures and development with the purpose of the nature reserve, which sustainable utilisation of natural resources (consumptive and non-consumptive). ensure its financial viability and sustainability, • Best practice techniques (new approaches) in tourism, partnerships and conservation are developed. whilst managing and mitigating impacts. • Support and cooperate with other institutions or any other bodies or persons with interests in the protection and conservation of indigenous wildlife and habitat, and act in bringing together bodies with common interests in specific issues that align themselves with the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s vision and objectives. • Activities that may lead to ecological degradation or pose threats to the species and habitats of the Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy are carefully controlled and managed. Socio-economic benefits Foster strong community relationships with • Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Association provides economic (financial and other) benefits to the associated stakeholders and neighbours in an effort to communities. ensure strong support for the reserve and • Participation of members of the local communities is ensured through integrated, shared, cooperative meaningful socio-economic benefits to the working relationships. surrounding communities. • Implementation of an education, awareness and interpretation programme for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy.

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Table 3.1 (continued)

Key performance area Objective Strategic outcome

Conservation management Protect the ecosystem functioning, ecological • Critical ecological processes and functions are maintained within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. integrity, habitat and species of Mun-Ya-Wana • Game management is undertaken based on ecological principles and the recommendations of studies Conservancy through active interventions undertaken for the site that seek to optimise the game species mix and numbers. based on principles of adaptive management. • Rare and threatened species management is undertaken using the best available scientific knowledge. Protect and manage the threatened, rare, • Where necessary, specific interventions are implemented for unique and sensitive habitat types. vulnerable and endemic species to ensure their • Elephant management is undertaken in accordance with the recommendations of the approved Mun-Ya- continued survival. Wana Conservancy Elephant Management Plan. • Fire management is undertaken based on ecological principles and the recommendations of studies undertaken for the site. • Adequate fire safety within the nature reserve is ensured. • Invasive alien plant species control measures are implemented in the nature reserve in a planned and systematic manner. • Areas that are impacted by soil erosion are identified, managed and, if necessary, rehabilitated. Cultural heritage and sense of Protect the sense of place, natural character • Threats to sense of place (natural impairments including visual and auditory) are minimised, i.e. the original place and cultural heritage of Mun-Ya-Wana character of the reserve is retained. Conservancy. • The cultural, historical, archaeological, paleontological and living heritage of the area (sites recognised by AMAFA and listed) is safeguarded. Research and monitoring Encourage and support research and • Existing research programmes are consolidated and reviewed to identify gaps in research that may address monitoring that informs key management key management interventions. interventions and improves knowledge and • Existing scientific monitoring efforts are reviewed to identify gaps in monitoring that may be used to understanding of the reserve’s ecology, species evaluate key management interventions. and habitats. • Working relationships with researchers are maintained and liaison leads to research results that inform management interventions.

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Table 3.1 (continued)

Key performance area Objective Strategic outcome

Buffer zone protection, Explore opportunities to consolidate the • Capture of buffer zone considerations in local and regional plans. regional management and protection of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s • Efforts to secure the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s river catchments are made through engagement with protected area expansion boundaries and its surrounds, and promote relevant authorities and partners. compatible land uses in the areas surrounding • Partnerships and relationships are fostered and developed with surrounding and regional landowners and the reserve. managers to maximise the long-term economic and ecological value of the reserve through natural land-use consolidation. • Opportunities to expand the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy are explored and, where feasible, acted upon. Operational management Provide adequate human resources, equipment • There are sufficient facilities, infrastructure and equipment to enable staff to effectively manage the nature and funding to ensure that Mun-Ya-Wana reserve. Conservancy is protected for the purpose for • Infrastructure and equipment in the nature reserve are adequately maintained. which the nature reserve was established, and • Infrastructure in the nature reserve does not cause environmental harm. to enable its effective operational management • Annual plans of operation include detailed budgetary requirements. and development. • Human resource management systems that allow for staff performance reviews and structured skills development are instituted. • Measures are instituted to ensure that the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy complies with and implements the Occupational Health and Safety Act. • Relevant standard operating procedures are developed to ensure a consistent approach to key management interventions, issues and incidents.

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4) ZONATION PLAN The purpose of the zonation of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is to identify types and levels of usage that are acceptable based on an area’s sensitivity and resilience, and to manage visitor experience and inter-user conflict. Zonation may be used to identify areas in which appropriate uses and infrastructure may be located and developed.

Figure 4.1 Zonation map of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

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Zonation enables a protected area to be zoned along a continuum, from highly sensitive areas subject to low levels of use and impact, to higher intensity nature-based uses. The zonation system adopted for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy recognises and reflects:

• Sensitive features associated with a protected area (i.e. biophysical, cultural and sense of place). • A general gradation in the zonation categories, in which the next use level provides a buffer to the lower use level. • Influence of existing and historic facilities, infrastructure and use. • Opportunities and constraints (biophysical, social or managerial constraints) for use.

The zonation system applied to the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy includes the following categories:

Key feature An area that is vulnerable or scientifically important where specific protection additional controls are imposed in order to prevent undesirable overlay impacts. This zone overlay other zones instituting site specific rules and regulations in addition to the restrictions of the underlying zone. Limited use An area where the ecotourism principles of low human impact will zone prevail. This area is largely free of any built infrastructure. Moderate use This is also an area in which the ecotourism principles of low human zone impact will prevail, but higher levels of usage are permitted. This area includes the main road network, including access and game viewing roads. Tourism This is a node within the moderate use zone, which includes development commercial tourism developments such as lodges, bush meal and node wedding sites.

Park This is a node within the moderate use zone, which includes facilities management for staff accommodation, administrative offices and operational node infrastructure.

4.2 Conceptual development guidelines

4.2.1 Key feature protection overlay Although this overlay is not depicted in the zonation map, it may be designated for areas that are vulnerable and/or scientifically important where specific additional controls are imposed in order to prevent undesirable impacts on identified sensitive or threatened species, habitats and ecosystems. Examples of such an overlay may include nesting sites for sensitive species such as vultures, wetlands, or areas of habitat that may be particularly sensitive at specific times of the year.

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Permissible activities:

• This is a protection overlay and would only allow for access and development under site-specific constraints. • This overlay provides a higher level of protection than the underlying zone. • The overlay may be permanent, temporary or seasonal. • This overlay may be specifically applied to enable specific research needs. • Changes to this overlay can be implemented through the reserve’s managers and the annual management meeting and recorded as such.

Non-permissible activities:

• Non-permissible activities will be determined by management on a case-by-case basis, determined by the management imperatives and sensitivity of the overlay.

4.2.2 Limited Use Zone This zone is designated for areas in which activities are to be limited to low- impact ecotourism uses and conservation management interventions. Motor vehicle access into parts of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, for game viewing and management purposes is allowed in this zone but off-road driving is largely discouraged. The objective of this zone is to enable access and usage of the nature reserve whilst limiting the impacts of this.

Permissible activities:

• Game viewing using game viewing vehicles and guided game walks. • Development of operational management and tourist infrastructure such as 4x4 vehicle trails and field ranger outposts.

Non-permissible activities:

• Non-guided tourist or visitor vehicle use. • Clearing of areas for the staging of bush meals or weddings. • Development of infrastructure other than 4x4 vehicle trails and field ranger outposts, unless essential for management purposes. • The possession or use of firearms unless authorised by reserve management.

4.1.1 Moderate use zone This zone covers areas that encompass key zones for the development of management infrastructure and relatively high levels of tourist and visitor usage. Furthermore, this zone is designated for areas of relatively high vehicle usage such as for visitors travelling to and from the lodges within the nature reserve. The objective of this zone is to accommodate lodge-style developments and to enable the development of operational management

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infrastructure such as stores, maintenance areas and staff housing within the nature reserve. Accordingly, within this zone, the park management and tourism development nodes have been identified.

Permissible activities:

• Development of lodges and other tourist facilities within the tourism development node. • Maintenance of the main entry points and access roads through the nature reserve. • Development of the nature reserve’s park management node comprising infrastructure such as entrances, staff housing, offices, workshops, storehouses and bomas.

Non-permissible activities:

• Removal of indigenous plants without the necessary permits. • Introduction of non-indigenous grasses, trees or shrubs for landscaping purposes. • Introduction (temporary or permanent) of domestic pets such as dogs or cats, unless authorised by the management authority. • The possession or use of firearms unless authorised by reserve management.

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5) ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE An indicative organisational structure for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is set out in Figure 5.1. The figure identifies the role of the site’s landowners, the management authority and its staff together with key partners such as Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. In terms of the structure, it is the responsibility of the individual entities to undertake day-to-day management of the land under their control, in terms of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Constitution. The warden’s responsibility is to ensure that the reserve is appropriately managed and conserved in terms of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Constitution.

SKS Estates andBeyond Zuka Private (Bumbeni) (Phinda Private Game Reserve Game Reserve)

Management Authority Mun-Ya-Wana Advisory Forum Conservancy Controllers Association Ezemvelo KZN Research and Wildlife monitoring partners

Mkhuze Game Reserve Working on Fire

Management

Panthera Biodiversity Mun-Ya-Wana Stewardship Unit Conservancy Warden Wildlife Resource Association

Facilities and Administration Ecological Security and Community infrastructure and financial management law liaison maintenance management enforcement

Research and Habitat and Invasive alien monitoring wildlife plant control management

Figure 5.1 Organisational structure for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

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6) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK This section translates the strategic framework described in Section 3 above into management activities and targets, which will be used to inform annual plans of operation and the resources required to implement them. The management targets will form the basis for monitoring of performance in implementing the plan and are thus material outcomes that lead to tangible results, which as far as possible, are measurable.

6.1 Legal compliance and law enforcement The owners and managers of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy have a responsibility to ensure that laws related to the conservation of the reserve and efforts to combat illegal activities, in particular poaching, are enforced. Furthermore, it is important that the reserve is properly legally secured and any legal risks and liabilities are appropriately addressed and managed. On this basis, the following guiding principles apply:

• All reasonable efforts must be made to ensure the effective conservation of biodiversity within and on the boundaries of the nature reserve. • Law enforcement efforts should be coordinated with the relevant authorities including Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife and the South African Police Service in addressing offences and breaches of the law. • Law enforcement in the reserve will be undertaken through surveillance, monitoring and appropriate reaction in the event of an offence. • Wildlife risks to people and infrastructure, both within the reserve and in neighbouring areas, will be managed and minimised to ensure that all minimum legal requirements are met and exceeded.

The operational requirements for legal compliance and law enforcement are set out in Table 6.1.

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Table 6.1 Framework for legal compliance and law enforcement

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

NATURE RESERVE DECLARATION

Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy ▪ The nature reserve must be declared in terms of the ▪ Legal protection of the entire extent of Mun- ▪ No title deed Completion of legal Completion of the is a legally declared nature Protected Areas Act. Ya-Wana Conservancy in terms of the endorsement on Year 1 requirements of the Protected Areas Act. declared properties. agreements. declaration process. reserve.

LAW ENFORCEMENT

▪ Enforce applicable legislation to prevent trespassing, ▪ Implement appropriate standard operating ▪ Illegal access. There is adequate law Develop standard and illegal activities such as poaching and plant procedures and processes in responding to ▪ Arson fires. Year 1 Prosecution of enforcement within Mun-Ya- operating harvesting in the nature reserve. illegal incidents. ▪ Losses of species, offenders. Wana Conservancy. particularly rhino. procedures. ▪ ▪ Implement a programme of patrols of the nature ▪ Regular patrols covering the full extent of the Losses of rare and Provision of staff reserve and their boundaries. nature reserve. endangered plant Prosecution of Ongoing and resources to ▪ Prosecution of any offender caught species. offenders. undertake patrols. committing an offence.

LAND MATTERS

Any boundary deviations are ▪ Development of legally binding formal agreements ▪ A formal agreement, addressing boundary ▪ Deviations to the Joint development Joint development addressed through formal that address any boundary deviations and ensure deviations on the Mkhuze Game Reserve reserve’s cadastral Year 1 agreements on how they are to be managed. boundary – developed between the reserve boundaries that are not of the agreement. of the agreement. agreements. and iSimangiliso Wetland Park Authority. legally addressed.

A servitude register is ▪ Preparation of a detailed register of all servitudes ▪ An up-to-date, accurate servitude register for ▪ Uncertainty or registered against the title deeds of properties the reserve. ignorance of servitudes Preparation of the developed for the reserve. Year 1 . within the reserve. and their legal status. servitude register.

WILDLIFE RISKS AND LIABILITIES

Wildlife risks to neighbours, ▪ Risks and liabilities associated with wildlife-related ▪ Standard operating procedures are regularly ▪ Human injury or death Development of Collaboration on emergencies and breakouts that may lead to injury, reviewed and updated to address risks, related to wildlife visitors, staff, infrastructure similar issues (e.g. death, damage to infrastructure or impacts on procedures and compensation associated incidents. Year 1 standard operating and livelihoods are livelihoods are regularly assessed and measures are with wildlife breakouts and emergencies. ▪ Damage to procedures. within Mkhuze minimised. implemented to minimise them. infrastructure or crops. Game Reserve).

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6.2 Business management and development The businesses that operate within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy underpin its financial sustainability and viability and are integral in ensuring that the reserve is properly resourced and protected. It is thus vital that opportunities to optimise income, return on investment and value for shareholders are realised. It is also equally important, however, that the natural resource base that supports the businesses that operate within the reserve is protected to ensure the long-term sustainability of its nature-based business ventures. In managing and further developing business opportunities within the Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy, the following guiding principles will apply:

• The development and operation of business ventures and opportunities within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy will be consistent with the values and purpose for which the nature reserve was created. • Opportunities to optimise income generation, return on investment and value to shareholders and partners will be sought in developing and operating business ventures within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. • Innovation, excellence and best practice will be hallmarks of the development and operation of businesses within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. • Opportunities to develop partnerships and collaborate with role players in the region will be sought, in an effort to add value to Mun- Ya-Wana Conservancy’s operations and business ventures. • Tourist and visitor activities must not threaten its biodiversity or ecological function, or lead to unacceptable levels of habitat degradation. • In developing tourist and visitor infrastructure, requirements for environmental authorisation must be considered and adhered to.

The detailed operational requirements for business management and Development are set out in Table 6.2.

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Table 6.2 Framework for business management and development

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION

▪ Income generation within the Mun-Ya-Wana ▪ Inadequate budget for Income for the Mun-Ya- ▪ Income generation within the Mun-Ya-Wana Development of Provision of advice Wana Conservancy Conservancy is optimised to ensure value for Conservancy ensures that there is an the reserve. and guidance on business ventures shareholders and adequate resources to protect and adequate budget to protect and operate the shareholders is optimised and associated environmental operate the reserve. reserve. through tourist wildlife Ongoing infrastructure. issues in developing ventures and sustainable tourist and visitor Provisions of utilisation of natural activities and finances to protect resources (consumptive and supporting and operate the non-consumptive). infrastructure. reserve.

Best practice techniques ▪ The Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy remains at the ▪ New business and conservation ventures will ▪ Unsustainable practices (new approaches) in tourism, forefront of innovation and best practice in nature- strive to drive innovation and best practice in that undermine the Development of Provision of advice the tourism and conservation industries. values and ecological Ongoing partnerships and based tourism and conservation in South Africa. new products and and support. integrity of the reserve. conservation are developed. approaches.

Support and cooperate with ▪ Opportunities to contribute towards cooperation ▪ Continue to undertake annual METT ▪ Isolation of Mun-Ya- assessments and collaborate with other Wana Conservancy in its other institutions or any and collaboration in business development, biodiversity stewardship sites in the northern business and other bodies or persons with biodiversity conservation and operational Engagement with management issues must be sought and developed Zululand region. biodiversity interests in the protection in an effort to achieve broad business and ▪ Participate and collaborate in joint monitoring conservation efforts. partners and and conservation of Participation in conservation objectives in the region. and research efforts such as those stakeholders in indigenous wildlife and relevant forums and implemented by Working on Fire, Wildlife forums that habitat, and act in bringing Ongoing support to the Mun- Resource Association and Panthera. engender support together bodies with Ya-Wana ▪ Participate and cooperate with other reserves and cooperation in common interests in specific and institutions in efforts to combat rhino Conservancy. business and issues that align themselves poaching and other forms of wildlife crime. biodiversity with the Mun-Ya-Wana conservation. Conservancy’s vision and objectives

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Table 6.2 (continued)

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

Activities that may lead to ▪ Existing and proposed tourist and visitor activities ▪ Ensure that any activities or developments ▪ Ad hoc, unplanned or ecological degradation or are carefully evaluated to ensure that unnecessary that require formal environmental unauthorised activities environmental harm, habitat loss or ecological assessment are properly evaluated and or developments that pose threats to the species Ensure all activities Provide advice and degradation does not take place. appropriate environmental authorisations are lead to environmental and habitats of the Mun-Ya- and developments granted prior to development, in accordance harm or loss of habitat guidance in ▪ Any formal environmental authorisation processes, Wana Conservancy are with the reserve’s environmental within the reserve. are assessed, and developing visitor such as basic assessment, environmental impact Ongoing carefully controlled and maintenance management plan. where applicable, and tourist activities assessment, and granting of water use licences are environmental managed. determined and adhered to in undertaking new ▪ Ensure that activities that take place outside and supporting activities or developments. of lodge environments (e.g. bush meals or authorisation is infrastructure. weddings) are carefully planned, considered obtained. and controlled to avoid unnecessary deleterious impacts.

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6.3 Socio-economic benefits 6.3.1 Fostering community partnerships and support Constructive relationships with adjacent landowners and neighbouring communities are an important aspect of the effective conservation of protected areas. In ensuring that these groups derive socio-economic benefits from the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, efforts should be aimed at developing a strong sense of partnership between the neighbours and communities around the reserve and its managers. The following guiding principles should be adhered to:

• Specific efforts, in line with the lease agreements for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, should be targeted at the Makhasa Community Trust and the Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust and their respective beneficiaries, as they are significant landowners in the reserve. • Efforts should be made to ensure that the community members living around the nature reserve are aware of the role that it fulfils in regional economic development, biodiversity protection and the provision of ecosystem services. • Stakeholder engagement should be undertaken to engender a sense support for the nature reserve and its biodiversity conservation objectives. • A common understanding of the issues that affect both the nature reserve and the surrounding communities should be developed and efforts to resolve them should be undertaken cooperatively.

6.3.2 Environmental education, awareness and interpretation Environmental education and interpretation of the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s natural and cultural resources should be aimed at creating awareness, understanding and appreciation of its cultural importance, and the significance of its biodiversity and ecological function. In implementing the environmental education, awareness and interpretation programme, the following guiding principles should be adhered to:

• There should be a strong focus on neighbouring communities, in efforts to engage, inform and benefit them. • Wherever possible, local community members should be trained to assist and operate environmental interpretation and education programmes and tours.

The operational requirements for socio-economic benefits are set out in Table 6.3.

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Table 6.3 Framework for socio-economic benefits

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

FOSTERING COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS AND SUPPORT

Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy ▪ Ensure that the Makhasa Community Trust and the ▪ In addition to the rental fees paid through the ▪ Limited benefit beyond Provision of advice Implementation of Association provides Qhubekani Mnqobokazi Community Trust, and their lease agreements, ensure benefits are the payment of the and support, respective beneficiaries, continue to benefit from provided through employment, support to rental fees for the lease. employment economic (financial and including potentially the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy through the the Africa Foundation, skills and capacity policies and other other) benefits to the Ongoing assisting with skills assistance identified in their lease agreements, development efforts, and the development of efforts aimed at associated communities. which address employment preference, other beneficiation opportunities. and capacity providing benefits discretionary assistance and further endeavours. development to the communities. efforts.

Participation of members of ▪ Ensure open lines of communication between ▪ Quarterly meetings with the community ▪ Lack of regular meetings the local communities is members of the local communities and the Mun-Ya- trusts and the traditional authority structures and community If necessary, Wana Conservancy’s management. of the Makhasa and Qhubekani Mnqobokazi dissatisfaction with the Holding scheduled ensured through integrated, Ongoing attendance of communities. reserve. meetings. shared, cooperative working meetings. relationships.

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, AWARENESS AND INTERPRETATION

Implementation of an ▪ Focus on environmental interpretation and ▪ Provision of environmental interpretation to ▪ Lack of interest in Implementation of education amongst the nature reserve’s members of the neighbouring local implementing the education, awareness and the education, Provision of advice neighbouring communities and visitors. communities, implemented in terms of the programme. interpretation programme Ongoing awareness and and support, if ▪ Employ and train members of the local community reserve’s existing programme. for the Mun-Ya-Wana interpretation required. to assist in and to implement the programme. Conservancy. programme.

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6.4 Conservation management

6.4.1 Ecosystem management The KwaZulu-Natal systematic biodiversity plan identifies conservation targets for the province. The conservation of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy contributes towards the achievement of a portion of some of these targets (Table 6.4).

Table 6.4 Systematic biodiversity planning conservation targets for vegetation types to which Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy contributes

Vegetation type Threat status Extent Conservation Conservation Percentage within the target target for the of target reserve (percentage) vegetation within the (ha) type (ha) reserve Lowveld Riverine Forest Critically 129.8 100% 10,036 1.3% Endangered Alluvial Wetlands: Subtropical Endangered 97.5 31% 5,297 1.8% Vegetation Zululand Lowveld Vulnerable 7,529.1 19% 126,524 6.0% Western Maputaland Clay Vulnerable 3,056.5 19% 29,013 10.5% Bushveld Freshwater Wetlands: Vulnerable 48.5 24% 3,348 1.5% Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands Southern Lebombo Bushveld Least threatened 5,891,1 24% 27,976 21.4% Tembe Sandy Bushveld Least threatened 8,379.0 19% 21,029 39.9% Maputaland Pallid Sandy Least threatened 1,890,0 25% 15,357 12.3% Bushveld Makatini Clay Thicket Least threatened 462.3 19% 6,141 7.5% Licuati Sand Forest: Eastern Least threatened 483.1 69% 17,579 2.8% Sand Forest Freshwater Wetlands: Least threatened 6.6 24% 3,555 0.2% Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands: Tall Grassland/ Sedge/Reed Wetlands Freshwater Wetlands: Least threatened 493.2 24% 11,282 4.4% Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands: Short Grass/ Sedge Wetlands Freshwater Wetlands: Least threatened 36.6 24% 1,823 2.0% Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands: Coastal Lakes and Pans Inland Saline Wetlands Least threatened 20.5 24% 614 3.3% Wetlands: Subtropical Salt Pans

The conservation targets highlight the importance of the reserve, for the conservation of a number of vegetation and associated habitat types.

