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Journaf of Threafened Taxa Buffdfng evfdence for conservafon gfobaffy www.fhreafenedfaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onffne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnf) Communfcaffon A sfudy on fhe densffy, popufaffon sfrucfure and regeneraffon of Red Sanders Pferocarpus sanfaffnus (Fabafes: Fabaceae) fn a profecfed nafuraf habffaf - Srf Lankamaffeswara Wffdfffe Sancfuary, Andhra Pradesh, Indfa
Chenchu Ankafafah, Thondafadfnne Masfan & Muffangf Srfdhar Reddy
26 Sepfember 2017 | Vof. 9| No. 9 | Pp. 10669–10674 10.11609/jof. 2869 .9. 9. 10669-10674
For Focus, Scope, Afms, Poffcfes and Gufdeffnes vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/Abouf_JoTT For Arfcfe Submfssfon Gufdeffnes vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/Submfssfon_Gufdeffnes For Poffcfes agafnsf Scfenffc Mfsconducf vfsff hfp://fhreafenedfaxa.org/JoTT_Poffcy_agafnsf_Scfenffc_Mfsconducf For reprfnfs confacf
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Threafened Taxa
Journaf of Threafened Taxa | www.fhreafenedfaxa.org | 26 Sepfember 2017 | 9(9): 10669–10674
A sfudy on fhe densffy, popufaffon sfrucfure and
regeneraffon of Red Sanders Pferocarpus sanfaffnus Communfcaffon
(Fabafes: Fabaceae) fn a profecfed nafuraf habffaf - ISSN 0974-7907 (Onffne) Srf Lankamaffeswara Wffdfffe Sancfuary, Andhra Pradesh, Indfa ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnf)
Chenchu Ankafafah 1 , Thondafadfnne Masfan 2 & Muffangf Srfdhar Reddy 3 OPEN ACCESS
1,2,3 Deparfmenf of Envfronmenfaf Scfence, Yogf Vemana Unfversffy, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh 516216, Indfa 3 [email protected] (correspondfng aufhor), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]
Absfracf: Pferocarpus sanfaffnus fs a hfghfy vafued medfum-sfzed fegumfnous endemfc free wffh a resfrfcfed range fn fhe soufhern Easfern Ghafs decfduous foresfs. The enumerafon fn four 1ha pfofs has yfefded a fofaf of 878 Red Sanders free fndfvfduafs (≥30cm gfrfh af breasf hefghf - gbh) wffh a range of 165–246 fndfvfduafs per ha and 9–51 fndfvfduafs per 0.01ha. The sfze cfass sfrucfure reveafed fhaf fhe majorffy of fndfvfduafs occurred fn fower gbh cfasses wffh 364 fndfvfduafs (39.5%) fn 30–50 cm gbh cfass and 420 fndfvfduafs (45.6%) fn 51–70 cm gbh cfass, whffe fn fhe hfgher gbh cfass (71–90 cm gbh) onfy 129 fndfvfduafs (14%) and seven fndfvfduafs fn >90cm gbh cfass were recorded. Overaff fhe popufafon sfrucfure fndfcafed a fow rafo change fn fower gbh cfasses suggesfng a sfabfe popufafon. A hfgher percenfage of fffe sfages fn recruffmenf sfage ffke seedffngs and sapffngs fhan frees was observed and fhe feafure of re-sproufng from roofs afer fre damage was afso recorded. A boffeneck progress from regenerafng frees fo aduff frees was nofced, may be due fo sfow growfh of fhe specfes. Hfgh sfem densffy and presence of fndfvfduafs fn aff fhe regenerafng and reproducfve cfasses suggesf fhaf Red Sanders fs foferanf fo mffd dfsfurbance. Buf fhe drasfc reducfon fn fhe densffy fn hfgher gbh cfass refecfs fhe concern for recruffmenf fn fufure as ff may afecf fhe seed oufpuf due fo foss of reproducfvefy ff mafure frees.
Keywords: Coppfcfng, endemfc, muffpfe sfems, popufafon sfrucfure, sproufs.
