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Making It Abroad

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Making It Abroad Saara Koikkalainen Making it abroad Experiences of highly skilled Finns in the European Union labour markets Acta Electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 134 University of Lapland Faculty of Social Sciences © Saara Koikkalainen Layout: Paula Kassinen Sales: Lapland University Press PO Box 8123 FI-96101 Rovaniemi phone +358 40 821 4242 [email protected] University of Lapland Printing Centre, Rovaniemi 2013 Paperback Acta Universitatis Lapponiensis 267 ISBN 978-952-484-682-0 ISSN 0788-7604 PDF Acta Electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 134 ISBN 978-952-484-683-7 ISSN 1796-6310 Abstract The geographical context of the study lies in Europe, where over the past 60 years a progressive lessening of restrictions on labour mobility between certain countries has taken place. It is possible for the majority of Europeans to study, work, or retire in any of the 28 European Union (EU) member states, as well as in Switzerland, Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein. Europe is thus a unique area, where sovereign states have given parts of their legislative power to supranational institutions and have given up one of the fundamental rights that define a nation state – that of deciding who can cross its borders. Increased mobility to other EU member states after Finland joined the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1994 and the EU in 1995 testifies to the fact that also Finns are taking advantage of the free movement regime. This sociological study examines the labour market experiences of one intra- European migrant group: highly skilled Finns who have moved to other EU15 countries. Based on two consecutive Working in Europe online surveys (2008, 2010) and 18 migrant interviews, this study addresses three empirical questions: “Why do highly skilled Finns move abroad?”, “How do highly skilled Finns find work in the EU15 countries?”, and “What kinds of skills and qualifications ease or impede labour market access and what kinds of jobs do these Finns work in?” The recognition of skills, educational qualifications and work experience, i.e. one’s cul- tural capital, is a key question for any migrant and especially so for highly educated professional migrants. The main theoretical question asked therefore is: “How does the cultural capital of the highly skilled migrants transfer across intra-European borders?” The study engages with three related literatures focusing on highly skilled migration, intra-European mobility, and cultural capital during migration. The study examines the personal experiences of highly skilled Finns and thus the main focus of the study is on the micro level of international mobility. Yet also various historical processes, such as globalisation and Europeanisation, cul- tural phenomena, and economic developments outside the control of individual migrants influence the reasons why particular individuals decided to move, where they moved to and when they moved. The study concludes that for internationally- minded, relatively young and well-educated European citizens mobility in the EU area is one possible path among many, and experimenting with living abroad may be motivated by a range of different reasons related to lifestyle and personal growth that are not directly linked with one’s professional career or the possibility of earn- ing a better salary. 3 The concept of status passage, i.e. a transitional period that is spent doing low- skilled jobs, studying, in unemployment, or continuing to work in Finland while applying for highly skilled jobs abroad, is used to describe how the Finns of the study entered the labour market of their destination country. It is examined through two dimensions: as the effort required in finding a job and in terms of its duration in time. The duration of the status passage had been short for most participants of the study and finding a highly skilled job had been relatively easy. The respondents were therefore quite content with their labour market situation in the new country. While many of the highly skilled Finns of the study moved abroad to continue on their professional career as intra-company transferees or because they were headhunted to a particular company, the study also notes four interrelated reasons for the experienced labour market success of those, who had looked for work on their own. First, their good language competence helped negotiate the value of their cultural capital abroad; second, participants were often seen through a posi- tive Finnish or Scandinavian stereotypic image; third, the ease of finding work had often been based on applying for jobs in international workplaces; and fourth, the participants had found advantages from belonging to a small national group with skills in rather rare languages, Finnish and Swedish. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the cultural capital of highly skilled intra-European migrants’ transfers across national borders rather smoothly, at least when they originate from a Scandinavian country such as Finland. Yet transnationally mobile individuals, however highly skilled and educated they are, must be willing and able to adapt to the situation in the local labour market. The Finns of this study used three strategies to facilitate labour market entry: adap- tation, distinction, and re-orientation. The results of this study demonstrate that highly skilled Finns do not face insurmountable barriers when they enter the labour market of another EU country, but they are also not welcomed with open arms as brains gained: finding a highly skilled job in the country of destination demands adaptation, perseverance, and sometimes even a total re-orientation of one’s career. Keywords: highly skilled migration, intra-European migration, mobility, free movement, Euro- pean Union, labour market, sociology, Finland 4 Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen maantieteellinen konteksti on Euroopassa, jossa on viimeisten 60 vuo- den ajan poistettu työvoiman liikkuvuuden esteitä tiettyjen maiden väliltä. Suuri osa eurooppalaisista voi nykyään opiskella, työskennellä, tai viettää eläkepäiviään missä tahansa 28 Euroopan unionin (EU) jäsenmaasta tai asettua asumaan Sveitsiin, Nor- jaan, Islantiin tai Liechtensteiniin. Euroopassa sijaitseekin globaalisti ainutlaatuinen vapaan liikkuvuuden alue, jonka merkitys näkyy myös Suomesta muihin Euroopan maihin suuntautuvan muuttoliikkeen kasvuna Suomen liityttyä Euroopan talous- alueen jäseneksi vuonna 1994 ja EU:n jäseneksi vuonna 1995. Tämä sosiologian tieteenalaan kuuluva tutkimus käsittelee yhden Euroopan sisällä muuttavan ryhmän, EU15 maihin muuttaneiden korkeasti koulutettujen suomalais- ten, työmarkkinakokemuksia. Tutkimus pohjaa kahteen Working in Europe (2008 ja 2010) verkkokyselyyn sekä 18 ulkomaille muuttaneen suomalaisen haastatteluihin. Tutkimus pyrkii vastaamaan kolmeen empiiriseen kysymykseen: ”Miksi korkeasti koulutetut osaajat muuttavat ulkomaille?”, ”Kuinka korkeasti koulutetut osaajat löy- tävät töitä ulkomailta?”, ja ”Minkälaiset taidot ja kvalifikaatiot edesauttavat tai vai- keuttavat kohdemaan työmarkkinoille siirtymistä ja minkälaisissa työpaikoissa nämä suomalaiset työskentelevät?”. Olemassa olevien taitojen, koulutuksen ja aikaisem- man työkokemuksen tunnustaminen on tärkeää erityisesti korkeasti koulutetuille muuttajille, jotka hakevat töitä ulkomailta. Tässä tutkimuksessa näihin tietoihin ja taitoihin viitataan kulttuurisen pääoman käsitteellä ja tutkimuksen teoreettinen tutkimuskysymys käsittelee tuon pääoman siirtymistä eurooppalaisten rajojen yli. Tutkimuksessa käytetty lähdekirjallisuus käsittelee kolmea teemaa: korkeasti koulu- tettujen osaajien muuttoliikettä, Euroopan sisällä tapahtuvaa liikkuvuutta sekä kult- tuurista pääomaa ja muuttoliiketutkimusta. Tutkimus tarkastelee korkeasti koulutettujen suomalaisten työmarkkinakokemuk- sia ulkomailla. Vaikka tutkimuksen fokus on siten yksittäisten muuttajien tasolla, myös monet historialliset prosessit, kuten globalisaatio ja Euroopan integraatiokehi- tys, sekä kulttuuriset ja taloudelliset ilmiöt, vaikuttavat ulkomaille muuttoa harkit- sevan päätöksentekoon. Siten myös yksilöä itseään laajemmat rakenteelliset ilmiöt osaltaan vaikuttavat siihen, miksi Suomesta muutetaan ulkomaille, milloin muutto tapahtuu sekä minne se suuntautuu. Tutkimuksessa todetaan, että kansainvälisesti suuntautuneille, suhteellisen nuorille ja hyvin koulutetuille Euroopan kansalaisille muutto EU:n sisällä on yksi mahdollinen väylä työmarkkinoille. Ulkomaille muutto nähdään usein kokeiluna, jota motivoivat erilaiset elämäntapaan ja henkilökohtai- 5 seen kasvuun liittyvät tekijät eivätkä pelkästään urakehitys tai mahdollisuus parem- piin ansioihin. Tutkimuksessa käytetään status-siirtymän käsitettä kuvaamaan sitä aikaa, jol- loin koulutettu osaaja työskentelee koulutustaan vastaamattomissa töissä, opiskelee, on työttömänä tai hakee ulkomailta töitä Suomesta käsin. Status-siirtymää, jonka jälkeen muuttaja työllistyy koulutustaan ja/tai kokemustaan vastaaviin tehtäviin, tarkastellaan sekä sen ajallisen keston että työpaikan saamiseksi vaadittavien pon- nistelujen kautta. Valtaosalle tämän tutkimuksen osallistujista tuo status-siirtymä oli ollut lyhytkestoinen ja sopivan työpaikan löytäminen ulkomailta oli ollut suhteelli- sen helppoa. Tutkimuksen osallistujat olivatkin hyvin tyytyväisiä työmarkkinatilan- teeseensa ulkomailla. Osa tutkimukseen osallistuneista oli siirtynyt ulkomaille työnantajansa lähet- täminä, ja osa oli rekrytoitu Suomesta suoraan johonkin tehtävään. Itsenäisesti ulkomailta töitä hakeneiden kokemuksissa oli yhtäläisyyksiä, vaikka tutkimukseen
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