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6.4.2 Species management Specific management interventions related to animal and plant species will be limited to those that are for the purposes of safeguarding populations of rare and threatened species, or enhancing the ecological functioning of the Mun- Ya-Wana Conservancy, to meet set conservation targets. In addition, interventions may be required for problem animal management. In addressing species management, the following guiding principles should be adhered to:

• Species management must be focussed primarily on protecting the ecological functioning of the nature reserve and meeting set conservation targets for species and vegetation types. • Population management of wildlife species may be required to ensure that such species are not causing ecological degradation of the nature reserve. • Animals that become a danger or excessive nuisance to persons and property due to either habituation or aberrant behaviour must be managed in accordance with relevant policies and standard operating procedures.

Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has identified specific interventions for particular species. Accordingly, the approach to managing these species will be to:

• Conserve cheetah whilst capitalising on their tourism value. • Conserve and manage white rhino population for optimal sustainable economic benefits and tourism. • Conserve black rhino according to the national plan for black rhino conservation

In managing the elephant population within the reserve, the following guiding principles will be adhered to:

• Elephant management must be undertaken in accordance with the National Norms and Standards for the Management of Elephants in South Africa. • Elephant population numbers must be managed to avoid ecological degradation of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy.

The operational requirements for ecosystem and species management are set out in Table 6.5.

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Table 6.5 Framework for ecosystem and species management

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

ECOSYSTEM AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT

Critical ecological processes ▪ Ensure that the vegetation types within the reserve ▪ Undertake periodic rangeland assessments to ▪ Ecological degradation Implementation of and functions are maintained and being managed optimally for biodiversity determine the state of the habitat and the of habitat as shown Provision of conservation. influence of management interventions. through rangeland Year 5 rangeland within the Mun-Ya-Wana technical assistance. assessments. assessments. Conservancy

Game management is ▪ Stocking rates are maintained below the ecological ▪ Undertake an annual wildlife species census ▪ Decline in undertaken based on carrying capacity of the reserve and are adjusted to determine animal numbers and required rangeland/habitat based on annual wildlife census, annual climatic off-takes. condition. Game species mix ecological principles and the Provision of conditions and production. ▪ Modify game species mix and numbers if they ▪ Changes in species and population recommendations of studies technical assistance. ▪ Wildlife population management is undertaken are found to be negatively impacting on composition that favour number control. undertaken for the site that through a combination of live capture of game biodiversity. undesirable species. seek to optimise the game and/or meat harvesting. ▪ Selective grazing. Annually species mix and numbers. ▪ Use of fire to shift grazing and browsing pressure ▪ Herbivore pressure is alleviated through the ▪ Bush encroachment. Implementation of a around the nature reserve on an annual basis. use of fire to draw wildlife into rested areas. burning regime that Provision of allows periodic rest technical assistance or alleviated pressure.

Rare and threatened species ▪ Ensure that the nature reserve is included in or are ▪ Cheetah management may include human ▪ Declining numbers of aware of research that is being conducted on interventions such as veterinary care to rare and threatened management is undertaken relevant rare and threatened species. maintain the population. species that occur Engage with NGOs, Engage with NGOs, using the best available partners and partners and ▪ Adopt procedures for the management of rare and ▪ White rhino management may include a de- within the nature scientific knowledge. endangered species, based on available literature horning programme and sustainable off-takes reserve. Ongoing tertiary institutions tertiary institutions and known best practices. to maintain an optimal population. to encourage to encourage ▪ Black rhino management and reporting is targeted research. targeted research. undertaken in accordance with the Black Rhino Range Expansion Project.

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Table 6.5 (continued)

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

ECOSYSTEM AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT

Where necessary specific ▪ Implement measures to limit human and ecological ▪ Implement appropriate measures within the ▪ Impacts on unique and interventions are impacts in unique and sensitive habitat types such Sand Forest to limit vegetation impacts sensitive habitat types as sand forest, NFEPA wetlands and any areas of through over-utilisation through species such and the species implemented for unique and habitat with rare or threatened species. as elephant and nyala. associated with them. Implementation of sensitive habitat types. ▪ Develop standard operating procedures that appropriate limit tourist and visitor activities such as bush standard operating Provision of meals or weddings to areas of secondary Ongoing procedures related habitat or areas that are not overly sensitive technical advice to unique and to such impacts. sensitive habitat ▪ Develop standard operating procedures that types. exclude off road driving as part of game viewing drives from areas that are highly sensitive or have high numbers of rare and threatened plant species.

Elephant management is ▪ Elephants within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy are ▪ Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has and is ▪ Elephant population undertaken in accordance actively managed to maintain an optimal population implementing a formally approved Elephant numbers that exceed size and demographic structure to avoid ecological Management Plan. carrying capacity levels. with the recommendations degradation. ▪ Elephant population numbers within Mun-Ya- ▪ Decline in of the approved Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy do not exceed carrying rangeland/habitat Wana Conservancy Elephant capacity levels identified in the elephant condition. Elephant Provision of Management Plan. management and ecological and management plan. ▪ Elephant breakouts. Ongoing ▪ A perimeter fence is maintained to contain population number management the elephant within the reserve in accordance control. advice. with the national norms and standards. ▪ Appropriate measures, including 70tipit- contraception of female elephants are undertaken to manage the elephant population size and demographic structure.

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6.4.3 Fire and herbivore management Fire and herbivore management are heavily inter-related, which requires:

• Herbivore management must allow for the recovery of desirable plant species, which requires periodic rest or alleviated herbivore pressure during the growing season. • Fire should be used as a management tool to encourage herbivore utilisation on areas that have received a level of rest or reduced usage in the previous season/s. • The overall long-term stocking rate for the reserve should not exceed its carrying capacity.

Fire plays an important role in southern African ecology, and has important effects on vegetation composition, primary productivity and nutrient cycling. The following guiding principles should be adhered to:

• Burning must be undertaken with consideration of the biodiversity conservation requirements of the site and the need to protect rare and threatened species. • Burning and fire management must be undertaken in a safe manner that is legally compliant with the National Veld and Forest Fire Act.

6.4.4 Invasive plant species control A listed invasive species means any species, which is listed in terms of the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act and section 70 of the Biodiversity Act and its regulations, whose establishment and spread occurs outside of its natural distribution range. In undertaking invasive plant control for the, the following guiding principles will be adhered to:

• Invasive plant control will require an ongoing programme that prioritises key infestations along watercourses, drainage lines and upper catchment areas. • Innovative methods for clearing of indigenous problem plants must be sought. • Initial clearing efforts should focus on containing infestations that are most likely to spread into new areas. • All follow-up requirements must be strictly adhered to otherwise the problem will be exacerbated.

6.4.5 Soil erosion management In addressing soil erosion, the following guiding principles should be adhered to:

• Areas susceptible to soil erosion, or showing early signs of soil erosion such as loss of vegetation cover, must be managed to prevent soil erosion.

The operational requirements for fire and herbivore management, invasive plant species control and soil erosion management are set out in Table 6.6.

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Table 6.6 Framework for fire and herbivore management, invasive plant species control and soil erosion management

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

FIRE MANAGEMENT

Fire management is ▪ Implement a burning regime in accordance with the ▪ Establishment of a series of internal ▪ Inappropriate burning undertaken based on Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s Fire Management firebreaks to facilitate the recommended in contravention to the Plan. burning regime. reserve’s fire ecological principles and the ▪ Burning the reserve annually in accordance management plan. recommendations of studies with the fire management plan. ▪ Ecological degradation undertaken for the site. ▪ Five-yearly review and update of the Mun-Ya- as a result of the Wana Conservancy Fire Management Plan. inappropriate use of Annually Implementation of Provision of fire. the burning regime technical advice. Adequate fire safety within ▪ Maintain a system of firebreaks on the boundaries ▪ Compliance with the National Veld and Forest ▪ Inadequate personnel of the site that are of adequate extent. Fires Act. or equipment. the reserve is ensured. ▪ Ensure that staff are trained and that adequate ▪ Wildfires spreading firefighting equipment is available at the site. onto the site or from ▪ Maintain membership of the local Fire Protection the site to neighbours. Association.

INVASIVE PLANT CONTROL

Invasive plant species control ▪ Implement concerted, sustained control efforts in ▪ Implementation of invasive alien plant control ▪ Spread of existing levels Advice in planning measures are implemented identified areas of invasive plant infestation. in accordance with the reserve’s invasive alien of infestation of listed for alien invasive plant control plan. in the nature reserve in a invasive species. plant control ▪ Five-yearly review and update of the Mun-Ya- ▪ Persistence of existing Implementation of planned and systematic Assistance in the Wana Conservancy Invasive Alien Plant Annually invasive plant manner. infestations. Control Plan. provision of ▪ New infestations of control measures. chemicals and/or ▪ Continued management of low-levels of infestation ▪ Ongoing control and eradication of listed listed invasive species. of invasive alien plant species. invasive species to a point where access to Working maintenance control is all that is required. for Water.

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Table 6.6 (continued)

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

SOIL EROSION CONTROL

Identification, rehabilitation ▪ Undertake a detailed, fine-scale soil survey of the ▪ Fine-scale soil map of the reserve. ▪ Erosion of susceptible Appointment of a reserve. areas. and management of areas Year 3 specialist to that are being impacted by ▪ Sedimentation impacts undertake the soil erosion. in watercourses and survey. wetland areas. ▪ Identify the requirements for soil erosion control ▪ A map depicting areas of soil erosion within Assistance in and rehabilitation within the nature reserve. the nature reserve. Implementation of mapping areas ▪ Implement soil erosion control measures, focussing ▪ Implementation of soil erosion control erosion and impacted by soil strategically on areas such as those impacting on measures in areas in which plant cover is low, Ongoing rehabilitation erosion and watercourses or that are growing larger. which are susceptible to erosion. control measures. assistance with ▪ Undertake preventative measures in areas with low advice in managing plant cover that may be at risk of soil erosion. impacted areas.

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6.5 Cultural heritage and sense of place Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has immense scenic values that relate to the reserve’s natural beauty, topographical variation, contrasting habitats and aesthetic appeal that are integral to the sense of place one experiences in the reserve. Furthermore, there are a number of important historical, archaeological and paleontological sites and artefacts within the Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy. It is important that the reserve’s scientific and cultural heritage, and sense of place are protected and retained. The following guiding principles apply:

• Development within the reserve must be sensitive to its sense of place and aesthetic appeal and must be designed and constructed to complement them. • Important historic, archaeological and paleontological sites and artefacts must be properly documented and preserved as an important component of South Africa’s scientific, historical and cultural heritage.

6.6 Research and monitoring The Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has been at the forefront of a great deal of research in ecology, particularly in areas of vegetation management, fire ecology and the combatting of bush encroachment. Furthermore, the reserve is involved in a number of scientific research and monitoring efforts aimed at specific species and habitat types, such as Sand Forest. In continuing to undertake scientific research and monitoring within the reserve, the following guiding principles will apply:

• Scientific research and monitoring will primarily be undertaken to assist in improving the knowledge and understanding of species, habitats and key ecological drivers within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, thus providing for more informed management interventions. • Scientific research and monitoring that assists in broadening the knowledge and understanding of species, habitats and ecological drivers within natural systems in will be encouraged.

The operational requirements for cultural heritage and sense of place, and research and monitoring are set out in Table 6.7.

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Table 6.7 Framework for cultural heritage and sense of place, and research and monitoring

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

CULTURAL HERITAGE AND SENSE OF PLACE

Threats to sense of place ▪ Development activities within the Mun-Ya-Wana ▪ In accordance with the Mun-Ya-Wana ▪ Land uses that lead to (natural impairments Conservancy will be carefully controlled to ensure Conservancy Association Agreement, land transformation, that unacceptable impacts on the reserve’s members will abide by development control fragmentation and loss including visual and auditory) character, aesthetic appeal and sense of place are requirements when constructing any of habitat. Engagement with are minimise, i.e. the original not unnecessarily impacted upon. development on their land. members within the character of the reserve is As Provision of ▪ In accordance with the Mun-Ya-Wana Mun-Ya-Wana retained. required technical advice and Conservancy Association Agreement, the Conservancy and expertise. architecture of all structures will be approval of new ecologically and aesthetically sensitive and developments. structures will be sited so that they do not impact adversely on habitat and flora or on views within the reserve.

The cultural, historical, ▪ Identified cultural, historical, archaeological and ▪ If funding is available undertake a more ▪ Loss of artefacts or Appointing a paleontological sites and artefacts are appropriately comprehensive inventory of cultural, damage to the integrity archaeological, Year 5 specialist to Facilitation of managed and protected to ensure that they are historical and archaeological artefacts within of cultural, historical or paleontological and living undertake the assistance from adequately preserved. the reserve. archaeological sites. heritage of the area (sites assessment AMAFA and relevant recognised by AMAFA and ▪ Visitor activities are controlled and limited in ▪ research Ongoing Management of listed) is safeguarded. areas that have been identified as particularly organisations. sensitive to visitor impacts. artefacts and sites.

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Table 6.7 (continued)

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

RESEARCH AND MONITORING

Existing research ▪ Conduct regular reviews of research efforts within ▪ An annual review of research efforts is ▪ Gaps in understanding programmes are the review to determine how their findings may conducted to discuss and disseminate key the implications of key Organisation of an inform management and to identify key gaps in findings and identify areas where further management consolidated and reviewed annual forum to Participation in knowledge and understanding. research is required. interventions. Annually to identify gaps in research discuss research research forums. that may address key findings and gaps. management interventions.

Existing scientific monitoring ▪ Develop surveillance and monitoring plans for key ▪ Development of scientific surveillance and ▪ Inability to apply efforts are reviewed to management interventions. monitoring plans for key threatening informed adaptive Development and Provision of advice management in identify gaps in monitoring processes within the reserve. implementation of and expertise from response to Annually that may be used to evaluate ▪ Monitoring plans for key rare and threatened surveillance and ecological scientific management habitat types and species. key management interventions. monitoring plans. specialists. interventions.

Working relationships with ▪ Ensure that the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is ▪ Engagement with partners and research ▪ Lack of knowledge or Assistance in included in or is aware of any research that is being organisations to promote research that understanding of key Engagement with researchers are maintained identifying and conducted on rare and endangered species that addresses key ecological management flagship habitat types or partners and and liaison leads to research Annually including the occur in the reserve, particularly those for which interventions. species. research results that inform reserve in relevant specific conservation targets have been set. organisation. management interventions. research efforts.

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6.7 Buffer zone protection, regional management and protected area expansion

6.7.1 Buffer zone protection and regional management In order to safeguard its biodiversity and to counter threatening processes or edge effects, appropriate land uses in the surrounds of the reserve should be encouraged. Actions may be taken to secure the boundaries of the reserve through engagement and development of partnerships with landowners in the region and through the use of local planning tools. The following guiding principles will be adopted in terms of buffer zone protection and regional management:

• Appropriate actions must be taken to manage threatening processes and edge effects on the nature reserve’s boundaries and beyond them. • The reserve’s managers will endeavour to assist the local and district municipalities in determining appropriate land uses and development strategies in the areas surrounding the nature reserve. • The reserve will endeavour to align its plans and strategies with the programmes and strategies of the local and district municipality, where appropriate.

In support of these principles, a preliminary Zone of Influence for the Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy has been identified (Figure 6.1). It is based on:

• The entire catchment areas of rivers that flow into and along the border of the reserve. • Nearby towns and neighbouring settlement areas that have the potential to encroach and impact on the reserve. • Surrounding protected areas that provide compatible land uses with the reserve.

6.7.2 Protected area expansion In order to safeguard the biodiversity within the nature reserve and to counter any threatening processes or edge effects, efforts to expand the reserve should be identified, particularly within the Zone of Influence. In pursuing expansion of the reserve, the following guiding principles will be adopted:

• Opportunities to expand the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, in an effort to secure more important habitat and species, and improve the ecological functioning of the reserve will be explored and implemented. • As far as possible, efforts to expand the reserve, will include initiatives that allow for further socio-economic benefits to the communities living in the areas surrounding the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy.

The operational requirements for buffer zone protection, regional management and protected area expansion are set out in Table 6.8.

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Figure 6.1 Zone of Influence identified for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

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Table 6.8: Framework for buffer zone protection, regional management and protected area expansion

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

BUFFER ZONE PROTECTION AND REGIONAL MANAGEMENT

Capture of buffer zone ▪ Make inputs into the development of local and ▪ Retention of existing compatible land uses, ▪ Land uses that lead to Engagement with Engagement with district municipality IDPs, SDFs and LUMS in an such as game and livestock farming, in the land transformation, considerations in local and Annually municipalities in municipalities in effort to ensure compatible land uses in the areas areas around the reserve. fragmentation and loss regional plans developing local and developing local and around the nature reserve. of habitat. regional plans. regional plans. Efforts to secure the Mun- ▪ Engagement with partners and authorities in an ▪ Improved water resource management ▪ Declines in water flows Engagement with Engagement with Ya-Wana Conservancy’s river effort to engender better cooperation in the through the establishment of appropriate and quality. relevant authorities relevant authorities management of water resources and the institutional structures and better catchments are made such as Department such as Department enforcement of applicable legislation within the cooperation in managing catchment areas Annually through engagements with of Water Affairs and of Water Affairs and Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s upper catchment upstream of the reserve. relevant authorities and areas. Catchment Catchment partners. Management Management Authorities. Authorities. Partnerships and ▪ Determine options for cooperation, including joint ▪ Improved ecological connectivity and ▪ Ecological isolation of relationships are fostered law enforcement and joint ecological management, movement of wildlife between protected Mun-Ya-Wana if feasible. areas in the region. Conservancy. and developed with Establishment of Facilitation of ▪ Streamlined and integrated socio-economic ▪ Overlap and duplication surrounding and regional ▪ Determine options for cooperation on joint socio- initiatives undertaken in cooperation with of efforts to uplift and cooperative cooperation landowners and managers to economic and community upliftment initiatives. partners. improve livelihoods Annually processes between between state maximise the long-term within surrounding surrounding protected areas and economic and ecological communities. protected areas and biodiversity value of the reserve through other partners. stewardship sites. natural land-use consolidation.

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Table 6.8 (continued)

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

PROTECTED AREA EXPANSION

Opportunities to expand the ▪ Explore opportunities to include surrounding land ▪ Legal protection of areas added to the Mun- ▪ Increasing edge effects Engagement with Assistance in Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy into the reserve either through land purchase or Ya-Wana Conservancy through the Protected associated with neighbours and completing the lease, in partnership with neighbours and Areas Act. inappropriate land use are explored and, where Annually negotiation to declaration process surrounding communities. in surrounding areas feasible, acted upon. and ecological isolation include land in the for new land added of the reserve. reserve. to the reserve.

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6.8 Operational management

6.8.1 Infrastructure and equipment In order for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy to operate appropriately, adequate infrastructure and equipment need to be provided and maintained both for management and tourism purposes. In addressing infrastructure and equipment needs in the reserve, the following guiding principles will be adhered to:

• Infrastructure and equipment must be maintained to avoid any damage to the environment and ensure the safety of staff and visitors to the nature reserve. • Infrastructure and equipment must be provided to ensure the effective management and operation of the nature reserve.

6.8.2 Financial and human resources The Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy cannot be effectively managed without adequate sustained funding and sufficient human resources. The following guiding principles should be adhered to: • Adequate funding must be provided for the management of the reserve to ensure its sustained functioning. • Adequate, properly trained and experienced staff must be employed at the nature reserve to undertake the operations required for its effective management.

6.8.3 Management systems Management systems are required to ensure the health and safety of visitors, staff and contractors working within the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. Furthermore, standard approaches to addressing specific operational interventions are required. The following guiding principles should be adhered to: • Risks and legal liabilities related to visitor, staff and contractor health and safety are identified and appropriately addressed. • Standard operating procedures that ensure consistency in management are developed and implemented.

The detailed operational requirements for infrastructure and equipment, financial and human resources, and management systems are set out in Table 6.9.

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Table 6.9: Framework for infrastructure and equipment, financial and human resources, and management systems

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

INFRATSRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENT

There are sufficient facilities, ▪ Develop sufficient facilities and obtain sufficient ▪ Sufficient facilities, assets, infrastructure and ▪ An inability to infrastructure and equipment to enable the effective operation of the equipment to support the effective effectively manage the reserve due to equipment to enable staff to nature reserve. management and operation of the nature Ongoing inadequate ▪ Address any issues associated with staff housing. reserve. effectively manage the infrastructure or nature reserve. equipment.

Infrastructure and ▪ Implement a scheduled maintenance programme to ▪ Regular scheduled maintenance of all ▪ Environmental, health and safety incidents equipment in the nature maintain infrastructure and equipment. infrastructure and equipment. Implementation of a Provision of advice associated with Ongoing reserve are adequately maintenance and assistance with infrastructure. maintained. programme. monitoring.

Infrastructure in the reserve ▪ Ensure proper maintenance is being undertaken for ▪ Appropriately functioning infrastructure and ▪ Pollution events or systems that do not cause harm to the incidents associated does not cause service infrastructure, including that for water environment, in accordance with the with service environmental harm. supply, electricity and sewerage, and if necessary, upgrade infrastructure. environmental maintenance management infrastructure and Ongoing plan. systems. ▪ Determine appropriate strategies for the management and recycling of waste in the nature reserve.

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Table 6.9 (continued)

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES

Annual plans of operation ▪ Management costs must be factored in as part of ▪ Inclusion of a cost estimate in the Annual Plan ▪ Lack of funds to Assistance in Preparation of include detailed budgetary the nature reserve’s annual management meeting. of Operation. complete management Annually identifying costs and targets. budgets. requirements. sourcing funds.

Human resource ▪ Undertake periodic reviews of staff and positions to ▪ Develop a profile of staff members to identify ▪ Insufficient staff to determine the human resource needs to effectively qualifications, skills and experience, and areas undertake the key management systems that Assistance in manage the reserve. in which capacity development is required. operational functions of allow for staff performance implementing ▪ Implement a structured system to assess and the reserve. reviews and structured skills ▪ Employ sufficient, appropriately skilled staff to meet Human resource determine staff job performance and to ▪ Insufficient expertise training and development are instituted. the management and operational requirements of Annually management of identify further training and capacity and experience within capacity the nature reserve. reserve staff development needs. the reserve’s staff. development ▪ Undertake regular training and skills development to ensure that staff are able to effectively complete ▪ Implement measures to ensure that staff are programmes. their duties. sufficiently trained and capable to undertake the functions required of their job positions.

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Table 6.9 (continued)

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Mgt. authority Partner responsibility responsibility

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Measures are instituted to ▪ A comprehensive review of due diligence in relation ▪ Undertake a specialist external audit to ▪ Non-compliance with Appointment of an ensure that the Mun-Ya- to occupational health and safety must be determine all aspects of compliance with the the Occupational Health external auditor to Occupational Health and Safety Act. and Safety Act leading Wana Conservancy complies undertaken and where equipment, systems, and undertake a review procedures are inadequate, suitable measures must ▪ Implement necessary remedial measures to potentially harmful Advice, where with and implements the Year 3 of the reserve’s be implemented to rectify them. where instances of non-compliance with the incidents. possible. Occupational Health and compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act arise. Safety Act. Occupational Health and Safety Act.

Relevant standard operating ▪ In order to ensure consistency in management and ▪ A list of standard operating procedures ▪ A lack of consistency or Provision of required for the reserve must be developed. continuity in the procedures are developed to continuity in operational and management issues, a assistance and management of key ensure a consistent approach complete set of standard operating procedures ▪ Any outstanding standard operating Identification of and expertise, including should be developed and implemented in Mun-Ya- procedures must be developed and operational activities. to key management implementation of providing examples Wana Conservancy. implemented as part of the operation and interventions, issues and Year 3 necessary standard of relevant standard management of the reserve. incidents. operating operating procedures. procedures applied in other protected areas.

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7) MONITORING AND REPORTING Monitoring and reporting is a critical component of the adaptive management cycle. It enables the effective assessment of management interventions and, if necessary, can be used to direct modifications of management in an effort to achieve the outcomes required.

7.1 Annual monitoring The annual monitoring schedule should be designed to monitor the implementation of aspects of the management plan. It should be designed to be straightforward and relatively easy to implement by on-site staff.

Records should be maintained of key management interventions and of problem events or incidents such as uncontrolled access, poaching, illegal plant collection or uncontrolled/arson fires.

Scientific monitoring programmes may be established to monitor specific management interventions such as measures for the protection of flagship species. Most of the outcomes of the monitoring process will be captured in an annual report, which will be used to inform the following year’s annual plan of operation.

On this basis, a monitoring schedule for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy is set out in Table 7.1.

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Table 7.1 Annual monitoring schedule for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

Management issue Parameters to be monitored Monitoring measures Monitoring frequency Responsibility Reporting requirements

Law enforcement Schedule of patrols Written record Weekly Annual report

Recovery of snares Photographs/written record Weekly Management authority Annual report

Illegal incidents Photographs/written record Per event Record of event

Tourism Visitor statistics Written record Ongoing Management authority Annual report

Species monitoring reports Specific reports are to be prepared for the following species: ▪ Elephant (in accordance with the reserve’s Elephant Management Plan) ▪ Lion Written record Annually Management authority Annual reports ▪ Black rhino ▪ White rhino ▪ Cheetah ▪ Spotted hyena

Fire management Burning of firebreaks as part of fire management Written Annually Annual report Burning of blocks as part of controlled burning record/map/photography Annually Annual report Management authority Unplanned wildfires Written Per event Record of event record/map/photography

Game management Annual game census Written record Annually Management authority Annual report

Rangeland condition Grass species composition, rangeland condition score, browse species composition and condition Grass and browse assessment Biennially Management authority Five-yearly report score.

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Table 7.1 (continued)

Management issue Parameters to be monitored Monitoring measures Monitoring frequency Responsibility Reporting requirements

Invasive plant control Areas subject to invasive plant control

State of areas in which invasive plants have been Photographs/written record Quarterly Annual report eradicated Management authority Records of labour hours/days Written record Annually Annual report

Herbicide usage Written record Annually Annual report

Soil erosion control Areas subject to erosion control Annual report Photographs/written record Quarterly Management authority State of rehabilitated areas of erosion Annual report

Human resources Staff and training levels Annual report on staff Annually Management authority Annual report

Financial management Reserve capital and operational finances Written record Annually Management authority Annual report

Facilities and infrastructure State of roads, paths, fences and dams Photographs/written records Quarterly Management authority Annual report

State of facilities and service infrastructure Maintenance Monthly Annual report schedule/written records Management authority Pollution events Photographs/written records Per event Record of event

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7.2 Annual protected area management plan implementation review The purpose of undertaking an annual review of implementation of the protected area management plan will be to:

• Determine how effectively the management plan has been implemented. • Assist in determining the focus for the annual plan of operation and the setting of appropriate time frames. • Enable effective adaptive management by identifying changes and modifying management interventions.

The minutes of the annual management meeting will form the basis of the report on the management plan review. The minutes should include records of recommendations for update/changes to the five-year plan so that when the five-year plan is revised for the subsequent five years, these recommendations can be assessed and included where necessary.

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8) MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY’S ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION Each year an annual plan of operation will be prepared, based on the objectives, strategic outcomes, management activities and targets contained in the management plan.

8.1 Implementation of the management plan

Formal adoption of the Management Plan Protected area Budgeting process management effectiveness review Annual management meeting

Update and amendment of Annual management plan Annual plan of management plan objectives, strategic operation implementation outcomes, management review activities and targets

Bi-annual management plan review

Figure 8.1 Process for the implementation of Management Plans

Each year an annual management meeting is to be held for the biodiversity stewardship site. In terms of the implementation of the management plan, the purpose of the annual management meeting for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy will be to:

• Finalise the annual report, as part of the annual management plan review described in Section 7.2 above. • As part of the annual performance review, determine the need to modify or change any of the management plan’s objectives, strategic outcomes, management activities or targets. • Determine management activities for the coming year and to set goals for the year, based on the key performance areas set out in the management plan. • Determine how budgets will be spent in an effort to achieve the goals for each of the quarters of the coming year.

The minutes and notes of the annual management meeting will be compiled in an annual plan of operation, which will include all of the information, set

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out above, and will determine what management activities need to be completed for the coming year, based on the management plan. A pro forma annual plan of operation is set out in Appendix E.

8.2 Responsibilities in implementing the protected area management plan In the tables in the operational management framework, the responsibilities for the completion of management activities are identified. In many cases the people responsible for implementing the activities will be in attendance at the annual management meeting and the requirements for the achievement of the management activities can be discussed and agreed to at the meeting. In some cases, however, it may be required to refer the management activities to an individual within Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife or another partner to ensure that they implement the management activity.

8.3 Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy’s resource requirements In developing annual plans of operation for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy, the resource requirements, associated with management activities and targets set out in the operational management framework must be considered and budgeted for. The following section broadly identifies the issues that must be considered in determining adequate human resources, funds and equipment for the site.

8.3.1 Staff and equipment Annual plans of operation must consider the staff, equipment and budgetary needs to undertake the following activities:

• Administration and management of the reserve. • Patrolling of the site and its boundaries. • Community liaison and the implementation of socio-economic projects aimed at improving livelihoods within the communities surrounding the reserve. • Implementation of an education, awareness and interpretation programme for the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy. • Periodic rangeland condition assessments and other technical ecological management activities. • An annual game census. • Annual game off-takes and population control. • Species-specific interventions such as de-horning of rhino, contraception of elephants and fitting of tracking devices on particular species. • An annual burning programme and firefighting response to wildfires. • An ongoing invasive alien plant species control programme, and an ongoing bush encroachment control programme. • An ongoing soil erosion control and rehabilitation programme.

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• The implementation and maintenance of scientific research, surveillance and monitoring programmes. • Maintenance of roads, paths and fences within the site. • Maintenance of facilities and infrastructure within the site. • Capture of visitor information. • Admitting visitors to the site and charging entrance fees. • Human resource management, and staff training and capacity development. • Compliance with requirements in terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act.

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REFERENCES Acocks, J.P.H. (1975) Veld Types of South Africa. Memoir of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No.40. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria.

Bothma, J du P. (2002) Game Ranch Management. Fourth Edition. Van Schaik Publishers, Pretoria.

Camp, K.G.T. (1998) The bioresource units of KwaZulu-Natal. Cedara report N/A95/32. KZN Department of Agriculture.

Chizyuka, G. (1998) FAO Liaison Officers Summary Report, Harare.

Cowan, G.I. (2006) Guidance for the development of management plans in terms of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act 57 of 2003). Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2008) The National Protected Area Expansion Strategy 2008-2012. Pretoria.

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. (2010) KZN Protected Area Expansion Strategy and Action Plan (2009-2028). Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife unpublished report, Pietermaritzburg. Pp. 1-63.

Goodman P.S. (2011) Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Norms and Standards: Surveillance and Monitoring Plans for Biodiversity. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife unpublished report, Pietermaritzburg.

Mucina, L. and Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) (2006). The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Smit, G.N. (1989) BECVOL: Biomass estimates from canopy volumes, Version 2 – User’s Guide. University of the Orange , Bloemfontein.

Snyman, H.A. (2004) Short-term influence of fire on seedling establishment in a semi-arid grassland of South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 70(2), 215-226.

Stolton, S., Hockings, M., Dudley, N., MacKinnon, K., Whitten, T. and Leverington, F. (2007) Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool: reporting progress at protected area sites (2nd edition). World Bank and WWF Forest Alliance.

Trollope, W.S.W. (1999) Veld Burning. In Tainton, N.M. (ed) Veld Management in South Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.

Appendix A

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Alien species Species or genotypes, which are not indigenous to Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy and the surrounding area including hybrids and genetically altered organisms.

Biodiversity The variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part and also includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems (as per the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 [Act No. 10 of 2004]). Bioprospecting In relation to indigenous biological resources, means any research on, or development or application of, indigenous biological resources for commercial or industrial exploitation, and includes – the systematic search, collection or gathering of such resources or making extractions from such resources for purposes of such research, development or application (as per the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 [Act No. 10 of 2004]) Board The KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Board as defined by the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act, 1997 (Act No.9 of 1997).

Buffer zone An area surrounding a protected area that has restrictions placed on its use or where collaborative projects and programmes are undertaken to afford additional protection to the nature reserve. Co- The term ‘Co-management’ must be understood within the context of Section 42 management of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003). Cultural As defined in Article 1 of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO) 1972 , ‘cultural heritage heritage’ is considered as “monuments, architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of (…) value from the point of view of history, art or science, groups of buildings, groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of significance from the point of view of history, art or science, sites, works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of (…) value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.” For the purpose of this IMP, living heritage features such as mountains, pools, rivers, boulders, etc. as well as palaeontological features are included under this definition. Ecotourism The travel to natural areas to learn about the way of life and cultural history of people, the natural history of the environment, while taking care not to change the environment and contributing to the economic welfare of the local people (adapted from a definition of ecotourism by Hecto Ceballos Lascurain).

Ecological The sum of the biological, physical and chemical components of an ecosystem and integrity its products, functions and attributes (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).

Ecosystem A dynamic complex of animal, plant and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]). Appendix A

Ecosystem As defined in Section 1 of the National Environmental Management: Protected services Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003) as “environmental goods and services” meaning: a. Benefits obtained from ecosystems such as food, fuel and fibre and genetic resources. b. Benefits from the regulation of ecosystem processes such as climate regulation, disease and flood control and detoxification. c. Cultural non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems such as benefits of a spiritual, recreational, aesthetic, inspirational, educational, community and symbolic nature;” For the purposes of this IMP, sustainable water production is also specifically included under this definition.

Environmental The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, degradation water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the loss of species or undesirable reduction of species population numbers from a specific area from an environmental health perspective Ezemvelo KZN Nature Conservation Service as established in terms of the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Wildlife Conservation Management Act No. 9 of 1997. Indigenous In relation to a specific protected area, means a species that occurs, or has species historically occurred, naturally in a free state of nature within that specific protected area, but excludes a species introduced in that protected area as a result of human activity (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).

Invasive Means any species whose establishment and spread outside of its natural species distribution range – a. Threaten ecosystems, habitats or other species or have a demonstrable potential to threaten ecosystems, habitats or other species. b. May result in economic and environmental harm or harm to human health. (As per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]). Joint The agreed co-ordination of management and/or management actions by management landowners and/or mandated managers on their individual or combined properties in order to achieve common management objectives. Local Any community of people living or having rights or interests in a distinct community geographical area (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).

Management In relation to a protected area, includes control, protection, conservation, maintenance and rehabilitation of the protected area with due regard to the use and extraction of biological resources, community-based practices and benefit sharing activities in the area in a manner consistent with the Biodiversity Act (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003). Appendix A

Management In relation to a protected area, means the organ of state or other institution or authority person in which the authority to manage the protected area is vested (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]). Monitoring The collection and analysis of repeated observations or measurements to evaluate change in status, distribution or integrity in order to track the impacts of directed management implemented to achieve a stated management objective. Nature The conservation of naturally occurring ecological systems, the sustainable conservation utilisation of indigenous plants and animals therein, and the promotion and maintenance of biological diversity (as per the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act, 1997 [Act No.9 of 1997]).

Neighbouring The communities and people permanently living in the local municipal area/s community bordering onto the Nature Reserve. Natural As defined in Article 2 of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO) 1972 ‘natural heritage heritage’ is as: “natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of (…) value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view, geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of (…) value from the point of view of science or conservation, natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of (…) value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.” For the purposes of this IMP, this would include the required ecological integrity of the protected area for the production of ecosystem services.

Partnerships A co-operative and / or collaborative arrangement between the Game Reserve management / EKZNW and a third party that supports the achievement of the Game Reserve management objectives.

Protected • Means any area declared or proclaimed as such in terms of section 3 or listed areas in the Second Schedule to the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act, 1997 (Act No. 9 of 1997); or • Means any of the protected areas referred to in section 9 of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003). Protected area Is the management body that deals with the day-to-day management of the management protected area and is chaired by the OIC. committee Ramsar Means: “The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, signed in Convention Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty, which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.” (There are presently 158 Contracting Parties to the Convention, the Convention has broadened its scope to cover all aspects of wetland conservation and wise use, recognising wetlands as ecosystems that are extremely important for biodiversity conservation in general and for the well-being of human communities.) Appendix A

Stakeholders/ These are interested individuals or groups concerned with or affected by an activity interested and its consequences. These include the authorities, local communities, investors, parties work force, consumers, environmental interest groups and the general public. According to the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004), “stakeholder” means a person, an organ of state or a community contemplated in section 82 (1) (a), or an indigenous community contemplated in section 82(1) (b). Surveillance The collection and analysis of single or repeated measurements to establish status or distribution or integrity at a point in time in the absence of a specific management context or objective. Sustainable In relation to the use of a biological resource, means the use of such resource in a way and at a rate that would not lead to its long-term decline; would not disrupt the ecological integrity of the ecosystem in which it occurs; and would ensure its continued use to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations of people (as per National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004). Wilderness Means an area designated in terms of section 22 or 26 for the purpose of retaining area an intrinsically wild appearance and character, or capable of being restored to such and which is undeveloped and roadless, without permanent improvements or human habitation (as defined by the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]). World Means a World Heritage Site as defined in the World Heritage Convention Act, No. heritage site 49 of 1999 under Chapter 1, section 1 subsection (xxiv).

Appendix B

LIST OF STATUTES TO WHICH MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY IS SUBJECT Biodiversity and Cultural Resource Management and Development:

• Animals Protection Act [No. 71 of 1962] • Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act [No. 45 of 1965] • Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act [No. 43 of 1983] • Constitution of the Republic of South Africa [No. 108 of 1996] • Criminal Procedures Act [1977] • Environment Conservation Act [No. 73 of 1989] • Fertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act [No. 36 of 1947] • Forest Act [No. 122 of 1984] • Hazardous Substances Act [No. 15 of 1973] • KwaZulu Nature Conservation Act [No. 8 of 1975] • KwaZulu-Natal Heritage Management Act [No. 10 of 1997] • KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act [No. 9 of 1997] • National Environmental Management Act [No. 107 of 1998] • National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act [No. 10 of 2004] • National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act [No. 57 of 2003] • National Forests Act [No. 84 of 1998] • National Heritage Resources Act [No. 25 of 1999] • National Water Act [No. 36 of 1998] • National Water Amendment Act [No. 45 of 1999] • National Veld and Forest Fire Act [No 101 of 1998] • Nature Conservation Ordinance [No. 15 of 1974]

General Management:

• Development Facilitation Act [No. 67 of 1995] • Disaster Management Act [No. 57 of 2002] • Fire Brigade Services Act [No. 99 of 1987] • Local Government: Municipal Systems Act [No. 32 of 2000] • National Road Traffic Act [No. 93 of 1996] • National Building Standards Act [No. 103 of 1977] • Natal Town Planning Ordinance [No. 27 of 1949] • Occupational Health and Safety Act [No. 85 of 1993] • KwaZulu-Natal Planning and Development Act [No. 5 of 1998] • Water Services Act [No. 108 of 1997] Appendix B

Financial Management:

• Public Finance Management Act [No. 1 of 1999]

Human Resource Management:

• Basic Conditions of Employment Act [No. 75 of 1997] • Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act [No. 53 of 2003] • Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act [No. 130 of 1993] • Employment Equity Act [No. 55 of 1998] • Labour Relations Act [No. 66 of 1995] • Occupational Health and Safety Act [No. 85 of 1993] • Pension Funds Act [No. 24 of 1956] • Skills Development Act [No. 97 of 1998] • Skills Development Levies Act [No. 9 of 1999] • Unemployment Insurance Act [No. 63 of 2001]

Appendix C

COPY OF MUN-YA-WANA CONSERVANCY’S NATURE RESERVE DECLARATION Appendix D

SPECIES LISTS

Trees Species Common Name Status Survey Year

Acacia ataxacantha Flame Thorn CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Acacia borleae Sticky Acacia R. Goode 2013

Acacia brevispica subsp. Prickly Thorn R. Goode 2013 dregeana Acacia burkei Black Monkey Thorn CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Acacia caffra Common Hook Thorn R. Goode 2013

Acacia gerrardii Red Thorn R. Goode 2013

Acacia grandicornuta Horned Thorn R. Goode 2013

Acacia karoo Sweet Thorn R. Goode 2013

Acacia kraussiana Coast Climbing Thorn R. Goode 2013

Acacia luederitzii var Balloon Thorn CCA, 1999 retinens Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Acacia natalitia Pale-bark Sweet R. Goode 2013 Thorn Acacia nigrescens Knob Thorn R. Goode 2013

Acacia nilotica Scented Thorn CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Acacia robusta Brack Thorn CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Acacia schweinfurthii River Climbing Thorn R. Goode 2013

Acacia Three-hook Thorn CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Acacia tortillis Umbrella Thorn CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Acacia xanthophloea Fever Tree R. Goode 2013

Acalypha glabrata Forest False-Nettle R. Goode 2013

Acalypha sonderiana Thorny False-Nettle R. Goode 2013

Acokanthera oppostifolia Common Poison- R. Goode 2013 bush Acokanthera rotundata Round-leaf Poison- R. Goode 2013 bush Acridocarpus natalitius var. Narrow-leafed Moth- RL – Declining R. Goode 2013 Linearifolius fruit Appendix D

Acridocarpus natalitius var. Moth-fruit RL – Declining R. Goode 2013 natalitius Adenia gummifera Green-stem RL – Declining R. Goode 2013

Adenopodia spicata Spiny Splinter-bean R. Goode 2013

Albizia adianthifolia Flat-crown CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 anthelmintica Worm-bark False- R. Goode 2013 thorn Albizia forbesii Broad-pod False- CCA, 1999 thorn Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Albizia versicolor Large - leaf Albizia R. Goode 2013

Allophylus africanus Bastard R. Goode 2013 Taaibos/African False-currant Aloe arborescens Krantz Aloe R. Goode 2013

Aloe barberiae Tree Aloe R. Goode 2013

Aloe marlothii Mountain Aloe R. Goode 2013

Aloe parvibracteata R. Goode 2013

Aloe rupestris Bottlebrush Aloe R. Goode 2013

Aloe spicata R. Goode 2013

Aloe suffulta R. Goode 2013

Aloe vanbaleni EKZN Priority R. Goode 2013 Species “Nice to monitor” Ancylobotrys petersiana Climbing Milk-apricot R. Goode 2013

Antidesma venosum Tassel Berry R. Goode 2013

Apodytes dimidiata White Pear R. Goode 2013

Artabotrys monteiroae Red Hook-berry R. Goode 2013

Azima tetracantha Bee-Sting R. Goode 2013 Bush/Needle Bush Balanites maughamii Green Thorn RL – Declining. CCA, 1999 Protected Tree. Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Balanites pedicellaris Small Green Thorn R. Goode 2013

Bauhinia galpinii Pride-of-De-Kaap R. Goode 2013

Bauhinia tomentosa Yellow Bauhinia R. Goode 2013

Berchemia sp. nov. Sand Ivory R. Goode 2013

Berchemia zeyheri Red Ivory R. Goode 2013

Blighia unijugata Triangle Tops R. Goode 2013

Bolusanthus speciosus Tree Wisteria R. Goode 2013 Boscia albitrunca Shepards-Tree Protected Tree CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Appendix D

Boscia foetida subsp. Filipes Sandveld Shepards- Near endemic CCA, 1999 Tree Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Brachylaena discolor Coast Silver Oak CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Brachylaena huillensis Lowveld Silver Oak CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Brachylaena ilicifolia Small Bitter-Leaf R. Goode 2013 Bridelia cathartica Blue Sweetberry Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Bridelia micrantha Mitzeeri R. Goode 2013

Buddleja salviifolia Quilted sagewood R. Goode 2013

Cadaba natalensis Mauve R. Goode 2013

Calodendrum capense Cape Chestnut R. Goode 2013

Calpurnia aurea Wild Laburnum R. Goode 2013

Canthium inerme Common Turkey- R. Goode 2013 berry Canthium setiflorum subsp. Rough Turkey-berry Endemic R. Goode 2013 setiflorum Capparis brassi Narrow-leaf Caper- R. Goode 2013 bush var. Zigzag Caper-bush R. Goode 2013 Fascicularis Capparis fascicularis var. Coast Zigzag Caper- R. Goode 2013 Zeyheri bush Capparis sepiaria Wild Capper-bush R. Goode 2013

Capparis tomentosa Woolly Caper-bush CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Carissa macrocarpa Big Num-Num R. Goode 2013 Carissa tetramera Sand Forest Num- Near endemic R. Goode 2013 Num Carrisa bispinosa Forest Num-Num R. Goode 2013

Casearia gladiformis Sword-leaf R. Goode 2013 Cassipourea Sand Onionwood Endemic R. Goode 2013 mossambicensis Catunaregam obovata Coast Bone-Apple R. Goode 2013

Celtis africana White Stinkwood R. Goode 2013

Chaetacme arista Thorny Elm R. Goode 2013

Cissus rotundifolia

Chionanthus foveolatus Pock Ironwood R. Goode 2013 Cladostemon kirkii Tongakierie Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Clausena anisata Horsewood R. Goode 2013 Cleistanthus schlecteri False Tamboti Protected Tree CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Appendix D

Clerodendrum glabrum Tinderwood R. Goode 2013

Clutia pulchella Common Lightnigh R. Goode 2013 Bush Cocculus hirsutus Bushveld Moonseed- R. Goode 2013 creeper Coddia rudis Small Bone-Apple R. Goode 2013 Cola greenwayi Hairy cola Near endemic CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Reed Bushwillow R. Goode 2013

Combretum krausii Forest Bushwillow R. Goode 2013

Combretum microphyllum Flame-creeper R. Goode 2013 Combretum mkuzense Maputuland Endemic. Near R. Goode 2013 Bushwillow threatened. Combretum molle Velvet Bushwillow CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Combretum sp. nov. Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Combretum woodii Large-leaf R. Goode 2013 Bushwillow Combretum zeyheri Large-fruit R. Goode 2013 Bushwillow Commiphora neglecta Green-stem CCA, 1999 Corkwood Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Commiphora schimperi Glossy-leaf R. Goode 2013 Corkwood Commiphora woodii Forest Commiphora R. Goode 2013

Coptosperma littorale Dune Butterspoon R. Goode 2013

Coptosperma supra-axillare Narrow-leaf R. Goode 2013 Butterspoon Cordia caffra Septee R. Goode 2013

Cordia sp. A R. Goode 2013

Craibia zimmermannii Sand Forest Pea- R. Goode 2013 wood Crotoleria capensis Cape Rattle Pod R. Goode 2013

Croton gratissimus Lavender Fever Berry R. Goode 2013 Croton pseudopulchellus Small Lavender Near endemic R. Goode 2013 Fever-Berry Croton steenkampianus Maputaland Fever- Endemic R. Goode 2013 Berry Cussonia arenicola Sand Cabbage tree Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Cussonia natalensis Rock Cabbage Tree R. Goode 2013

Cussonia zuluensis Zulu Cabbage-Tree R. Goode 1999

Dalbergia armata Thorny Rope R. Goode 2013

Dalbergia obovata Climbing Flat-bean R. Goode 1999

Deinbollia oblongifolia Dune Soap-Berry R. Goode 2013

Dialium schlecteri Zulu Podberry R. Goode 1999

Dichrostachys cinerea Sicklebush R. Goode 1999 Appendix D

Diospyros dichrophylla Common Star-Apple R. Goode 2013

Diospyros galpinii Dwarf Hairy Star- R. Goode 2013 apple Diospyros lycoides Bluebush R. Goode 2013

Diospyros natalensis Acorn Jackal-berry R. Goode 2013

Diospyros scabrida Coast Bladder-nut R. Goode 2013

Diospyros simii Climbing Star-apple R. Goode 2013

Diospyros villosa Hairy Star-Apple R. Goode 2013

Distephanus sp. nov. Coast Veronia R. Goode 2013

Dombeya burgessiae Pink Wild Pear R. Goode 2013

Dombeya cymosa Smooth Wild Pear R. Goode 2013

Dombeya rotundifolia Common Wild Pear R. Goode 2013

Dovyalis longispina Natal Apricot R. Goode 1999

Dovyalis rhamnoides Sourberry Kei-apple R. Goode 2013

Dovyalis zeyheri Apricot Kei-apple R. Goode 2013

Dovyallis caffra Kei-apple R. Goode 2013 Drypetes arguta Water Ironplum Near endemic R. Goode 1999

Ehretia amoena Sandpaper-bush R. Goode 2013

Ehretia rigida Puzzle Bush R. Goode 2013

Ekebergia capensis Cape Ash R. Goode 2013 Elaeodendron transvaalense Transvaal Saffron RL – Near R. Goode 2013 Threatened. Protected Tree caffra Coast Coral Tree R. Goode 2013

Erythrina humeana Dwarf Coral Tree R. Goode 2013

Erythrina latissima Broad-leaf Coral-tree R. Goode 2013

Erythrina lysistemon Common Coral Tree R. Goode 2013

Erythrococca berberidea Prickle red-Berry R. Goode 2013 Erythrophleum lasianthum Maputaland Ordeal RL – Near R. Goode 2013 Tree Threatened Erythroxylum delagoense Small-leaved Coca- R. Goode 2013 tree Erythroxylum emarginatum Common Coca-tree R. Goode 2013

Erythroxylum pictum Blue-leaf Coco-tree R. Goode 2013

Euclea crispa - R. Goode 2013

Euclea daphnoides White-stem Guarri R. Goode 2013

Euclea divinorum Magic Guarri R. Goode 2013

Euclea natalensis Natal Guarri R. Goode 2013

Euclea undulata Common Guarri R. Goode 2013

Eugenia capensis Dune Myrtle R. Goode 2013

Euphorbia cooperi Transvaal Candelabra R. Goode 2013 Tree Euphorbia grandidens Large-tooth R. Goode 2013 Euphorbia Euphorbia ingens Common tree R. Goode 2013 Euphorbia Euphorbia triangularis River Euphorbia R. Goode 2013

Euphorbia tirucalli Rubber Euphorbia R. Goode 2013

Ficus abutifolia Large-leaved Rock Fig R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Ficus burkei (=F.thonningii) Common Wild Fig R. Goode 2013

Ficus burtt-dayvi Veld Fig R. Goode 2013

Ficus glumosa Mountain/Hairy Rock R. Goode 2013 Fig Ficus ingens Red-leaved Rock Fig R. Goode 2013

Ficus polita subsp. polita Heart-leaf Fig R. Goode 2013

Ficus stuhlmannii Lowveld Fig R. Goode 2013

Ficus sur Broom Cluster Fig R. Goode 2013

Ficus sycomorus Common Cluster Fig R. Goode 2013 Ficus tremula Quiver-leaf Fig Near endemic CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Flueggea virosa White-berry Bush R. Goode 2013

Galpinia transvaalica Transvaal Privet R. Goode 2013

Garcinia livingstonei African Mangosteen R. Goode 2013

Gardenia cornuta Tonga Gardenia R. Goode 2013

Gardenia volkensii Transvaal Gardenia CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Grewia bicolor White Raisin R. Goode 2013

Grewia caffra Climbing Raisin CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Grewia microthyrsa Lebombo Raisin Endemic CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Grewia monticola Grey Raisin CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Grewia occidentalis Cross-berry R. Goode 2013

Grewia villosa Mallow Raisin R. Goode 2013

Gymnosporia buxifolia Common Spike- R. Goode 2013 Thorn Gymnosporia glaucophylla Blue Spikethorn R. Goode 2013

Gymnosporia senegalensis Red Spikethorn R. Goode 2013

Halleria lucida Tree-fuchsia R. Goode 2013 Haplocoelum foliolosum Galla Plum Endemic R. Goode 2013 subsp. Mombasense

Harpephyllum caffrum Wild Plum R. Goode 2013

Heteropyxis natalensis Lavender Tree R. Goode 2013

Hippobromus paiciflorus False Horsewood R. Goode 2013 Hippocratea delagoensis Maputuland Paddle- Endemic R. Goode 2013 pod Hymenocardia ulmoides Red-heart Tree CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Appendix D

Hyperacanthus amoenus Spiny Gardenia CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Hyphaene coriacea Lala Palm CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Kigelia africana Sausage Tree CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Kraussia floribunda Rhino-Coffee R. Goode 2013 Lagynias lasiantha Smooth Pendent- Endemic R. Goode 2013 medlar Lagynias monteiroi Dune pendent- Endemic R. Goode 2013 medlar Landolphia kirkii Sand Apricot CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Lasiodiscus pervillei subsp. Red-hair Bush Near endemic R. Goode 2013 pervillei Leptactina delagoensis Star Flowered Endemic R. Goode 2013 Gardenia angolensis Broad-bean Tree R. Goode 2013

Maerua caffra Bush R. Goode 2013

Maerua juncea subsp. Rough-skin Bush- R. Goode 2013 Crustata cherry Maerua rosmarinoides Needle-leaved Bush- R. Goode 2013 Cherry Manilkara concolor Zulu Milkberry R. Goode 2013

Manilkara discolor Forest Milkberry R. Goode 2013

Manilkara mochisia Lowveld Milkberry R. Goode 2013

Margaritaria discoidea Pheasant-berry R. Goode 2013

Maytenus procumbens Dune Koko-tree R. Goode 2013

Maytenus undata Koko-tree R. Goode 2013

Mimusops obovata Forest Red-milkwood R. Goode 2013

Monanthotaxis caffra Dwaba-berry R. Goode 2013 Monodora junodii Green-apple Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Mundelea sericea Cork Bush R. Goode 2013

Mystroxylon aethiopicum Kooboo Berry R. Goode 2013 Newtonia hildebrandtii Lebombo Wattle RL – Declining. CCA, 1999 Protected Tree. Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Nuxia oppositifolia Water Elder R. Goode 2013

Nuxia congesta

Obetia tenax Mountain Nettle R. Goode 2013

Ochna arborea Cape Plane R. Goode 2013

Ochna natalitia Natal Plane R. Goode 2013

Olea capensis Ironwood R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Olea europaea Wild Olive R. Goode 2013

Oncoba spinosa Snuff-box Tree R. Goode 2013

Ormocarpum trichocarpum Catepillar Bush R. Goode 2013 Oxyanthus latifolus Zulu Loquat Endemic R. Goode 2013

Ozoroa engleri White Resin Tree R. Goode 2013

Ozoroa obovata Broadleaf Resin-tree R. Goode 2013

Ozoroa paniculosa Resin-tree R. Goode 2013

Pappea capensis Jacket-Plum R. Goode 2013 Pavetta catophylla Sand Brides-bush Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Pavetta edentula Large leaved Brides R. Goode 2013 Bush Pavetta gracilifolia Narrow-leaf Brides- R. Goode 2013 bush Pavetta lanceolata Bridal Bush R. Goode 2013

Pavetta vanwykiana Maputaland Brides- R. Goode 2013 bush Weeping Wattle R. Goode 2013

Phoenix reclinata Wild Date Palm CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Phyllanthus reticulatus Potato Bush R. Goode 2013

Plectroniella armata False Turjey-Berry R. Goode 2013

Portulacaria afra Porkbush R. Goode 2013

Premna mooiensis Skunk-bush R. Goode 2013 Psydrax fragrantissima Tonga Quar Near endemic R. Goode 2013 Psydrax locuples Krantz Quar Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Psydrax obovata Quar R. Goode 2013

Ptaeroxylon obliquum Sneezewood R. Goode 2013 Pteleopsis myrtifolia Stink Bushwillow Near endemic CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Putterlickia verrucosa False Forest Spike- R. Goode 2013 Thorn Pyrostria hystrix Porcupine-bush Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Rhoicissus digitata Baboon Grape CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Rhoicissus rhomboidea Glossy Forest Grape R. Goode 2013

Rhoicissus schlechteri Lowveld Grape R. Goode 2013

Rhoicissus sessilifolia Coast Grape R. Goode 2013

Rhoicissus sp. nov. R. Goode 2013

Rhoicissus tomentosa Common Forest R. Goode 2013 Grape Rhoicissus tridentata Bushman’s Grape R. Goode 2013

Rothmania globosa September Bells R. Goode 2013

Ruttya ovata Ruttya R. Goode 2013

Salacia kraussii R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Salacia leptoclada Sand Lemon Rope Near endemic CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Salvadora australis Narrow-leaf R. Goode 2013 Mustard-tree brachypetala Weeping Boer-bean R. Goode 2013

Schotia capitata Dwarf Boer-bean CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Schrebera alata Wild Jasmine R. Goode 2013

Sclerocarya birrea subsp. Marula CCA, 1999 Caffra Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Sclerochiton apiculatus Maputaland Blue Lips Endemic R. Goode 2013

Sclerocroton integerrimum Duiker-berry R. Goode 2013

Scolopia zeyheri R. Goode 2013

Scutia myrtina Cat-Thorn R. Goode 2013

Searsia chirindensis Red Currant R. Goode 2013

Searsia gueinzii Thorny karee R. Goode 2013 Searsia kwazuluana Kwazulu Dwarf RL – Rare R. Goode 2013 Currant Searsia pentheri Crow-berry R. Goode 2013

Sesbania sesban River Bean R. Goode 2013

Sideroxylon inerme White Milkwood R. Goode 2013

Spirostachys africana Tamboti CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Sterculia rogersii Squat Star-chestnut R. Goode 2013

Strelitzia nicolai Coast Strelitzia R. Goode 2013

Strophanthus speciousus Poison Rope R. Goode 2013

Strychnos decussata Cape Teak CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Strychnos henningsii Red Bitterberry CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Strychnos madagascarensis Black Monkey CCA, 1999 Orange Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Strychnos spinosa Green Monkey CCA, 1999 Orange Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Strychnos usambarensis Blue Bitterberry R. Goode 2013

Suregada africana Common Canary- R. Goode 2013 Berry Appendix D

Suregada zanzibariensis Woodland suregada Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Syzigium cordatum Water Berry CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Tabernaemonta elegans Toad Tree R. Goode 2013

Tacazzea apiculata R. Goode 2013 Tapura fischeri Leafberry-tree Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Tarchonanthus trilobus Trident Camphor- R. Goode 2013 Bush Tarenna junodii Climbing butter- Endemic R. Goode 2013 spoon Teclea gerardii Zulu Cherry-orange R. Goode 2013

Teclea natalensis Natal Cherry-Orange R. Goode 2013

Tecomaria capensis Cape Honeysuckle R. Goode 2013

Terminalia sericea Silver cluster-leaf R. Goode 2013

Tetradenia riparia Ginger Misty Plume R. Goode 2013 Bush Thespesia acutiloba Wild Tulip Tree CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Thilachium africanum R. Goode 2013 Toddaliopsis bremekampii Wild Mandarin Near endemic R. Goode 2013

Trema orientalis Pigeonwood R. Goode 2013 Tricalysia delagoensis Tonga Jackal- Coffee Endemic CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Tricalysia junodii Fluffy-flower Jackal- R. Goode 2013 coffee Tricalysia lanceolata Jackal-coffee CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Tricalysia maputensis Sand Jackal-coffee Endemic R. Goode 2013

Tricalysia sonderiana Coast Jackal-coffee R. Goode 2013

Trichilia emetica Natal Mahogany R. Goode 2013

Trimeria grandifolia Wild Bulberry R. Goode 2013

Turraea floribunda Wild Honeysuckle R. Goode 2013 Tree Turraea obtusifolia Small Honeysuckle R. Goode 2013 Tree Uvaria caffra Small Cluster Pear CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Uvaria lucida Large Cluster Pear CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 Vangueria infausta Wild Medlar R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Vangueria Biush Medlar R. Goode 2013 madagascariensis Vangueria randii Coastal Wild Medlar R. Goode 2013

Vepris lanceolata White Ironwood R. Goode 2013

Vepris reflexa Roch White- R. Goode 2013 ironwood Vernonia colorata Lowveld Bitter tea R. Goode 2013

Vitellariopsis marginata Forest Bush- R. Goode 2013 milkwood Vitex ferruginea Large Fruited Vitex Near endemic R. Goode 2013 subsp.amboniensis Vitex patula Golden Finger-leaf R. Goode 2013 Warburgia salutaris Pepper-bark Tree RL – Endangered. R. Goode 2013 Protected Tree. Warneckea sousae Tonga False Rose- Endemic R. Goode 2013 apple Wrightia natalensis Saddle-pod Endemic CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999 americana Blue Sourplum R. Goode 2013

Ximenia caffra Sourplum R. Goode 2013

Xylotheca kraussiana African Dog-Rose R. Goode 2013

Zanthoxylum capensis Small Knobwood R. Goode 2013

Ziziphus mucronata Buffalo-Thorn CCA, 1999 Ecological Journal (1) 1999

Appendix D

Grasses Species Common Name Status Survey/Source Year

Decreaser

Acroceras macrum Nile Grass R. Goode 2013

Andropogon schirensis Stab Grass R. Goode 2013

Bewsia biflora False Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Brachiaria brizantha Common Signal Grass R. Goode 2013

Brachiaria nigropredata Black-footed Grass R. Goode 2013

Brachiaria serrata Velvet Signal Grass R. Goode 2013

Cenchrus ciliaris Blue Buffalo Grass R. Goode 2013

Chloris gayana Rhodes Grass R. Goode 2013

Chrysopogon serrulatus Golden Beard Grass R. Goode 2013

Digitaria eriantha Common Finger Grass R. Goode 2013

Dihetropogon amplectens Broad-leaved Bluestem R. Goode 2013

Enteropogon monostachyus Mopane Grass R. Goode 2013

Eriochloa meyeriana Black-footed Water R. Goode 2013 Grass Erichloa stapfiana R. Goode 2013

Eustachys paspaloides Brown Rhodes Grass R. Goode 2013

Heteropogon contortus Spear Grass R. Goode 2013

Ischaemum afrum Turf Grass R. Goode 2013

Leptochloa uniflora R. Goode 2013

Monocymbium ceresiiforme Boat Grass R. Goode 2013

Panicum coloratum Small Buffalo Grass R. Goode 2013

Panicum deustum Broad-leaved Panicum R. Goode 2013

Panicum dregeanum R. Goode 2013

Panicum glandulopaniculatum R. Goode 2013

Panicum heterostachyum R. Goode 2013

Panicum maximum White Buffalo Grass R. Goode 2013

Panicum repens Couch Panicum R. Goode 2013

Paspalum distichum Water Couch R. Goode 2013

Setaria incrassata Vlei Bristle Grass R. Goode 2013

Setaria megaphylla Broad-leaved Bristle R. Goode 2013 Grass Setaria sphacelata R. Goode 2013

Sorgastrum stipoides R. Goode 2013

Sporobolus fimbriatus Dropseed Grass R. Goode 2013

Themeda triandra Red Grass R. Goode 2013

Increaser I

Alloteropsis papillosa R. Goode 2013

Alloteropsis semialata Black- Grass R. Goode 2013

Andropogon gayanus Blue Grass R. Goode 2013

Aristida meridionalis Giant Three-awn R. Goode 2013

Aristida 1tipitate Long-awned Aristida R. Goode 2013

Aristida junciformis subsp Ngongoni Three-awn R. Goode 2013 junciformis Appendix D

Bothriochloa bladhii Purple Plume Grass R. Goode 2013

Brachiaria humidicola Creeping Signal Grass R. Goode 2015

Cymbopogon excavatus R. Goode 2013

Cymbopogon plurinodis R. Goode 2013

Cymbopogon validus R. Goode 2013

Dactyloctenium geminatum R. Goode 2014

Diplachne (Leptochloa) eleusine R. Goode 2013

Diplachne fusca R. Goode 2013

Echinochloa pyramidalis Antelope Grass R. Goode 2013

Echinochloa holubii Water Grass R. Goode 2013

Elionurus muticus Wire Grass R. Goode 2013

Enneapogon cenchroides Nine-awned Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis curvula Weeping Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis gummiflua Gum Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis heteromera Bronze Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis inamoena Tite Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis lappula R. Goode 2014

Eragrostis pallens Broom Love Grass R. Goode 2014

Eragrostis rigidior Curly Leaf R. Goode 2013

Hyparrhenia dichroa R. Goode 2013

Hyparrhenia filipendula Fine Thatching Grass R. Goode 2013

Hyperthelia dissoluta R. Goode 2013

Imperata cylindrica Cottonwool Grass R. Goode 2013

Loudetia simplex Common Russet Grass R. Goode 2013

Melinis nerviglumis Bristle-leaved Red-top R. Goode 2013

Phragmites australis Common Reed R. Goode 2013

Sehima galpinii R. Goode 2013

Sorghum bicolor Common Wild R. Goode 2013 Sorghum Sporobolus pyramidalis Cat’s-tail Dropseed R. Goode 2013

Stenotaphrum dimidiatum R. Goode 2013

Trachypogon spicatus Giant Spear Grass R. Goode 2013

Triraphis schinzii R. Goode 2013

Triraphis andropogonoides Broom Needle Grass R. Goode 2013

Tristachya leucothrix Hairy Trident Grass R. Goode 2013

Urelytrum agropyroides Quinine Grass R. Goode 2013

Increaser II

Aristida congesta ssp barbicollis Spreading Three-awn R. Goode 2013

Aristida bipartita Rolling Grass R. Goode 2013

Aristida congesta ssp congesta Tassel Three-awn R. Goode 2013

Bothriochloa insculpta Pinhole Grass R. Goode 2013

Bothriochloa radicans Stinking Grass R. Goode 2013

Brachiaria deflexa False Panicum R. Goode 2013

Brachiaria eruciformis Sweet Signal Grass R. Goode 2013

Brachiaria xantholeuca R. goode 2016

Chloris pycnothrix Spiderweb Grass R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Chloris mossambicensis R. Goode 2013

Chloris virgata Feather-top Chloris R. Goode 2013

Cynadon dactylon Couch Grass R. Goode 2013

Cynadon nlemfuensis Star Grass R. Goode 2013

Dactyloctenium aegyptium Common Crowfoot R. Goode 2014

Dactyloctenium australe LM Grass R. Goode 2013

Dactyloctenium giganteum Giant Crowfoot R. Goode 2013

Digitaria argyrograpta Silver Finger Grass R. Goode 2013

Digitaria longiflora False Couch Grass R. Goode 2013

Digitaria perrottetii Whorled Finger Grass R. Goode 2016

Digitaria sanguinalis Crab Finger Grass R. Goode 2013

Digitaria swazilandensis Swaziland Finger Grass R. Goode 2016

Digitaria ternata Black-seed Finger R. Goode 2013 Grass Digitaria velutina Long-plumed Finger R. Goode 2014 Grass Dinebra retroflexa Cat’s-tail Vlei Grass R. Goode 2013

Echinochloa colona Jungle Rice R. Goode 2013

Eleusine coracana Goose Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis capensis Heart-seed Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis chapelieri R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis cilliaris Woolly Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis cylindriflora R. Goode 2016

Eragrostis lehmanniana Lehmann’s Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis nindensis Wether Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis plana R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis racemosa Tough Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis surperba Saw-tooth Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Eragrostis trichophora Hairy Love Grass R. Goode 2013

Oplismenus hirtellus Basket Grass R. Goode 2013

Leptochloa uniflora R. Goode 2014

Melinis repens Natal Red-top R. Goode 2013

Microchloa caffra Pincushion Grass R. Goode 2013

Oropetium capense Dwarf Grass R. Goode 2013

Panicum laticomum R. Goode 2013

Panicum schinzii Sweet Grass R. Goode 2013

Paspalum notatum Bahia Grass R. Goode 2013

Paspalum scrobiculatum Veld Paspalum R. Goode 2013

Perotis patens Cat’s Tail R. Goode 2013

Pogonarthria squarrosa Herringbone Grass R. Goode 2013

Sacciolepis curvata R. Goode 2013

Setaria verticillata Bur Bristle Grass R. Goode 2013

Sporobolus nitens Curly-leaved Dropseed R. Goode 2013

Sporobolus africanus Rat’s-Tail Dropseed R. Goode 2013

Sporobolus ioclados Pan Dropseed R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Sporobolus pectinatus R. Goode 2013

Sporobolus stapfianus Fibrous Dropseed R. Goode 2013

Sporobolus virginicus Seaside Rush Grass R. Goode 2015

Tragus berteronianus Carrot-seed Grass R. Goode 2013 Tricholaena monachne Blue-seed Grass R. Goode 2013

Trichoneura grandiglumis Small Rolling Grass R. Goode 2013

Urochloa mosambicensis Bushveld Signal Grass R. Goode 2013

Urochloa panicoides Garden Urochloa R. Goode 2013

Appendix D

Wild Flowers Species Common Name Status Survey Year

Abrus precatorius Luckybean Creeper R. Goode 2013

Abutilon grantii - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Abutilon sonneratianum Forest Abutilon CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Acalypha villicaulis Heart-leaved Brooms R. Goode 2013 and Brushes Acrotome hispida White Cat’s Paws R. Goode 2013

Adenium multiflorum Impala Lily CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Aeollanthus parvifolius Pink Spur Bush R. Goode 2013

Aerangis mystacidii - CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Albertisia delagoensis - R. Goode 2013

Albuca angolensis Large Yellow Albuca R. Goode 2013

Albuca setosa Small White Albuca R. Goode 2013

Alectra orobanchoides - R. Goode 2013

Ammocharis coranica Ground Lily CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Ancylobothrys petersiana Climbing Wild Apricot Endemi CCA Ecological Journal 2001 c (3) 2001 Aneilema dregeanum Blue Aneilema R. Goode 2013

Angraecum cultriforme Small spider Angraecum R. Goode 2013

Ansellia africana Leopard Orchid CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Anthericum cooperi Cooper’s Anthericum CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Anthospermum hispidulum - R. Goode 2013

Anthospermum streyi - R. Goode 2013

Argyrolobium tomentosum Liquorice Bean sp. R. Goode 2013

Aristea angolensis - R. Goode 2013

Asclepias albens - R. Goode 2013

Asclepias gibba var. gibba Humped Turret-flower R. Goode 2013

Asclepias stellifera - R. Goode 2013

Asparagus africanus Bush Asparagus R. Goode 2013

Asparagus densiflorus Emerald Fern R. Goode 2013

Asparagus falcatus Large Forerst Asparagus CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Asparagus virgatus Broom Asparagus R. Goode 2013

Aspilia natalensis Wild Creeping Sunflower R. Goode 2013

Asystasia gangetica Asystasia CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Athrixia phylicoides Bushman’s Tea R. Goode 2013

Barleria elegans White Bushveld Barleria R. Goode 2013

Barleria gueinzii - R. Goode 2013

Barleria obtusa Bush Violet R. Goode 2013

Becium obovatum Cats Wiskers CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Appendix D

Boophone disticha Fan-leaved Boophone CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Bulbine abyssinica Bushy Bulbine CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Bulbine asphodeloides Spreading Bulbine R. Goode 2013

Bulbostylis parvinux - R. Goode 2013

Buttonia superba Large-flowered Climbing R. Goode 2013 Foxglove Cephalaria oblongifolia False Scabiosa R. Goode 2013

Ceratotheca triloba Wild Foxglove R. Goode 2013

Ceropegia distincta Haygarth’s Ceropegia R. Goode 2013

Ceropegia nilotica Nile Ceropegia R. Goode 2013

Ceropegia rendallii Miniature Ceropegia R. Goode 2013

Chamaecrista mimosoides Fishbone Dwarf Cassia CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Chascanum hederaceum White Trumpets CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Chironia purpurascens Chironia R. Goode 2013

Cienfuegosia hildebrandtii Small Cotton Bush R. Goode 2013

Cirsium vulgare Scotch Thistle R. Goode 2013

Cissus fragilis Forest Grape Vine R. Goode 2013

Cissus quadrangularis Cactus vine R. Goode 2013

Cissus rotundifolia Bushveld Grape CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Cleome bororensis - R. Goode 2013

Cleome monophylla - R. Goode 2013

Coccinia rehmannii Wild Cucumber R. Goode 2013

Coleotrype natalensis Forest Commelina R. Goode 2013

Commelina africana Yellow Commelina CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Commelina eckloniana Ecklon’s Blue Commelina CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Commelina erecta Blue Commelina CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Corchorus asplenifolius - R. Goode 2013

Cotyledon barbeyi - R. Goode 2013

Crabbea acaulis - R. Goode 2013

Crabbea hirsuta Prickle Head R. Goode 2013

Crassula acinaciformis Giant Crassula R. Goode 2013

Crassula alba - R. Goode 2013

Crassula expansa Fragile Crassula R. Goode 2013

Crassula lanceolata - R. Goode 2013

Crassula orbicularis Stone Crassula R. Goode 2013

Crassula perforata - R. Goode 2013 Crinum acaule Maputaland Grass Endemic CCA Ecological Journal 2001 Crinum (3) 2001 Crinum bulbispermum Orange River Lily R. Goode 2013 Crinum delegoense Candy Striped Crinum Endemic CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Crinum macowani River Lily R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Crinum paludosum Vlei Lily CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Crossandra fruticulosa Shade Crossandra Endemic CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Crossandra greenstockii Bushveld Crossandra CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Crossandra zuluensis Zulu Crossandra Endemic CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Crotalaria dura Wild Lucerne CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Crotalaria macrocarpa Golden Birdflower R. Goode 2013

Crotalaria monteiroi - R. Goode 2013

Crotalaria natalitia Forest Rattle Pod R. Goode 2013

Crotalaria pallida Broad-leaved Rattle Pod R. Goode 2013

Cryptolepis oblongifolia - R. Goode 2013

Crytanthus contractus Fire Lily R. Goode 2013

Ctenomeria capensis - R. Goode 2013

Cucumis zeyheri Wild Cucumber R. Goode 2013

Cyanotis speciosa Dolls Powderpuff R. Goode 2001

Cycnium adonense Ink Plant R. Goode 2001

Cycnium tubulosum - R. Goode 2001

Cyphostemma natalitium - R. Goode 2013

Cyrtanthus galpinii Galpin’s Cyrtanthus R. Goode 2013

Cytorchis arcuata - R. Goode 2013

Cytorchis praetermissa - R. Goode 2000

Dalechampia capensis Dalechampia R. Goode 2001

Desmodium dregeanum Marsh Desmodium R. Goode 2013

Dianthus zeyheri Wild Dianthus (African R. Goode 2013 Carnation) Diascia integerrima Twinspur R. Goode 2013

Dicerocaryum senecioides Devil Thorn (Stud Thorn) R. Goode 2013

Dichapetalum cyamosum Poison Leaf R. Goode 2013

Dicliptera clinopodia - R. Goode 2013

Dicliptera heterostegia - R. Goode 2013

Dicoma zeyheri Doll’s Protea CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Dietes flavida - R. Goode 2013

Dioscorea sylvatica Forest Elephant’s Foot R. Goode 2013

Diospyros galpinii Dwarf Hairy Jackalberry R. Goode 2013

Dipcadi viride Dainty Green Balls CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Dissotis debilis - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Dissotis phaeotricha Dwarf Dissotis R. Goode 2013

Dregea floribunda Mousy Bat-fruit R. Goode 2013

Drimiopsis maculata Green Drimiopsis R. Goode 2013

Ecbolium glabratum - R. Goode 2013

Elephantorrhiza Dwarf Elephant-root R. Goode 2013 elephantina Appendix D

Emilia transvaalensis - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Erianthemum dregei Hairy Mistletoe R. Goode 2013

Eriosema chordatum Heart-leaved Eriosma R. Goode 2013

Eriosema psoraleoides Shrubby Yellow R. Goode 2013 Eriosema Eriosema salignum Narrow-leaved Eriosema R. Goode 2013

Eriospermum mackenii Yellow Fluffy Seed R. Goode 2013 subsp. galpinii Ethulia conyzoides Blue Weed CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Eugenia capensis - R. Goode 2013

Eulophia petersii - R. Goode 2013

Eulophia speciosa - R. Goode 2013

Euphorbia grandicornus Rhino Thorn R. Goode 2013

Euphorbia natalensis - R. Goode 2013

Euphorbia sp. nov. - R. Goode 2013

Evolvulus alsinoides Blue Haze R. Goode 2013

Felicia mossamedensis Yellow Felicia CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Freesia grandiflora - CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Gazania krebsiana Common Gazania CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Gazania rigens Trailing Grazania R. Goode 2013

Gerbera ambigua Pink and White Gerbia CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Gladiolus crassifolius Thick-leaved Gladiolus R. Goode 2013

Gladiolus densiflorus - R. Goode 2013

Gladiolus permeabilis - R. Goode 2013

Gloriosa superba Flame Lily CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Gnidia capitata Gifbossie CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Gnidia kraussiana Lesser Yellow Head R. Goode 2013

Gomphocarpus Milkweed R. Goode 2013 physocarpus Gomphrena celosiodes Batchelors Button R. Goode 2013

Gonatopus angustus Celery Arum R. Goode 2013

Gossypium herbaceum Wild Cotton R. Goode 2013

Graderia scabra Wild Penstemon R. Goode 2013 Haworthia limifolia - Endemic R. Goode 2013

Helichrysum kraussii - R. Goode 2013

Helichrysum nudifolium Hottentots Tea R. Goode 2013

Helichrysum pallidum - R. Goode 2013

Helichrysum pilosellum - R. Goode 2013

Helichrysum rugolosum - R. Goode 2013

Heliotropium steudneri - R. Goode 2013

Hermannia cristata - R. Goode 2013

Hermannia grandistipula - R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Hermannia woodii - R. Goode 2013

Hermbstaedtia odorata Wild Cockscomb R. Goode 2013

Hibiscus aethiopicus Large Yellow Wild R. Goode 2013 Hibiscus Hibiscus calphyllus Large Yellow Hibiscus R. Goode 2013

Hibiscus cannabinus Indian Hemp-leaved CCA Ecological Journal 2001 Hibiscus (3) 2001 Hibiscus meyeri Dainty White Wild R. Goode 2013 Hibiscus Hibiscus micranthus Tiny White Wild Hibiscus CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Hibiscus pusillus Dwarf Hibiscus CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Hibiscus surattensis Prickly Wild Hibiscus R. Goode 2013 Creeper Hibiscus trionum Bladder Hibiscus R. Goode 2013

Hibiscus vitifolius - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Hippocratea delagoensis Zululand Paddle-pod R. Goode 2013

Huernia hystrix Porcupine Huernia R. Goode 2013

Huernia zebrina Zebra Huernia R. Goode 2013

Hypericum lalandii Spindly Hypericum R. Goode 2013

Hypoestes aristata Ribbon Bush R. Goode 2013

Hypoestes forskaolii - R. Goode 2013

Hypoestes triflora - R. Goode 2013

Hypoxis angustifolia - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Hypoxis hemerocallidea Star-flower CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Hypoxis rigidula Silver-leaved Star Flower R. Goode 2013

Indigofera confusa - R. Goode 2013

Indigofera delagoaensis - R. Goode 2013

Indigofera sanguinea - R. Goode 2013

Ipomoea albivenia Climbin Kapok R. Goode 2013

Ipomoea bolusiana - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Ipomoea crassipes Leafy-flowered Ipomoea R. Goode 2013

Ipomoea ficifolia - R. Goode 2013

Ipomoea obscura Yellow Ipomoea CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Ipomoea pellita - R. Goode 2013

Isoglossa ciliata - R. Goode 2013

Isoglossa woodii - R. Goode 2013

Jamesbrittenia burkeana Dark-centred Sutera R. Goode 2013

Jamesbrittenia kraussiana - R. Goode 2013

Jasminum breviflorum Kerriebos R. Goode 2013

Jasminum multipartitum Common Wild Jasmin R. Goode 2013 (Starry) Justicia betonica Paper Plume R. Goode 2013

Justicia capensis Money Plant R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Justicia flava Yellow Justicia CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Justicia petiolaris Blue Justicia R. Goode 2013

Justicia protracta Veld Justicia CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Kalanchoe brachyloba - R. Goode 2013

Kalanchoe crenata Yellow Hairy Kalanchoe R. Goode 2013

Kalanchoe neglecta Narrow-leaved CCA Ecological Journal 2001 Kalanchoe (3) 2001 Kalanchoe paniculata Large Orange Kalanchoe R. Goode 2013

Kalanchoe rotundifolia Common Kalanchoe CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Kleinia fulgens Coral Senecio R. Goode 2013

Lactuca inermis Wild Lettuce R. Goode 2013

Lantana rugosa Brandy CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Laportia grossa Spotted Nettle R. Goode 2013

Ledebouria apertifolia Common Squill R. Goode 2013

Ledebouria revoluta Common Ledebouria CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Leucas glabrata - R. Goode 2013

Lipia javanica Lemon Bush (Fever Tea) R. Goode 2013

Lobelia chamaedryfolia - R. Goode 2013

Lobelia erinus Edging Lobelia R. Goode 2013

Lobelia flaccida Wild Lobelia CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Lotonus corymbossa - R. Goode 2013

Lotonus listii - R. Goode 2013

Macrotyloma axillare Lime Yellow Pea R. Goode 2013

Manulea parviflora Pepper and Salt R. Goode 2013

Melhania didyma - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Melhania prostrata - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Melhania suluensis - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Merremia tridentata Miniature Morning Glory R. Goode 2013

Microcoelia exilis Pin-head Orchid CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Mimulus gracilis Wild Monkey Flowers R. Goode 2013

Momordica belsamina African Cucumber R. Goode 2013 (Balsam Apple) Monopsis stellarioides Sticky-leaved Monopsis R. Goode 2013

Monsonia angustifolia - R. Goode 2013

Monsonia attenuata - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Monsonia praemorsa Hairy Monsonia R. Goode 2013

Murdannia simplex Murdannia R. Goode 2013

Mystacidium capense - R. Goode 2013

Mystacidium venosum - CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Appendix D

Nemesia denticulata Wild Nemesia R. Goode 2013

Neptunia oleracea - R. Goode 2013

Nymphaea White Waterlily CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Nymphaea nouchali Blue Waterlily CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Ocimim gratissimum Wild Basil R. Goode 2013

Oldenlandia herbacea - R. Goode 2013 Oxalis semiloba Common Sorrel (Folded-leaved R. Goode 2013 Sorrel) Oxalis smithiana Narrow-leaved Sorrel R. Goode 2013 Pachycymbium Ubombo Thick-boat Endemic R. Goode 2013 ubomboense Pachypodium saundersii Kudu Lily CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Pavetta catophylla Christmas Bush CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Pavonia burchellii Dainty Pavonia R. Goode 2013

Pearsonia sessifolia - R. Goode 2013

Pelargonium luridum Stalk-flowered R. Goode 2013 Pelargonium Pelargonium tongaense Tonga Pelargonium R. Goode 2013

Pentanisia prunelloides Broad-leaved Pentanisia CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Pentas micrantha White Wild Pentas R. Goode 2013

Peperomia blanda Large Wild Peperomia R. Goode 2013

Persecaria senegalensis Silver Snake Root CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Plectranthus amboinicus Country Borage (Indian R. Goode 2013 Mint) Plectranthus ciliatus Speckled Spur-fower R. Goode 2013

Plectranthus cylindraceus - R. Goode 2013

Plectranthus hadiensis Wild Purple Salvia R. Goode 2013

Plectranthus Spur-flower R. Goode 2013 madagascariensis Plectranthus verticillatus Gossip Plant (Monkey R. Goode 2013 Plant) Plicosepalus kalachariensis - R. Goode 2013

Pollichia campestris Waxberry (Barley Sugar R. Goode 2013 Bush) Polygala amatymbica Dwarf Polygala CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Polygala fruticosa Heart-leaved Polygala R. Goode 2013

Polygala hottentotta Small Purple Broom R. Goode 2013

Polygala rehmannii - R. Goode 2013

Polystachya concreta - CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Preva cordifolia R. Goode 2013

Pupalia lappacea Forest Burr R. Goode 2013

Raphionacme flaganii Flanagan’s Raphio R. Goode 2013

Raphionacme glapinii Galpin’s Raphio R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Raphionacme procumbens R. Goode 2013

Rhipsalis baccifera Hanging Wild Cactus CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Rhynchosia caribaea - R. Goode 2013

Rhynchosia minima - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Rhynchosia monophylla - R. Goode 2013

Rhynchosia totta Yellow Carpet Bean R. Goode 2013

Riocreuxia torulosa - R. Goode 2013

Ruellia cordata Veld Violet CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Ruttya ovata Ruttya R. Goode 2013

Salvia repens - R. Goode 2013

Sansevieria hyacinthoides Mother-in-law’s-tongue R. Goode 2013

Sansevieria metallica Giant Sansevieria R. Goode 2013

Sarcophyte sanquinea Wolwekos CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Sarcostemma viminale Caustic Vine R. Goode 2013

Scabiosa columbaria Wild Scabiosa R. Goode 2013

Scadoxis multiflorus subsp. Fire-ball Lily R. Goode 2013 multiflorus Scadoxis puniceus Blood Lily CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Secamone alpini Russet Secamone R. Goode 2013

Secamone delagoensis - R. Goode 2013

Secamone gerrardii Gerrard’s Secamone R. Goode 2013

Senecio barbertonicus Succulent Bush Senecio R. Goode 2013

Senecio brachypodus - R. Goode 2013

Senecio deltoideus - R. Goode 2013

Senecio helminthioides - R. Goode 2013

Senecio latifolius Molteno-disease Plant CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Senecio madagascariensis - R. Goode 2013

Senecio pleistocephalus - R. Goode 2013

Senecio tamoides Canary Creeper R. Goode 2013

Sesamum alatum Wing-seeded Sesame CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Sida cordifolia Flannel Weed R. Goode 2013

Sida dregei Spider-leg R. Goode 2013

Silene burchellii Gunpowder Plant R. Goode 2013

Smilax anceps Leg-ripper R. Goode 2013

Solanum incamum Bitter Apple (Bitter R. Goode 2013 Thorn) panduriforme Bitter Apple (Poison CCA Ecological Journal 2001 Apple) (3) 2001 Sphedamnocarpus pruriens Lesser Moth-fruit CCA Ecological Journal 2001 Creeper (3) 2001 Sphenostylis angustifolia Wild Sweetpea Bush CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Stachys natalensis White Stachys R. Goode 2013 Appendix D

Stomatostemma Monteiro Vine R. Goode 2013 monteiroae Striga asiatica Witchweed CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Striga bilabiata Small Witchweed R. Goode 2013

Striga elegans Large Witchweed CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Striga gesnerioides - R. Goode 2013

Striga junodii - R. Goode 2013

Strophanthus gerrardii Spider Flower Poison R. Goode 2013 Rope Strophanthus luteolus Golden Strophanthus CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Strophanthus petersianus Sand Forest Poison Rope CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Stylochiton natalensis Bushveld Arum CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Stylosanthes fruticosa Wild Lucerne R. Goode 2013

Synaptolepis kirkii - R. Goode 2013

Talinum caffrum Porcupine Root R. Goode 2013

Tapianthus gracilis - R. Goode 2013

Tapianthus kraussianthus Krauss’s Mistletoe R. Goode 2013

Tapianthus natalitius Lighted Matches R. Goode 2013

Tecoma capensis Cape Honeysuckle R. Goode 2013

Tephrosia elongata Orange Tephrosia R. Goode 2013

Tephrosia grandiflora Large Pink Tephrosia R. Goode 2013

Tephrosia polystachya Pioneer Tephrosia R. Goode 2013

Tephrosia purpurea Silver Tephrosia R. Goode 2013

Tetradenia riparia Misty Plume Bush CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Thunbergia atriplicifolia Natal Primrose CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Thunbergia dregeana Haarbossie R. Goode 2013

Tinnea

Trachyandra asperata - CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Tragia glabrata Stinging Nettle Creeper R. Goode 2013

Tragia meyeriana - R. Goode 2013

Tribulus terrestris Devil Thorns CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Tricliceras mossambicense Lions Eye R. Goode 2013

Triumfetta pilosa - R. Goode 2013

Tulbaghia acutiloba Wild Garlic CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Urginea delagoensis - R. Goode 2013

Vernonia centauroides - R. Goode 2013

Vernonia natalensis Silver Veronia R. Goode 2013

Vernonia oligocephala Bicoloured-leaved CCA Ecological Journal 2001 Vernonia (3) 2001 unguiculata Wild Cow Pea CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Appendix D

Vigna vexillata Narrow-leaved Wild CCA Ecological Journal 2001 Sweetpea (3) 2001 Viscum verrucosum Warty Mistletoe R. Goode 2013

Vigna luteola Yellow Wild Sweetpea R. Goode 2013

Wahlenbergia grandiflora Giant Bell Flower R. Goode 2013

Wahlenbergia krebsii - R. Goode 2013

Xerophyta retinervis Black-stick Lily R. Goode 2013 (Monkey’s Tail) Zamioculcas zamiifolia Fern Arum R. Goode 2013

Zornia capensis Caterpillar Bean CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001

Appendix D

Mammals Species Common Name Status Survey/Paper Year of Survey Acionyx Cheetah Endangered CCA Ecological Journal 2000 jubatus (2) 2000 Aepyceros Impala CCA Ecological Journal 2002 melampus (4) 2002 Aethomys Red Veld Rat A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 ineptus and Shrew assembages Aonyx Cape Clawless Otter P. Steffny - capensis Atilax Water Mongooses G. Vercueil 2013 paludinosus Canis adustus Side-striped Jackal CCA Ecological Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Canis Black-backed Jackal CCA Ecological Journal 2001 mesomelas (3) 2001 Cephalophus Red Duiker CCA Ecological Journal 2002 natalensis (4) 2002 Ceratotherium White Rhinoceros simum Ceropithecus aethiops Chaerephon Little free-tailed Bat CCA Ecological Journal 2000 pumila (2) 2000 Connochaetes Blue Wildebeest CCA Ecological Journal 2002 taurinus (4) 2002 Crocidura Tiny Musk Shrew A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 fuscomurina and Shrew assembages Crocidura Lesser Red Musk A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 hirta Shrew and Shrew assembages Crocidura Swamp Musk Shrew CCA Ecological Journal 2002 mariquensis (4) 2002 Crocidura Lesser Grey-brown A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 silacea Musk Shrew and Shrew assembages Crocutta Spotted Hyena crocutta Dasymys Water Rat CCA Ecological Journal 2002 incomtus (4) 2002 Dendromus cf. Nyika Climbing First record for A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 nyikae Mouse Kwazulu Natal and Shrew assembages Dendromus Grey Climbing A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 melanotis Mouse and Shrew assembages Dendromus Brants’s Climbing A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 mesmelas Mouse and Shrew assembages Dendromus Chestnut Climbing A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 mystacalis Mouse and Shrew assembages Diceros Black Rhinoceros Endangered (critically?). EKZN Priority Species bicornis Epomophorus Wahlberg’s P Taylor; Bats 1999 wahlbergi Epauletted Fruit Bat Equus quagga Burchell’s Zebra CCA Ecological Journal 2002 (4) 2002 Felis caracal Caracal CCA Ecoloical Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Appendix D

Felis Serval Serval CCA Ecoloical Journal 2001 (3) 2001 Galao Grerater Bushbaby CCA Ecoloical Journal 2001 crassicaudatus (3) 2001 Galago Moboli Lesser Bushbaby

Genetta Small-spotted genetta Genet Genetta tigrina Large-spotted CCA Ecoloical Journal 2001 Genet (3) 2001 Gerbilliscus Hairy-footed Gerbil A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 leucogaster sp. and Shrew assembages Giraffa Giraffe CCA Ecological Journal 2002 Camelopardali (4) 2002 s Grammomys Woodland Thicket CCA Ecological Journal 2002 dolichurus Rat (4) 2002 Graphiurus Woodland Mouse/ Woodland Dormouse CCA Ecological Journal 2002 murinus (4) 2002 Herpestes Slender Mongoose CCA Ecological Journal 2001 sanguinea (3) 2001 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius Hipposideros Sundevall’s Leaf- PJ Taylor, Durban 2007 caffer nosed Bat Natural Science Museum Hyaena Brown Hyena brunnea Hypsugo Anchieta’s PJ Taylor, Durban 2007 anchietae Pipistrelle (vesper Natural Science bat sp.) Museum Hystrix Porcupine CCA Ecological Journal 2002 africaeaustralis (4) 2002 Ichneumia White-tailed CCA Ecological Journal 2001 albicauda Mongoose (3) 2001 Kobus Waterbuck ellipsiprymnus Lemniscomys Single-striped A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 rosalia Mouse and Shrew assembages Lepus saxatilus Scrub Hare CCA Ecological Journal 2002 (4) 2002 Loxodonta African Elephant africana Mastomys Natal CCA Ecological Journal 2002 natalensis Multimammate (4) 2002 Mouse Mastomys Multimammate CCA Ecological Journal 2002 coucha Mouse (4) 2002 Mellivora Honey Badger capensis Mops Angolan free-tailed P Taylor; Bats 1999 condylurus Bat Mungos Banded Mongoose CCA Ecological Journal 2001 mungo (3) 2001 Mus Pygmy Mouse CCA Ecological Journal 2002 minutoides (4) 2002 Appendix D

Mustela Striped Polecat putorius Myosorex cafer Dark-footed Forest CCA Ecological Journal 2002 Shrew (4) 2002 Myosorex Forest Shrew CCA Ecological Journal 2002 varius (4) 2002 Neoromicia Cape Serotine PJ Taylor, Durban 2007 capensis (vesper bat sp.) Natural Science Museum Neoromicia Banana Pipistrelle PJ Taylor, Durban 2007 nanus (vesper bat sp.) Natural Science Museum Neotragus Suni Near moschatus endemic/endemic Nycteris Egyptian Slit-faced D.Dell 2013 thebaica Bat Oreotragus Klipspringer oreotragus Orycteropus Aardvark CCA Ecological Journal 2002 afer (4) 2002 Otelemur Greater Bushbaby crassicaudatus Otomys Angoni Vlei CCA Ecological Journal 2000 angoniensis (Groove-toothed) (2) 2000 Rat Otomys Vlei Rat CCA Ecological Journal 2002 irroratus (4) 2002 Ourebia Oribi J Van Rensburg 2013 ourebia Panthera leo Lion CCA Ecological Journal 2002 (4) 2002 Panthera Leopard CCA Ecological Journal 2003 pardus (5) 2003 Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon CCA Ecological Journal 2002 (4) 2002 Paraxerus Tonga Red Squirrel Near CCA Ecological Journal 2002 palliatus endemic/endemic. (4) 2002 EKZN Priority Species Paracynictis Selous’s Mongoose D. Dell 2010 selousi Petrodromus Four-toed Elephant CCA Ecological Journal 2002 tetradactylus Shrew (4) 2002 Phacochoerus Warthog CCA Ecological Journal 2002 africanus (4) 2002 Pipistrellus Banana Bat P Taylor; Bats 1999 hesperidus Potamochoerus Bushpig CCA Ecological Journal 2001 larvatus (3) 2001 Procavia Rock Hyrax johnstoni Raphicerus Steenbok CCA Ecological Journal 2002 campestris (4) 2002 Redunca Common Reedbuck CCA Ecological Journal 2002 arundinum (4) 2002 Redunca Mountain Reedbuck fulvorufula Appendix D

Saccostomus Pouched Mouse A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 campestris and Shrew assembages Scotophilus Lesser Yellow House PJ Taylor, Durban 2007 viridis Bat Natural Science Museum Scotophilus Yellow House Bat P Taylor; Bats 1999 dinganii Steatomys Fat Mouse or A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 pratensis Climbing Mouse and Shrew assembages Suncus Least Dwarf Shrew A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 infinitesimus and Shrew assembages Suncus lixus Greater Dwarf A. Rautenbach, Rodent 2012 Shrew and Shrew assembages Sylvicapra Grey Duiker CCA Ecological Journal 2002 grimmia (4) 2002 Syncerus caffer Buffalo CCA Ecological Journal 2000 (2) 2000 Taphozous Mauritian Tomb Bat D. Dell 2013 mauritianus Thallomys Acacia Rat/Tree CCA Ecological Journal 2002 paedulcus Mouse (4) 2002 Thryonomys Greater Canerat CCA Ecological Journal 2002 swinderianus (4) 2002 Tragelaphus Nyala CCA Ecological Journal 2002 agasi (4) 2002 Tragelaphus Bushbuck CCA Ecological Journal 2002 scriptus (4) 2002 Tragelaphus Greater Kudu CCA Ecological Journal 2002 strepsiceros (4) 2002

Appendix D

Birds

Species Common Name Status Survey/Paper Year of Survey Podicipedidae Grebes

Tachybaptus Little Grebe (Dabchick) D. Dell 2013 ruficollis Pelecanidae Pelicans

Pelecanus Great (Eastern) White D. Dell 2013 onocrotalus Pelican Pelecanus Pink-backed Pelican D. Dell 2013 rufescens Phalacrocoracida Cormorants e Phalacrocorax Long-tailed (Reed) D. Dell 2013 africanus Cormorant Phalacrocorax Great (White-breasted) D. Dell 2013 carbo Cormorant Anhingidae Anhingas & Darters

Anhinga (African) Darter D. Dell 2013 melanogaster Ardeidae Herons, Egrets & Bitterns Ardea alba Great (White) Egret D. Dell 2013

Ardea cinerea Gray Heron D. Dell 2013

Ardea goliath Goliath Heron D. Dell 2013

Ardea Black-headed Heron D. Dell 2013 melanocephala Ardea purpurea Purple Heron D. Dell 2013

Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron D. Dell 2013

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret D. Dell 2013

Butorides striatus Striated (Green-backed) D. Dell 2013 Heron Egretta Intermediate (Yellow- D. Dell 2013 intermedia billed) Egret Egretta garzetta Little Egret D. Dell 2013

Egretta ardesiaca Black Heron (Egret) D. Dell 2013

Gorsachius White-backed Night- D. Dell 2013 leuconotus Heron Ixobrychus Little Bittern D. Dell 2013 minutus Ixobrychus sturmii Dwarf Bittern D. Dell 2013

Nycticorax Black-crowned Night- D. Dell 2013 nycticorax Heron Scopidae Hamerkop

Scopus umbretta Hamerkop D. Dell 2013

Ciconidae Storks Anastomus African Openbill Near-threatened D. Dell 2013 lamelligerus (Openbilled Stork) Ciconia abdimii Abdim’s Stork R. Goode 2013

Ciconia ciconia White Stork D. Dell 2013 Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork Near-threatened D. Dell 2013 Appendix D

Ciconia nigra Black Stork Near-threatened D. Dell 2013 Ephippiorhynchus Saddle-billed Stork Endangered D. Dell 2013 senegalensis Leptoptilos Marabou Stork Near-threatened D. Dell 2013 crumeniferus Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork Near-threatened D. Dell 2013

Threskiornithidae Ibises & Spoonbills

Bostrychia Hadeda Ibis CCA Ecological 2001 hagedash Journal (3) 2001 Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis D. Dell 2013

Platalea alba African Spoonbill D. Dell 2013

Threskiornis (African) Sacred Ibis D. Dell 2013 aethiopicus Phoenicopteridae Flamingos Phoenicopterus Lesser Flamingo Near-threatened D. Dell 2013 minor Phoenicopterus Greater Flamingo Near-threatened D. Dell 2013 ruber Anatidae Ducks & Geese

Alopochen Egyptian Goose D. Dell 2013 aegyptiacus Anas sparsa African Black Duck D. Dell 2013

Anas capensis Cape Teal D. Dell 2013

Anas undulata Yellow-billed Duck D. Dell 2013

Anas Red-billed Duck (Teal) D. Dell 2013 erythrorhyncha Anas hottentota Hottentot Teal D. Dell 2013 Anas smithii Cape Shoveller Near-endemic D. Dell 2013

Dendrocygna Fulvous Whistling-Duck D. Dell 2013 bicolor Dendrocygna White-faced Whistling- D. Dell 2013 viduata Duck Nettapus auritus African Pygmy-goose Near-threatened D. Dell 2013

Netta Southern Pochard D. Dell 2013 erythrophthalma Plectropterus Spur-winged Goose D. Dell 2013 gambensis Thalassornis White-backed Duck D. Dell 2013 leuconotus Tadorna cana South African Shelduck Endemic D. Dell 2013

Sarkidiornis Comb (Knob-billed) D. Dell 2013 melanotos Duck Pandionidae Osprey

Pandion haliaetus Osprey D. Dell

Accipitridae Hawks, Eagles & Kites

Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Accipiter badius Shikra (Little Banded D. Dell 2013 Goshawk) Accipiter minullus Little Sparrowhawk D. Dell 2013 Appendix D

Accipiter Black Goshawk D. Dell 2013 melanoleucus (Sparrowhawk) Aviceda cuculoides African Cuckoo-Hawk Forest Bird Survey

Aquila pomarina Lesser Spotted Eagle D. Dell 2013 Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle Vulnerable D. Dell 2013

Aquila pennatus Booted Eagle D. Dell 2013

Aquila wahlbergi Wahlberg’s Eagle D. Dell 2013

Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle D. Dell 2013

Aquila fasciatus African Hawk-Eagle D. Dell 2013

Butorides vulpinus Eurasian (Steppe) CCA Ecological 2002 Buzzard Journal (4) 2002 Circaetus Black-breasted Snake- D. Dell 2013 pectoralis Eagle Circaetus cinereus Brown Snake-Eagle D. Dell 2013

Circaetus Southern-banded Vulnerable Forest Bird Survey fasciolatus Snake-Eagle Circus ranivorus African Marsh-Harrier Vulnerable D. Dell 2013

Circus Western Marsh-Harrier D. Dell 2013 aeaeruginosus Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier Near-threatened D. Dell 2013

Circus pygargus Montagu’s Harrier D. Dell 2013

Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite D. Dell 2013

Haliaeetus vocifer African Fish-Eagle D. Dell 2013

Gypohierax Palm-nut Vulture D. Dell 2013 angolensis Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture D. Dell 2013 Gyps coprotheres Cape Griffon (Vulture) Vulnerable. Near- D. Dell 2013 endemic. Kaupifalco Lizard Buzzard D. Dell 2013 monogrammicus Lophaetus Long-crested Eagle D. Dell 2013 occipitalis Melierax gabar Gabar Goshawk D. Dell 2013

Milvus migrans Black (Yellow-billed) Forest Bird Survey Kite Necrosyrtes Hooded Vulture D. Dell 2013 monachus Polemaetus Martial Eagle Vulnerable D. Dell 2013 bellicosus Polyboroides typus African Harrier-Hawk Forest Bird Survey (Gymnogene) Torgos Lappet-faced Vulture Vulnerable. D. Dell 2013 tracheliotus Trigonoceps White-headed Vulture Vulnerable. D. Dell 2013 occipitalis Terathopius Bateleur Vulnerable Forest Bird Survey ecaudatus Stephanoaetus Crowned Eagle CCA Ecological 2001 coronatus Journal (3) 2001 Sagittariidae Secretary-bird Sagittarius Secretary-bird Near-threatened D. Dell 2013 serpentarius Appendix D

Falconidae Falcons & Kestrels

Falco amurensis Amur(Eastern Red- D. Dell 2013 footed) Falcon Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon Near-threatened D. Dell 2013

Falco concolor Sooty Falcon D. Dell 2013

Falco naumanni Common Kestrel D. Dell 2013 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Near-threatened D. Dell 2013

Falco subbuteo Eurasian (Northern) D. Dell 2013 Hobby Phasianidae Francolins & Quails

Coturnix Harlequin Quail D. Dell 2013 delgorguei Coturnix Blue Quail D. Dell 2013 adamssonii Coturnix coturnix Common Quail D. Dell 2013

Francolinus coqui Coqui Francolin D. Dell 2013

Francolinus Crested Francolin D. Dell 2013 sephaena Francolinus Shelley’s Francolin D. Dell 2013 shelleyi Francolinus Natal Francolin Near-endemic D. Dell 2013 natalensis Francolinus Swainson’s Francolin Near-endemic D. Dell 2013 swainsonii (Spurfowl) Numididae Guineafowl

Guttera pucherani Crested Guineafowl CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl D. Dell 2013

Turnicidae Buttonquail Turnix hottentotta Black-rumped Endangered D. Dell 2013 Buttonquail Turnix sylvatica Small Buttonquail D. Dell 2013

Rallidae Rails, Gallinules & Coots Amaurornis Black Crake D. Dell 2013 flavirostris Crecopsis egregia African Crake CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Crex crex Corn Crake Vulnerable D. Dell 2013

Fulica cristata Red-knobbed Coot D. Dell 2013

Gallinula angulata Lesser Swamphen D. Dell 2013 (Gallinule) Gallinula Common Moorhen D. Dell 2013 chloropus Porphyrio Purple Swamphen D. Dell 2013 porphyrio (Gallinule) Sarothrura Buff-spotted Flufftail D. Dell 2013 elegans Sarothrura rufa Red-chested Flufftail D. Dell 2013

Rallus African Rail D. Dell 2013 caerulescens Appendix D

Heliornithidae Finfoots

Podica African Finfoot D. Dell 2013 senegalensis Otididae Bustards

Lissotis Black-bellied Bustard D. Dell 2013 melanogaster (Korhaan) Neotis denhami Stanley (Denham’s) D. Dell 2013 Bustard Jacanidae Jacanas

Actophilornis African Jacana D. Dell 2013 africanus Microparra Lesser Jacana D. Dell 2013 capensis Recurvirostridae Stilts & Avocets

Himantopus Black-winged Stilt D. Dell 2013 himantopus Recurvirostra Pied Avocet D. Dell 2013 avosetta Burhinidae Thick-knees

Burhinus Water Thick-knee D. Dell 2013 vermiculatus Burhinus capensis Spotted Thick-knee D. Dell 2013

Glareolidae Coursers & Pratincoles

Cursorius Temminck’s Courser D. Dell 2013 temminckii Glareola Collared (Red-winged) D. Dell 2013 pratincola Pratincole Rhinoptilioa Bronze-winged Courser D. Dell 2013 chalcopterus Charadriidae Plovers & Lapwings

Charadrius Common Ringed Plover D. Dell 2013 hiaticula Charadrius Kittlitz’s Plover D. Dell 2013 pecuarius Vanellus armatus Blacksmith Plover D. Dell 2013 (Lapwing) Vanellus lugubris Senegal Lapwing D. Dell 2013

Vanellus Black-winged Lapwing D. Dell 2013 melanopterus Vanellus coronatus Crowned Lapwing D. Dell 2013

Vanellus (African) Wattled D. Dell 2013 senegallus Lapwing Scolopacidae Sandpipers & Allies

Actitis melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper D. Dell 2013

Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper D. Dell 2013

Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone D. Dell 2013

Calidris alba Sanderling D. Dell 2013

Calidris minuta Little Stint D. Dell 2013

Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper D. Dell 2013

Gallinago Greater-Painted Snipe D. Dell 2013 nigripennis Appendix D

Gallinago African Snipe D. Dell 2013 nigripennis Numenius Common Whimbrel D. Dell 2013 phaeopus Philomachus Ruff D. Dell 2013 pugnax Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper D. Dell 2013

Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank D. Dell 2013

Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper D. Dell 2013

Laridae Skuas & Gulls

Larus Gray-headed Gull D. Dell 2013 cirrocephalus Sternidae Terns

Chlidonias Whiskered Tern D. Dell 2013 hybridus Chlidonias White-winged Tern D. Dell 2013 leucopterus Sterna caspia Caspian Tern D. Dell 2013

Columbidae Doves & Pigeons

Columba livia Rock Dove (Feral D. Dell 2013 Pigeon) Oena capensis Namaqua Dove D. Dell 2013

Streptopelia Laughing Dove D. Dell 2013 senegalensis Streptopelia Ring-necked (Cape D. Dell 2013 capicola Turtle) Dove Streptopelia Red-eyed Dove CCA Ecological 2001 semitorquata Journal (3) 2001 Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted CCA Ecological 2001 Wood-Dove Journal (3) 2001 Turtur Tambourine Dove CCA Ecological 2001 tympanistria Journal (3) 2001 Treron calva African Green-Pigeon CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Psittacidae Parrots

Poicephalus Brown-headed Parrot D. Dell 2013 cryptoxanthus Psittacula krameri *Rose-ringed Parakeet D. Dell 2013

Musophagidae Turacos

Corythaixoides Gray Go-away-bird D. Dell 2013 concolour Tauraco Purple-crested Turaco CCA Ecological 2001 porphyreolopha Journal (3) 2001 Cuculidae Cuckoos

Centropus grillii Black Coucal CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Ceuthmochares Yellowbill (Green D. Dell 2013 aereus Malkoha/Coucal) Centropus White-browed D. Dell 2013 burchelli (Burchell’s) Coucal Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas’s Cuckoo CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Appendix D

Chrysococcyx African Emerald Cuckoo CCA Ecological 2001 cupreus Journal (3) 2001 Chrysococcyx Dideric (Diederik) D. Dell 2013 caprius Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius Red-chested Cuckoo CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Cuculus clamosus Black Cuckoo D. Dell 2013

Cuculus gularis African Cuckoo D. Dell 2013

Cuculus rochii Madagascar Cuckoo D. Dell 2013

Oxylophus Pied (Black & White) D. Dell 2013 jacobinus Jacobin Cuckoo Oxylophus Levaillant’s Cuckoo D. Dell 2013 levaillantii Tytonidae Barn Owls Tyto capensis African Grass-Owl Near-threatened D. Dell 2013

Tyto alba Barn Owl CCA Ecological 2000 Journal (2) 2000 Strigidae Typical Owls

Asio capensis Marsh Owl D. Dell 2013

Bubo capensis Cape Eagle-Owl D. Dell 2013

Bubo africanus Spotted Eagle-Owl CCA Ecological 2000 Journal (2) 2000 Bubo lacteus Giant Eagle-Owl CCA Ecological 2000 Journal (2) 2000 Glaucidium Pearl-spotted Owlet D. Dell 2013 perlatum Glaucidium African Barred Owlet CCA Ecological 2000 capense Journal (2) 2000 Otus senegalensis African Scops-Owl CCA Ecological 2000 Journal (2) 2000 Ptilopsis granti Southern White-faced CCA Ecological 2000 Owl Journal (2) 2000 Strix woodfordii African Wood-Owl CCA Ecological 2000 Journal (2) 2000 Scotopelia peli Pel’s Fishing-Owl Near-threatened CCA Ecological 2000 Journal (2) 2000 Caprimulgidae Nightjars & Allies

Caprimulgus Freckled Nightjar D. Dell 2013 tristigma Caprimulgus Eurasian Nightjar D. Dell 2013 europaeus Caprimulgus Fiery-necked Nightjar D. Dell 2013 pectoralis Caprimulgus Swamp (Natal) Nightjar Vulnerable D. Dell 2013 natalensis Caprimulgus fossii Square-tailed D. Dell 2013 (Mozambique) Nightjar Apodidae Swifts

Apus barbatus African (Black) Swift D. Dell 2013

Apus affinis Little Swift D. Dell 2013

Apus horus Horus Swift D. Dell 2013

Apus caffer White-rumped Swift D. Dell 2013 Appendix D

Cypsiurus parvus African Palm-Swift D. Dell 2013

Coliidae Mousebirds

Colius striatus Speckled Mousebird D. Dell 2013

Urocolius indicus Red-faced Mousebird D. Dell 2013

Trogonidae Trogons

Apaloderma Narina Trogon CCA Ecological 2001 narina Journal (3) 2001 Alcedinidae Kingfishers Alcedo Half-collared Kingfisher Near-threatened D. Dell 2013 semitorquata Alcedo cristata Malachite Kingfisher D. Dell 2013

Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher D. Dell 2013

Halcyon Woodland Kingfisher D. Dell 2013 senegalensis Halcyon Mangrove Kingfisher Vulnerable D. Dell 2013 senegaloides Halycon Grey-hooded Kingfisher D. Dell 2013 leucocephala Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded D. Dell 2013 Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti Striped Kingfisher D. Dell 2013

Ispidina picta African Pygmy CCA Ecological 2001 Kingfisher Journal (3) 2001 Megaceryle Giant Kingfisher D. Dell 2013 maxima Meropidae Bee-eaters

Merops White-fronted Bee- D. Dell 2013 bullockoides eater Merops persicus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater D. Dell 2013

Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater D. Dell 2013

Merops apiaster European Bee-eater D. Dell 2013

Coraciidae Rollers

Coracias garrulus European Roller D. Dell 2013

Coracias caudata Lilac-breasted Roller D. Dell 2013

Coracias naevia Rufous-crowned D. Dell 2013 (Purple) Roller Eurystomus Broadbilled Roller D. Dell 2013 glaucurus Upupidae Hoopoes

Upupa africana African Hoopoe D. Dell 2013

Phoeniculidae Woodhoopoes

Phoeniculus Green (Red-billed) D. Dell 2013 purpureus Wood-hoopoe Rhinopomastus Common (Greater) D. Dell 2013 cyanomelas Scimitarbill Bucerotidae Hornbills

Bycanistes Trumpeter Hornbill CCA Ecological 2001 bucinator Journal (3) 2001 Bucorvus Southern Ground- D. Dell 2013 leadbeateri Hornbill Appendix D

Tockus leucomelas Southern Yellow-billed Near-endemic D. Dell 2013 Hornbill Tockus Red-billed Hornbill Near-endemic D. Dell 2013 erythrorhynchus Tockus Crowned Hornbill CCA Ecological 2001 alboterminatus Journal (3) 2001 Tockus nasutus African Gray Hornbill D. Dell 2013

Capitonidae Barbets

Lybius torquatus Black-collared Barbet CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Stactolaema White-eared Barbet CCA Ecological 2002 leucotis Journal (4) 2002 Pogoniulus Yellow-rumped D. Dell 2013 bilineatus Tinkerbird Pogoniulus pusillus Red-fronted Tinkerbird CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Tricholaema (Acacia) Pied Barbet Near-endemic D. Dell 2013 leucomelas Trachyphonus Crested Barbet D. Dell 2013 vaillantii Indicatoridae Honeyguides

Indicator Scaly-throated CCA Ecological 2001 variegatus Honeyguide Journal (3) 2001 Indicator indicator Greater Honeyguide D. Dell 2013

Indicator minor Lesser Honeyguide D. Dell 2013

Prodotiscus Wahlberg’s Honeyguide D. Dell 2013 regulus Picidae Woodpeckers & Wrynecks Campethera Golden-tailed CCA Ecological 2001 abingoni Woodpecker Journal (3) 2001 Dendropicos Cardinal Woodpecker D. Dell 2013 fuscescens Dendropicos Bearded Woodpecker D. Dell 2013 namaquus Dendropicos Olive Woodpecker D. Dell 2013 griseocephalus Jynx ruficollis Rufous-necked D. Dell 2013 Wryneck Eurylaimidae Broadbills Smithornis African Broadbill Near-threatened CCA Ecological 2001 capensis Journal (3) 2001 Alaudidae Larks & Sparrowlarks

Mirafra africana Rufous-naped Lark D. Dell 2013

Pinarocorys Dusky Lark D. Dell 2013 nigricens Mirafra Flappet Lark D. Dell 2013 rufocinnamomea Calendulauda Sabota Lark *NE D. Dell 2013 sabota Eremopterix Chestnut-backed D. Dell 2013 leucotis Sparrow-Lark Hirundinidae Swallows Appendix D

Cecropis Lesser Striped-Swallow D. Dell 2013 abyssinica Cecropis semirufa Rufous-chested D. Dell 2013 Swallow Delichon urbica (Common) House D. Dell 2013 Martin Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow D. Dell 2013

Hirundo albigularis White-throated D. Dell 2013 Swallow Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallow D. Dell 2013

Riparia riparia Bank Swallow(Sand D. Dell 2013 Martin) Riparia paludicola Plain (Brown-throated) D. Dell 2013 Martin Riparia cincta Banded Martin D. Dell 2013

Pseudhirundo Gray-rumped Swallow D. Dell 2013 griseopyga Ptyonoprogne Rock Martin D. Dell 2013 fuligula Psalidoprocne Black Saw-wing D. Dell 2013 holomelas Motacillidae Wagtails, Pipits & Longclaws Anthus brachyurus Short-tailed Pipit Vulnerable D. Dell 2013

Anthus caffer Bush (Bushveld) Pipit D. Dell 2013

Anthus African (Richard’s) Pipit D. Dell 2013 cinnamomeus Anthus lineiventris Striped Pipit D. Dell 2013

Anthus leucophrys Plain-backed Pipit D. Dell 2013

Motacilla aguimp African Pied Wagtail D. Dell 2013

Motacilla capensis Cape Wagtail D. Dell 2013

Macronyx croceus Yellow-throated D. Dell 2013 Longclaw Macronyx amelia Rosy throated Longclaw Near-threatened D. Dell 2013

Campephagidae Cuckoo-shrikes

Coracina pectoralis White-breasted D. Dell 2013 Cuckoo-shrike Coracina caesia Gray Cuckoo-shrike D. Dell 2013

Campephaga flava Black Cuckoo-shrike D. Dell 2013

Pycnonotidae Bulbuls

Andropadus Sombre Greenbul CCA Ecological 2001 importunus Journal (3) 2001 Chlorocichla Yellow-bellied Greenbul CCA Ecological 2001 flaviventris Journal (3) 2001 Nicator gularis Eastern (Yellow- CCA Ecological 2001 spotted) Nicator Journal (3) 2001 Phyllastrephus Terestrial Brownbul CCA Ecological 2001 terrestris Journal (3) 2001 Pycnonotus Common (Dark-capped) D. Dell 2013 barbatus Bulbul Appendix D

Turdidae Thrushes

Turdus libonyanus Kurrichane Thrush CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Cisticolidae Cisticolas & Allies

Apalis flavida Yellow-breasted Apalis CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Apalis ruddi Rudd’s Apalis Near-threatened. CCA Ecological 2001 Endemic Journal (3) 2001 Calamonastes Stierling’s Wren- D. Dell 2013 undosus Warbler Camaroptera Green-backed CCA Ecological 2001 brachyura Camaroptera Journal (3) 2001 Cisticola erythrops Red-faced Cisticola D. Dell 2013

Cisticola aberrans Rock-loving (Lazy) D. Dell 2013 Cisticola Cisticola chinianus Rattling Cisticola D. Dell 2013 Cisticola Red-headed (Grey- Near-endemic D. Dell 2013 subruficapillus backed) Cisticola Cisticola natalensis Croaking Cisticola D. Dell 2013

Cisticola Piping Cisticola D. Dell 2013 fulvicapillus (Neddicky) Cisticola juncidis Zitting (Fan-tailed) D. Dell 2013 Cisticola Cisticola Rufous-winged cisticola D. Dell 2013 galactotes Cisticola Pale-crowned Cisticola D. Dell 2013 cinnamomeus Cisticola ayresii Wing-snapping (Ayre’s) R. Goode 2013 Cisticola Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked Prinia D. Dell 2013

Sylviidae Old World Warblers

Acrocephalus Sedge Warbler D. Dell 2013 schoenobaenus Acrocephalus African Reed-Warbler D. Dell 2013 baeticatus Acrocephalus Marsh Warbler D. Dell 2013 palustris Acrocephalus Great Reed Warbler CCA Ecological 2002 arundinaceus Journal (4) 2002 Acrocephalus Lesser Swamp-Warbler D. Dell 2013 gracilirostris (Cape Reed) Bradypterus Little Rush-Warbler D. Dell 2013 baboecala Chloropeta Darkcapped yellow D. Dell 2013 natalensis warbler Eremomela Yellow-bellied D. Dell 2013 icteropygialis Eremomela Eremomela Burnt-neck Eremomela D. Dell 2013 usticollis Hippolais Olive-tree Warbler D. Dell 2013 olivetorum Hippolais icterina Icterine Warbler CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Phylloscopus Warbler CCA Ecological 2002 trachilius Journal (4) 2002 Appendix D

Sylvietta rufescens Cape (Long-billed) D. Dell 2013 Crombec Schoenicola Broad-tailed Warbler D. Dell 2013 brevirostris Sylvia borin Garden Warbler D. Dell 2013

Muscicapidae Old World Flycatchers

Bradornis pallidus Pale (Mouse-coloured) D. Dell 2013 Flycatcher Cercomela Familiar Chat D. Dell 2013 familiaris Cossypha caffra Cape Robin-Chat D. Dell 2013 Cossypha White-throated Robin- Endemic D. Dell 2013 humeralis Chat Cossypha heuglini White-browed Robin- CCA Ecological 2002 Chat Journal (4) 2002 Cossypha Red-capped (Natal) CCA Ecological 2001 natalensis Robin-Chat Journal (3) 2001 Cercotrichas Bearded Scrub-Robin CCA Ecological 2001 quadrivirgata Journal (3) 2001 Cercotrichas White -browed Scrub- D. Dell 2013 leucophrys Robin Melaenornis Southern Black CCA Ecological 2001 pammelaina Flycatcher Journal (3) 2001 Myioparus Gray Tit-Flycatcher D. Dell 2013 plumbeus (Fantailed) Muscicapa Ashy Flycatcher Forest Bird Survey 2013 caerulescens Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Pogonocichla White-starred Robin D. Dell 2013 stellata Saxicola torquata African Stonechat D. Dell 2013 Sigelus silens Fiscal Flycatcher Endemic D. Dell 2013

Thamnolaea Mocking Cliff-Chat D. Dell 2013 cinnamomeiventris Platysteiridae Wattle-eyes

Batis fratrum Woodward’s Batis D. Dell 2013

Batis molitor Chinspot Batis D. Dell 2013

Monarchidae Monarch Flycatchers

Trochocercus Bluemantled Crested- CCA Ecological 2002 cyanomelas Flycatcher Journal (4) 2002 Terpsiphone viridis African Paradise- CCA Ecological 2001 Flycatcher Journal (3) 2001 Timalidae Babblers

Turdoides jardineii Arrow-marked Babbler D. Dell 2013

Paridae Tits Parus Southern Black-Tit Near-endemic CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Remizidae Penduline Tits

Anthoscopus caroli African (Grey) D. Dell 2013 Penduline-Tit Appendix D

Nectarinidae Sunbirds

Hedydipna collaris Collared Sunbird D. Dell 2013 Cinnyris Neergaard’s Sunbird Near-threatened. CCA Ecological 2001 neergaardi Endemic Journal (3) 2001 Cinnyris afra Greater Double- Endemic D. Dell 2013 collared Sunbird Cinnyris Mariqua (Marico) D. Dell 2013 mariquensis Sunbird Cinnyris Purple-banded Sunbird CCA Ecological 2001 bifasciatus Journal (3) 2001 Cinnyris talatala White-breasted (- D. Dell 2013 bellied) Sunbird Cyanomitra veroxii Mouse-colored (Grey) CCA Ecological 2001 Sunbird Journal (3) 2001 Chalcomitra Amethyst (Black) D. Dell 2013 amethystina Sunbird Chalcomitra Scarlet-chested Sunbird D. Dell 2013 senegalensis Zosteropidae White-eyes

Zosterops African Yellow White- CCA Ecological 2001 senegalensis eye Journal (3) 2001 Zosterops pallidus Cape (Pale) White-eye Endemic CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Oriolidae Old World Orioles

Oriolus larvatus African Black-headed D. Dell 2013 Oriole Oriolus oriolus Eurasian Golden Oriole D. Dell 2013

Laniidae Shrikes

Corvinella Magpie (Long-tailed) D. Dell 2013 melanoleuca Shrike Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike D. Dell 2013

Lanius minor Lesser Gray Shrike D. Dell 2013

Lanius collaris Common Fiscal D. Dell 2013

Malaconotidae Bush-Shrikes & Allies

Dryoscopus cubla Black-backed Puffback CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Laniarius Southern Boubou Endemic D. Dell 2013 ferrugineus Malaconotus Gray-headed CCA Ecological 2001 blanchoti Bushshrike Journal (3) 2001 Nilaus afer Brubru D. Dell 2013

Tchagra senegala Black-crowned Tchagra D. Dell 2013

Tchagra australis Brown-crowned D. Dell 2013 Tchagra(Three- streaked) Tchagra tchagra Southern Tchagra Endemic R. Goode 2013

Telophorus Sulphur-breasted Forest Bird Survey sulfureopectus Bushshrike Telophorus Olive Bushshrike Endemic D. Dell 2013 olivaceus Telophorus Four-colored Forest Bird Survey quadricolor (Gorgeous) Bushshrike Appendix D

Prionopidae Helmetshrikes

Prionops retzii Rets Helmetshrike D. Dell 2013

Prionops plumatus White (-crested) D. Dell 2013 Helmetshrike Dicruridae Drongos

Dicrurus ludwigii Square-tailed Drongo CCA Ecological 2001 Journal (3) 2001 Dicrurus adsimilis Fork-tailed Drongo D. Dell 2013

Corvidae Crows & Ravens

Corvus albus Pied Crow D. Dell 2013

Corvus albicollis White-necked Raven D. Dell 2013

Sturnidae Starlings

Acridotheres tristis Common Myna D. Dell 2013

Buphagus Red-billed Oxpecker D. Dell 2013 erythrorhynchus Cinnyricinclus Violet-backed Starling D. Dell 2013 leucogaster Creatophora Wattled Starling D. Dell 2013 cinerea Lamprotornis Cape Glossy-Starling Near-endemic D. Dell 2013 nitens Lamprotornis Black-bellied Glossy- CCA Ecological 2001 corruscus Starling Journal (3) 2001 Onychognathus Red-winged Starling D. Dell 2013 morio Passeridae Old World Sparrows

Passer domesticus *House Sparrow D. Dell 2013 Passer melanurus Mossie (Cape) Sparrow Near-endemic R. Goode 2013 Passer diffusus Cape (Sn Grey-headed) Near-endemic D. Dell 2013 Sparrow Petronia Yellow-throated D. Dell 2013 superciliaris Petronia Ploceidae Weavers & Allies

Anaplectes Red-headed Weaver D. Dell 2013 rubriceps Amblyospiza Grosbeak (Thick-billed) D. Dell 2013 albifrons Weaver Euplectes afer Yellow-crowned D. Dell 2013 (Golden) Bishop Euplectes orix (Southern) Red Bishop D. Dell 2013

Euplectes axillaris Fan-tailed Widowbird D. Dell 2013

Euplectes White-winged D. Dell 2013 albonotatus Widowbird Euplectes ardens Red-collared D. Dell 2013 Widowbird Ploceus Lesser Masked-Weaver D. Dell 2013 intermedius Ploceus ocularis Spectacled Weaver D. Dell 2013 Ploceus capensis Cape Weaver Endemic R. Goode 2013

Ploceus subaureus African Golden-Weaver D. Dell 2013 (Yellow) Appendix D

Ploceus xanthops Holub’s Golden-Weaver D. Dell 2013

Ploceus Southern Brown- D. Dell 2013 xanthopterus throated Weaver Ploceus velatus African (Southern) D. Dell 2013 Masked-Weaver Ploceus cucullatus Village (Spotted- D. Dell 2013 backed) Weaver Ploceus bicolour Forest (Dark-backed) CCA Ecological 2001 Weaver Journal (3) 2001 Quelea erythrops Red-headed Quelea D. Dell 2013

Quelea quelea Red-billed Quelea D. Dell 2013

Estrildidae Waxbills & Allies

Estrilda perreini Black-tailed (Grey) D. Dell 2013 Waxbill Estrilda melanotis Swee Waxbill Endemic D. Dell 2013

Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill D. Dell 2013 Hypargos Pink-throated Twinspot Endemic. Near- CCA Ecological 2001 margaritatus threatened Journal (3) 2001 Lagonosticta Red-billed Firefinch D. Dell 2013 senegala Lagonosticta African (Blue-billed) D. Dell 2013 rubricata Firefinch Lagonosticta Jameson’s Firefinch D. Dell 2013 rhodopareia Lanchura Bronze Mannikin D. Dell 2013 cucullatus Lanchura nigriceps Red-backed Mannikin D. Dell 2013

Mandingoa Green-backed Twinspot CCA Ecological 2001 nitidula Journal (3) 2001 Ortygospiza African Quailfinch D. Dell 2013 atricollis Pytilia melba Green-winged Pytilia D. Dell 2013

Sporaeginthus Zebra (Orange- D. Dell 2013 subflavus breasted) Waxbill Uraeginthus Blue-breasted D. Dell 2013 angolensis Cordonbleu Viduidae Indigobirds

Vidua chalybeata Village Indigobird D. Dell 2013

Vidua funerea Dusky (Variable) D. Dell 2013 Indigobird Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Whydah D. Dell 2013

Vidua paradisaea Eastern (Lg-tailed) D. Dell 2013 Paradise-Whydah Fringillidae Canaries, Siskins & Allies Serinus Lemon-breasted Canary Near-threatened. D. Dell 2013 citrinipectus Near-endemic Serinus Yellow-fronted (Yellow- D. Dell 2013 mozambicus eyed) Canary Serinus Brimstone (Bully) D. Dell 2013 sulphuratus Canary Appendix D

Emberizidae Buntings & Allies

Emberiza tahapisi Cinnamon-breasted D. Dell 2013 (Rock) Bunting Emberiza Golden-breasted D. Dell 2013 flaviventris Bunting

Appendix D

Reptiles Species Common Name Status Survey/Paper Year of Survey Tortoises & Terrapins Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise

Kinixys belliana Bell’s Hinged Tortoise Pelusios rhodesianus Mashona Hinged Terrapin Pelusios sinuatus Serrated Hinged Terrapin Pelomedusa subrufa Marsh Terrapin

Crocodile

Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Snakes

Rhinotyphlops schlegelii Schlegel’s Blind Snake Leptotophlops nigricans Black Thread Snake Leptotophlops scutifirns Peter’s Thread Snake Leptotophlops conjunctus Cape Thread Snake Python natalensis African Rock Python Lycodonomorphus rufulus Common Brown Water Snake

Lamprophis capensis Brown House Snake Lycophidion capense Common Wolf Snake Lycophidion pygmaeum Pygmy Wolf Snake

Mehelya capensis Cape File Snake

Mehelya nyassae Black File Snake

Natriciteres sylvatica Forest Marsh Snake Philothamnus Spotted Bush semivariegatus Snake Philothamnus natalensis Western Green occidentalis Snake Philothamnus hoplogaster Green Water Snake Dipsadoboa aulica Marbled Tree Snake Macrelaps microlepidotus Natal Black Snake

Pseudaspis cana Mole Snake

Prosymna stuhlmannii Eastern African Shovelsnout Duberria variegata Variegated Slug- eater Dasypeltis scabra Rhombic Eggeater (common)

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Herald Snake Appendix D

Telescopus semiannulatus Eastern Tiger semiannultus Snake Atractaspis bibronii Bibron’s Burrowing Asp Dispholidus typus Boomslang

Thelotornis capensis Southern Vine Snake Psammophis mossambicus Olive Grass Snake

Aparallactus capensis Cape Centipede-eater (black headed) Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra

Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra Naja nivea Egyptian Cobra

Dendroaspis polylepis Black Mamba

Dendroaspis angusticeps Green Mamba

Causus Rhombeatus Common Night Adder (Rhombic)

Bitis arietans Puff Adder

Lizards & Geckos

Varanus niloticus Water Monitor

Varanus albigularis Rock Monitor

Gerrhosaurus validus Giant Plated Lizard Gerrhosaurus major Rough-scaled Plated Lizard Acamthocercus a.atricollis Southern Tree Agama Agama aculeata Ground Agama

Agama atra Southern Rock Agama Scelotes mossambicus Mozambique Dwarf Burrowing Skink Trachylepis homalocephala Red-sided Skink

Trachylepis margaritifer Rainbow Skink

Trachylepsis striata Striped Skink

Trachylepis variegata Variegated Skink

Acontias plumbeus Giant Legless Skink Nucras ornata Ornate Sandveld Lizard Ichnotropis capensus Cape Rough- scaled Lizard Chamaesaura macrolepis Large-scaled Grass Lizard Cordylus tropidosternum Tropical Girdled Lizard Cordylus warreni Warren’s Girdled Lizard Platysaurus intermedius Common Flat Lizard Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Yellow-throated Plated Lizard Appendix D

Tetradactylus africanus African Long- tailed Seps Chamaeleo dilepis Flap-necked Chameleon Homopholis walbergii Wahlberg’s Velvet Gecko Hemidactylus mabouia Tropical House Gecko (Mareau’s)

Lygodactylus capansis Common Dwarf Gecko (cape)

Pachydactylus vansoni Van Son’s Gecko

Chondrodactylus bibronii Bibron’s Tubercled Gecko Lygodactylus ocellatus Spotted Dwarf Gecko

Appendix D

Fish Species Common Name Status Location Survey/Pap Year (dam/river) er of Surve y Barbus toppini East Coast Barb Munyawana D. Dell River Clarias Sharp-tooth Imagine Dam and J.Currie; gariepinus catfish Mzinene River Fishes of Phinda Clarias Snake Catfish Izwe Dam J.Currie; theodorae * Overflow Fishes of Phinda Clarias Blunt-tooth Mzinene J.Currie; ngamensis * Catfish Fishes of Phinda Tilapia Banded Tilapia Imagine Dam J.Currie; sparrmanii Fishes of Phinda Tilapia rendalli Red - breasted Mzinene J.Currie; Tilapia Fishes of Phinda Oreochromis Mozambique Mzinene J.Currie; mossambicus Tilapia Fishes of Phinda Oreochromis Black Tilapia Mzinene J.Currie; placidus * Fishes of Phinda Ambassis Long-spine Mzinene J.Currie; productus Glassy Fishes of Phinda Glossogobius River Goby Imagine Dam J.Currie; callidus Fishes of Phinda Labeo ruddi * Silver Labeo Mzinene and J.Currie; Izwe Dam Fishes of Overflow Phinda Labeo ruddi * Silver Labeo Mzinene R. Goode

Barbus Threespot Barb Mzinene R. Goode trimaculatus Barbus Straightfin Barb Mzinene, R. Goode paludinosus Munyawana River Barbus toppini East Coast Barb Munyawana R. Goode River Pseudocrenilabr Southern us philander Mouthbrooder * Unconfirmed identification

Appendix D

Amphibians Species Common Name Status Paper/Source Year of Survey Tree

Leptopelis mossambicus Brown Backed Tree D.Dell Rain Frogs

Breviceps adspersus Bushveld Rain Frog D. Dell adspersus Breviceps mossambicus Mozambique Rain D. Dell Frog Breviceps carruthersi Phinda Rain Frog D. Dell Described 2017 Toads

Amietophrynus garmini Eastern Olive Toad D. Dell

Amietophrynus gutturalis Guttural Toad D. Dell

Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti Northern Pygmy D. Dell Toad Schismaderma carens Red Toad D.Dell

Shovel-nosed Frogs

Hemisus guttatus Spotted Shovel-nosed Frog G. Vercueil

Hemisus marmoratus Mottled Shovel-nosed Frog D.Dell

Leaf-folding Frogs

Afrixalus aureus Golden Leaf-Folding Frog D.Dell

Afrixalus delicatus Delicate Leaf Folding Frog D.Dell

Reed Frogs

Hyperolius argus Argus Reed Frog D.Dell

Hyperolius marmoratus Painted Reed Frog D.Dell taeniatus Hyperolius pusillus Water Lily Frog D.Dell

Hyperolius tuberilinguis Tinker Reed Frog D.Dell

Kassinas

Kassina maculata Red Legged Kassina D.Dell

Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina D.Dell

Rubber Frogs

Phrynomantis bifasciatus Banded Rubber D.Dell Frog Puddle Frogs

Phrynobatrachus acridoides East African Puddle D.Dell Frog Phrynobatrachus Dwarf Puddle Frog D.Dell mababiensis Phrynobatrachus natalensis Snoring Puddle Frog D.Dell

Ornate Frogs

Hildebrandtia ornata Ornate Frog ?

Grass Frogs

Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass-Frog. D.Dell

Ptychadena mascareniensis Mascarene Grass D.Dell Frog Appendix D

Ptychadena mossambica Broad Banded D.Dell Grass-Frog Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Sharp Nosed Grass- D.Dell Frog Ptychadena porosissima Striped Grass-Frog D.Dell

Ptychadena taenioscelis Dwarf Grass Frog D.Dell

Platannas

Xenopus laevis Common Platanna D.Dell

Xenopus muelleri Mullers/Tropical Platanna D.Dell

Cacos

Cacosternum boettgeri Boettgers/ Common Caco D.Dell

Cacosternum nanum Bronze Caco D.Dell

River Frogs

Amietia angolensis Common River Frog ?

Bull Frogs

Pyxicephalus edulis African Bullfrog D.Dell

Stream Frogs

Strongylopus fasciatus Striped Stream Frog ?

Sand Frogs

Tomopterna cryptotis Tremelo Sand Frog D.Dell

Tomopterna krugerensis Knocking Sand Frog D.Dell

Tomopterna natalensis Natal Sand Frog D.Dell

Foam Nest Frogs

Chiromantis xerampelina Grey Tree/Southern Foam Nest Frog D.Dell

Appendix D

Butterflies Species Common Name Status Survey/Source Year of Survey

Danaus crysipus African Monarch Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 aegyptius Africa, 2007 Survey Amauris niavius Friar G. Vercueil 2013 dominicanus Amauris albimaculata Layman G. Vercueil 2013 albimaculata Amarius ochlea ochlea Novice friar Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Melanitis leda helena Evening brown Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Bematistes aganice Wanderer Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 aganice Africa, 2007 Survey Bicyclus safitza safitza Common bush Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 brown Africa, 2007 Survey Bicyclus anynana Squinting bush Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 anynana brown Africa, 2007 Survey Henotesia perspicua Marsh patroller (Eyed bush Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 perspicua brown) Africa, 2007 Survey Coenyra hebe Zulu shadefly G. Vercueil 2013

Physcaeneura panda Dark-webbed Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 ringlet Africa, 2007 Survey Cassionympha cassius Rainforest brown G. Vercueil 2013

Ypthima asterope African ringlet G. Vercueil 2013

Acraea oncaea Window G. Vercueil 2013

Acraea axina Little acraea G. Vercueil 2013

Acraea acara acara Acara acraea Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Acraea neobule Wandering Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 neobule donkey acraea Africa, 2007 Survey Acraea aglaonice Clear-spotted Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 acraea Africa, 2007 Survey Acraea nahara nohara Light-red acraea Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Hyalites eponia Small orange Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 (Dancing) acraea Africa, 2007 Survey Hyalites esebria Dusky acraea Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 esebria Africa, 2007 Survey Hyalites encedon White-barred Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 encedon acraea Africa, 2007 Survey Pardopsis puctatissima Polka dot G. Vercueil 2013

Phalanta phalatha African leopard Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 aethiopica Africa, 2007 Survey eurytis Forest leopard G. Vercueil 2013 eurytis varanes Pearl emperor Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 varanes Africa, 2007 Survey Charaxes candiope Green-veined Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 emperor Africa, 2007 Survey Foxy emperor Lepodopterists' Society of 2013 saturnus Africa, 2007 Survey Appendix D

Charaxes brutus White-barred Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 natalensis emperor Africa, 2007 Survey Charaxes cithaeron Blue-spotted Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 cithaeron emperor Africa, 2007 Survey Charaxes zoolia Club-tailed G. Vercueil 2013 zoolina emperor Charaxes jahlusa Pearl-spotted Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 emperor Africa, 2007 Survey Charaxes ethalion Satyr emperor G. Vercueil 2013 ethalion Charaxes vansoni Van Son's G. Vercueil 2013 emperor Euxanthe wakefeildi Forest queen G. Vercueil 2013

Euphaedra neophron Gold-banded G. Vercueil 2013 neophron Forester Hamanumida Guineafowl Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 daedalus Africa, 2007 Survey Pseudacraea Boisduval's false G. Vercueil 2013 boisduvalii trimeni acraea Neptis saclava Spotted sailer G. Vercueil 2013 marpessa Neptis jordani Jordan's sailer G. Vercueil 2013

Sevenia boisduvali Boisduval's tree Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 boisduvali nymph Africa, 2007 Survey Sevenia natalensis Natal tree nymph Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Byblia anvatara Common joker Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 acheloia Africa, 2007 Survey Byblia ilithyia Spotted joker G. Vercueil 2013

Eurytela dryope Golden piper G. Vercueil 2013 angulata Hypolimnas misipus Common diadem G. Vercueil 2013

Salamis parhassus Common mother- Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 of-pearl Africa, 2007 Survey Salamis narcadii Clouded mother- G. Vercueil 2013 nebulosa of-pearl Junonia natalica Brown pansy Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 natalica Africa, 2007 Survey Junonia hierta cebrene Yellow pansy Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Junonia oenone Blue pansy Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 oenone Africa, 2007 Survey Vanessa cardui Painted lady G. Vercueil 2013

Lycaenidae

Pentila tropicalis Spotted buff G. Vercueil 2013

Baliochila aslanga Common buff G. Vercueil 2013

Cnodontes Pennington's buff G. Vercueil 2013 penningtoni Deloneura millari Millar's buff G. Vercueil 2013 millari Lachnocnema bibulus Common woolly Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 legs Africa 2007 Survey Lachnocnema bibulus Southern pied G. Vercueil 2013 woolly legs Appendix D

Lachnocnema durbani D'urban's woolly Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 legs Africa 2007 Survey silas Southern Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 sapphire Africa 2007 Survey Saffron sapphire Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey Hypolycaena phillipus Purple-brown Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 phillipus hairstreak Africa 2007 Survey Hypolycaena buxtoni Buxton's Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 buxtoni hairstreak Africa 2007 Survey Leptomyrina hirundo Tailed black-eye G. Vercueil 2013

Leptomyrina gorgias Common black- Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 gorgias eye Africa 2007 Survey Deudorix vansoni Van Son's playboy G. Vercueil 2013

Deudorix peningtoni Pennington's Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 playboy Africa 2007 Survey Common fig-tree G. Vercueil 2013 blue Myrina dermaptera Lesser fig-tree Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 dermaptera blue Africa 2007 Survey Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Hutchinson's Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 high-flier Africa 2007 Survey natalensis Natal bar G. Vercueil 2013

Chloroselas mazoensis Purple gem Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey tjoane Common Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 tjoane (Eastern) scarlet Africa 2007 Survey Bush scarlet Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 amanga Africa 2007 Survey Aloeides aranda Aranda copper G. Vercueil 2013

Aloeides almeida Almeida copper G. Vercueil 2013

Aloeides damarensis Damara copper G. Vercueil 2013

Aloeides taikosama Dusky copper Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey definita Common hairtail Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 definita Africa 2007 Survey Anthene amarah Black-striped G. Vercueil 2013 amarah hairtail Anthene kersteni Kersten's hairtail Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey Anthene butleri livida Pale hairtail Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey Anthene millari Millar's hairtail Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey Tuxentius calice calice White pie G. Vercueil 2013

Tuxentius melaena Black pie G. Vercueil 2013

Leptotes pirithous Common zebra Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 pirithous blue Africa 2007 Survey sybaris Dotted blue G. Vercueil 2013

Pseudonacaduba Dusky blue Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 sichela sichela Africa 2007 Survey Euchrysops barkeri Barker's smoky G. Vercueil 2013 blue Appendix D

Euchrysops subpallida Ashen smoky Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 blue Africa 2007 Survey Euchrysops malathana Common Smoken Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Blue Africa 2007 Survey Eicochrysops White-tipped G. Vercueil 2013 hippocrates blue Eicochrysops messapus Cuperous Blue Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 mahallakoaena Africa 2007 Survey Cupidopsis jobates Tailed meadow G. Vercueil 2013 jobates blue Actizera lucida Rayed blue G. Vercueil 2013

Zizina antanossa Clover blue G. Vercueil 2013

Brephidium metophis Tinktinkie blue Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey ubaldas Velvet-spotted G. Vercueil 2013 blue Azanus jesous jesous Topaz-spotted Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 blue Africa 2007 Survey Azanus moriqua Thorn-tree blue Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey Azanus mirza Mirza blue Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa 2007 Survey Chilades trochylus Grass-jewel blue G. Vercueil 2013

Zizula hylax Gaika blue G. Vercueil 2013

Pieridae

Pinacopteryx eriphia Zebra white Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 eriphia Africa, 2007 Survey cleodora Vine-leaf vagrant Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 cleodora Africa, 2007 Survey Eronia leda Autumn-leaf Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 vagrant Africa, 2007 Survey argia Large vagrant G. Vercueil 2013

Nepheronia buquetti Buquet's vagrant Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey vesta Veined orange Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 argillaceus Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis regina Queen purple tip Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis daae annae Scarlet tip Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis auxo Sulphur orange Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 tip Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis antivippe Red tip Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 gavisa Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis evenia evenia Common orange Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 tip Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis euippe Smoky orange tip Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 omphale Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis pallene Bushveld orange Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 tip Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis evagore Small orange tip Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 antigone Africa, 2007 Survey Colotis eris eris Banded gold tip Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Appendix D

Belenois aurota aurota Brown-veined G. Vercueil 2013 white creona African common Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 severina white Africa, 2007 Survey Belenois gidica African veined Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 abyssinica white Africa, 2007 Survey Dixeia charina charina African small G. Vercueil 2013 white Dixeia pigea Ant-heap small Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 white Africa, 2007 Survey Dixeia spilleri Spiller's sulphur Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 yellow Africa, 2007 Survey epaphia Diverse Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 contracta (Albatross) white Africa, 2007 Survey alcesta African wood Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 inalcesta white Africa, 2007 Survey Common dotted Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 agathina border Africa, 2007 Survey Catopsilia florella Common vagrant G. Vercueil 2013

Eurema hecabe Common grass Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 solifera yellow Africa, 2007 Survey Eurema brigitta Broad-bordered Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 brigitta grass yellow Africa, 2007 Survey Eurema desjardinsii Angled grass G. Vercueil 2013 marshalli yellow Papilionidae

Graphium angolanus white- Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 angolanus lady swordtail Africa, 2007 Survey Graphium antheus Large striped Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 swordtail Africa, 2007 Survey Graphium colonna Mamba swordtail Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Graphium leonidas Veined swordtail Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 leonidas Africa, 2007 Survey Graphium morania White lady Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Africa, 2007 Survey Graphium policenes Cream striped Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 policenes swordtail Africa, 2007 Survey Papilio demodocus Citrus swallowtail Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 demodocus Africa, 2007 Survey Papilio dardanus Mocker G. Vercueil 2013 cenea swallowtail Papilio nireus lyaeus Green-banded Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 swallowtail Africa, 2007 Survey Hesperiidae

Tagiades flesus Clouded flat G. Vercueil 2013

Sarangesa phidyle Small elfin G. Vercueil 2013

Sarangesa motozi Forest elfin G. Vercueil 2013

Spialia depauperata Wandering G. Vercueil 2013 australis sandman Spialia delagoa Delagoa Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Sandman Africa, 2007 Survey Spialia dromus Forest sandman G. Vercueil 2013

Kedestes callicles Pale ranger G. Vercueil 2013 Appendix D

Acleros mackenii Macken's dart G. Vercueil 2013

Pelopidas mathias Black-banded G. Vercueil 2013 swift Borbo fatuellus Long-horned G. Vercueil 2013 fatuellus swift Gegenes niso niso Common G. Vercueil 2013 hottentot Gomalia elma elm Green-marbled Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Skipper Africa, 2007 Survey Platylesches neba Flower-girl Lepodopterists' Society of 2007 Hopper Africa, 2007 Survey

Appendix D

Spiders Species Common Name Status Survey/Paper Year of Survey Agelenidae

Agalena australis Funnel Weaver CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Olorunia ocellata Grass Funnel-web Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Araneidae

Arachnura sp. Scorpian-tailed Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Araneus apricus - CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 australis Garden Orb CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Argiope flavipalpis Garden Orb CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Argiope nigravitata Garden Orb CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Argiope trifasciata Garden Orb CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Caerostris Bark Spider CCA Ecological 2002 sexcuspidata Journal (4) 2002 Cyclosa spp. Garbage-line CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Cytorphora citricola Tropical Tent Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Gasteracantha Kite Spider CCA Ecological 2002 milvoides Journal (4) 2002 Gasteracantha Kite Spider CCA Ecological 2002 sanguinolenta Journal (4) 2002 Gasteracantha Kite Spider CCA Ecological 2002 versicolor Journal (4) 2002 Isoxya tabulata Kite Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Neoscona spp. - CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Ctenizidae

Stasimopis sp. Corklid Trapdoor Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Deinopidae

Deinopus sp. Ogre-faced Netcasting CCA Ecological 2002 Spider Journal (4) 2002 Menneus sp. Netcasting Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Eresidae

Seothyra sp. Buckspoor Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Stegodyphus Community-web Spider CCA Ecological 2002 mimosarum Journal (4) 2002 Hersiliidae

Hersilia sp. Long-spinnered Bark CCA Ecological 2002 Spider Journal (4) 2002 Heteropodidae Appendix D

Palystes Rain Spider CCA Ecological 2002 superciliosus Journal (4) 2002 Large Huntsmen Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Lycosidae

Lycosa sp. Wolf Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Paradosa sp.* Wolf Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Miturgidae

Cheiracanthium spp. Sac Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Oxypidae

Oxyopes spp. Lynx Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Peucetia sp. Lynx Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Philodromidae

Tibellus spp. Long-bodied Grass CCA Ecological 2002 Spiders Journal (4) 2002 Pholcidae

Smeringopus sp. Daddy Longleggs CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Pisauridae

Euprosthenops sp. Nurseryweb Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Thalassius spp. Fishing Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Salticidae

Cosmophasis spp. Ant-mimic Jumping CCA Ecological 2002 Spiders Journal (4) 2002 Myrmarachne spp. Ant-mimic Jumping CCA Ecological 2002 Spiders Journal (4) 2002 Portia spp. Jumping Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Salticus spp. Jumping Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Scytodidae

Scytodes spp. Spitting Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Segestriidae

Ariadna sp. Tunnelweb Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Tetragnathidae

Clitaetra sp. - CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Leucage sp. Silver Marsh Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Nephilengys Hermit Spider CCA Ecological 2002 cruentata Journal (4) 2002 Nephila Redlegged Banded CCA Ecological 2002 madagascariensis Golden Orb Journal (4) 2002 Nephila pilipes - CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Appendix D

Nephila - CCA Ecological 2002 senegalensis Journal (4) 2002 Theraposidae

Harpactirella sp. Small Baboon Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Theridiidae

Argyrodes spp. Dewdrop Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Latrodectus Brown Widow Spider CCA Ecological 2002 geometricus Journal (4) 2002 Latrodectus spp. Black Widow Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Theridion spp. Comb-footed Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Thomisidae

Runcinia spp Crab Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Thomisus spp. Crab Spiders CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Uloboridae

Miagrammopes sp. Single-line Web Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Uloborus plumipes Feather-legged Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Journal (4) 2002 Zodariidae

Hermippus Burrowing Spider CCA Ecological 2002 Septemguttatus Journal (4) 2002

Appendix E

PRO FORMA ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION

Notes of a management meeting for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy held at … on …

Present:

Apologies:

CC:

Appendix E Table 1 Progress and goals set for Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

NATURE RESERVE DECLARATION

Legal protection of the entire extent of Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy in terms of Year 1 Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife the Protected Areas Act.

LAW ENFORCEMENT

Implement appropriate standard Management Provision of advice operating procedures and processes in Year 1 Authority from Ezemvelo responding to illegal incidents.

Regular patrols covering the full extent Management Ongoing of the nature reserve. Authority

Prosecution of any offender caught Requires the Management committing an offence. Ongoing assistance of Authority EKZNW

LAND MATTERS

A formal agreement, addressing boundary deviations on the Mkhuze EKZNW to engage Management Game Reserve boundary - developed Year 1 as part of the Authority between the reserve and iSimangaliso process Wetland Park Authority.

An up-to-date, accurate servitude Management Year 1 register for the reserve. Authority

WILDLIFE RISKS AND LIABILITIES

Standard operating procedures are regularly reviewed and updated to Management EKZNW to assist in address risks, procedures and Year 1 Authority reviewing compensation associated with wildlife breakouts and emergencies. Appendix E

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION

Income generation within the Mun-Ya- Wana Conservancy ensures that there is Management Ongoing an adequate budget to protect and Authority operate the reserve.

New business and conservation ventures will strive to drive innovation Management Ongoing and best practice in the tourism and Authority conservation industries.

Continue to undertake annual METT assessments and collaborate with other Management With assistance of Annually biodiversity stewardship sites in the Authority EKZNW northern Zululand region.

Participate and collaborate in joint With the monitoring and research efforts such as Management Ongoing assistance of those implemented by Working on Fire Authority partners and Wildlife Resource Association.

Participate and cooperate with other With the reserves and institutions in efforts to Management Ongoing assistance of combat rhino poaching and other forms Authority partners of wildlife crime.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL

Ensure that any activities or developments that require formal environmental assessment are properly Management With advice from As required evaluated and appropriate Authority EKZNW environmental authorisations are granted prior to development.

Ensure that activities that take place outside of lodge environments (e.g. Management With advice from bush meals or weddings) are carefully As required Authority EKZNW planned, considered and controlled to avoid unnecessary deleterious impacts. Appendix E

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

FOSTERING COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS AND SUPPORT

In addition to the rental fees paid through the lease agreements, ensure benefits are provided through employment, support to the Africa Management Ongoing Foundation, skills and capacity Authority development efforts, and the development of other beneficiation opportunities.

Quarterly meetings with the community trusts and the traditional authority Management Quarterly structures of the Makhasa and Authority Qhubekani Mnqobokazi communities.

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, AWARENESS AND INTERPRETATION

Provision of environmental interpretation to members of the Management neighbouring local communities, Ongoing Authority implemented in terms of the reserve’s existing programme.

ECOSYSTEM AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT

Undertake periodic rangeland With the assessments to determine the state of Management assistance of the Year 5 the habitat and the influence of Authority Biodiversity management interventions. Stewardship Unit

Undertake an annual wildlife species Management census to determine animal numbers Annually Authority and required off-takes.

Modify game species mix and numbers Management if they are found to be negatively Annually Authority impacting on biodiversity. Appendix E

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

ECOSYSTEM AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT (cont.)

Herbivore pressure is alleviated through Management the use of fire to draw wildlife into Annually Authority rested areas.

Cheetah management may include human interventions such as veterinary Management Ongoing care and supplementary feeding to Authority maintain the population.

White rhino management may include a de-horning programme and sustainable Management With support from Ongoing off-takes to maintain an optimal Authority EKZNW population.

Black rhino management and reporting Management With support from is undertaken in accordance with the Ongoing Authority EKZNW and BRREP Black Rhino Range Expansion Project.

Implement appropriate measures within the Sand Forest to limit vegetation Management With support from Ongoing impacts through over-utilisation through Authority research partners species such as elephant and nyala.

Develop standard operating procedures that limit tourist and visitor activities Management such as bush meals or weddings to areas Ongoing Authority of secondary habitat or areas that are not overly sensitive to such impacts.

Develop standard operating procedures that exclude off road driving as part of Management game viewing drives from areas that are Ongoing Authority highly sensitive or have high numbers of rare and threatened plant species.

Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy has and is Management implementing a formally approved Ongoing Authority Elephant Management Plan. Appendix E

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

ECOSYSTEM AND SPECIES MANAGEMENT (cont.)

Elephant population numbers within Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy do not Management exceed carrying capacity levels Ongoing Authority identified in the elephant management plan.

A perimeter fence is maintained to contain the elephant within the reserve Management Ongoing in accordance with the national norms Authority and standards.

Appropriate measures, including immuno-contraception of female Management elephants are undertaken to manage Ongoing Authority the elephant population size and demographic structure.

FIRE MANAGEMENT

Establishment of a series of internal Management firebreaks to facilitate the Annually Authority recommended burning regime.

Burning the reserve annually in Management accordance with the fire management Annually Authority plan.

Five-yearly review and update of the Management With support from Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Fire Annually Authority Working on Fire Management Plan.

Compliance with the National Veld and Management Annually Forest Fires Act. Authority Appendix E

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

INVASIVE PLANT CONTROL

Implementation of invasive alien plant Management control in accordance with the reserve’s Annually Authority invasive alien plant control plan.

Five-yearly review and update of the Management Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Invasive Annually Authority Alien Plant Control Plan

Ongoing control and eradication of listed invasive species to a point where Management Annually maintenance control is all that is Authority required.

SOIL EROSION CONTROL

Fine-scale soil map of the reserve. With technical Management Year 3 inputs from Authority partners

A map depicting areas of soil erosion Management Year 1 within the nature reserve Authority

Implementation of soil erosion control Management measures in areas in which plant cover Ongoing Authority is low, which are susceptible to erosion.

CULTURAL HERITAGE AND SENSE OF PLACE

In accordance with the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Association Agreement, Management members will abide by development As required Authority control requirements when constructing any development on their land. Appendix E

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

CULTURAL HERITAGE AND SENSE OF PLACE (Cont.)

In accordance with the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy Association Agreement, the architecture of all structures will be Management ecologically and aesthetically sensitive As required Authority and structures will be sited so that they do not impact adversely on habitat and flora or on views within the reserve.

If funding is available undertake a more comprehensive inventory of cultural, Management Year 5 historical and archaeological artefacts Authority within the reserve.

Visitor activities are controlled and limited in areas that have been Management Ongoing identified as particularly sensitive to Authority visitor impacts.

RESEARCH AND MONITORING

An annual review of research efforts is conducted to discuss and disseminate Management Annually key findings and identify areas where Authority further research is required.

Development of scientific surveillance and monitoring plans for key Management With inputs from Year 5 threatening processes within the Authority research partners reserve.

Monitoring plans for key rare and Management Annually threatened habitat types and species. Authority

Engagement with partners and research organisations to promote research that Management Engagement with Annually addresses key ecological management Authority research partners interventions. Appendix E

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

BUFFER ZONE PROTECTION AND REGIONAL MANAGEMENT

Retention of existing compatible land EKZNW to assist uses, such as game and livestock Management with engagement Annually farming, in the areas around the Authority with the reserve. municipality

Improved water resource management EKZNW to assist through the establishment of with engagement appropriate institutional structures and Management Annually with water better cooperation in managing Authority resource catchment areas upstream of the authorities reserve.

Improved ecological connectivity and With support from Management movement of wildlife between Annually the Biodiversity Authority protected areas in the region. Stewardship Unit

Streamlined and integrated socio- Through Management economic initiatives undertaken in Annually engagement with Authority cooperation with partners. partners

PROTECTED AREA EXPANSION

Legal protection of areas added to the Mun-Ya-Wana Conservancy through the Annually Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Protected Areas Act.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENT

Sufficient facilities, assets, infrastructure and equipment to support the effective Management Ongoing management and operation of the Authority nature reserve.

Regular scheduled maintenance of all Management Ongoing infrastructure and equipment. Authority

Appropriately functioning infrastructure Management that does not cause harm to the Ongoing Authority environment. Appendix E

Management target 2018/19 Progress 2019/20 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES

Inclusion of a cost estimate in the Management Annually Annual Plan of Operation. Authority

Develop a profile of staff members to identify qualifications, skills and Management Annually experience, and areas in which capacity Authority development is required.

Implement a structured system to assess and determine staff job Management performance and to identify further Annually Authority training and capacity development needs.

Implement measures to ensure that staff are sufficiently trained and capable Management Annually to undertake the functions required of Authority their job positions.

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Undertake a specialist external audit to determine all aspects of compliance Management Year 3 with the Occupational Health and Safety Authority Act.

Implement necessary remedial measures where instances of non- Management Year 3 compliance with the Occupational Authority Health and Safety Act arise.

A list of standard operating procedures Management required for the reserve must be Year 3 Authority developed.

Any outstanding standard operating procedures must be developed and Management Year 3 implemented as part of the operation Authority and management of the reserve.