DOI : hfp://dof.org/10.11609/jof. 2869 .9. 9.10669-10674
Edffor: Ravf Prasad Rao , Srf Krfshnadevaraya Unfversffy, Ananfapuramu, Indfa. Dafe of pubffcafon: 26 Sepfember 2017 (onffne & prfnf)
Manuscrfpf defaffs: Ms # 2869 | Recefved 08 January 2017 | Ffnaf recefved 30 March 2017 | Ffnaffy accepfed 02 June 2017
Cffafon: Ankafafah, C., T. Masfan & M.S. Reddy (2017). A sfudy on fhe densffy, popufafon sfrucfure and regenerafon of Red Sanders Pferocarpus sanfaffnus (Fabafes: Fabaceae) fn a profecfed nafuraf habffaf - Srf Lankamaffeswara Wffdfffe Sancfuary, Andhra Pradesh, Indfa . Journaf of Threafened Taxa 9(9): 10669–10674 ; hfp://dof.org/10.11609/jof. 2869 .9. 9.10669-10674
Copyrfghf: © Ankafafah ef af. 2017 . Creafve Commons Afrfbufon 4.0 Infernafonaf Lfcense. JoTT affows unresfrfcfed use of fhfs arfcfe fn any medfum, reproduc - fon and dfsfrfbufon by provfdfng adequafe credff fo fhe aufhors and fhe source of pubffcafon.
Fundfng: MOEF&CC, New Defhf (14-63-2013 RE).
Compefng fnferesfs: The aufhors decfare no compefng fnferesfs.
Aufhor Defaffs and Confrfbufon: Dr. M. Srfdhar Reddy fs workfng as Assfsfanf Professor. Hfs fnferesfs are foresf ecofogy and foresf managemenf. He has confrfbufed fo fhe manuscrfpf fn fhe form of fefd work and manuscrfpf preparafon. C. Ankafafah fs presenffy workfng as junfor projecf feffow fn MOEF&CC projecf and he was acfvefy fnvofved fn fefd work and manuscrfpf preparafon. T. Masfan fs presenffy workfng as junfor projecf feffow fn UGC projecf and pursufng PhD work and he has parfcfpafed equaffy fn fefd work and as weff fn manuscrfpf preparafon.
Acknowfedgemenfs: The fnancfaf supporf by fhe Mfnfsfry of Envfronmenf Foresfs and Cffmafe Change, N.Defhf (MOEF&CC projecf 14-63-2013-RE) fs fhankfuffy acknowfedged. The aufhors fhank fhe Andhra Pradesh Foresf Deparfmenf for gfvfng permfssfon and supporf fo underfake fefd work fn fhe foresf.
10669 Density, population structure and regeneration of Red Sanders Ankalaiah et al.
INTRODUCTION Field methods and data analysis The study on the assessment of Pterocarpus Pterocarpus santalinus (Family Faboideae) santalinus population in SLWS is part of a Ministry of commonly referred to as Red Sanders is an Endangered Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC) tree species endemic to the dry deciduous forests of project. The field work was undertaken in four study the southern Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh (CAMP plots of 1ha each namely LKM1 (14.6166 N & 78.9327 Workshops on Medicinal Plants, India (January 1997) E), LKM2 (114.6539 N & 78.9505 E), NPK1 (14.5677 N & 1998). Its natural habitat is hilly terrains and dry slopes 78.9463 E) and NPK2 (14.430 N & 78.9558 E). The field with an altitude range of 300–800 m in Kadapa and work was carried out from 07 August 2015 to 25 October Sheshachalam hill ranges (Raju & Nagaraju 1998). Red 2015 with permission from the Andhra Pradesh Forest Sanders is a valuable timber species with multiple uses. Department. Each 1ha area comprised 10 10x100 belt A natural dye ‘santalin’ is extracted from its heartwood transects with at least 50m distance among them and which is used as a coloring agent in pharmaceutical all Pterocarpus santalinus tree individuals >30cm girth at preparations, food items, leather and textile industries. 1.3m height (gbh) were enumerated. Along with trees all The paste/tonic prepared from its wood is used in seedlings (<40 cm height), saplings (40–150 cm height) treating diabetes, skin diseases, fever and to improve and regenerating trees (10–30 cm gbh) of Pterocarpus eyesight (Jadhav 2008). The timber is high in demand in santalinus were recorded in the transects (Image 1). Japan and China for its exquisite color to prepare luxury The enumerated trees are categorized into different furniture, carvings and for its superior acoustic qualities gbh classes to determine the population structure. in preparing musical instruments (Mulliken & Crofton Similarly, the population structure of adult trees and 2008). Owing to its high demand, the trees are logged regeneration plants was made using the mean frequency for the heartwood and billets of cleaned heartwood are values based on the abundance at 0.01 (10x100 scale). smuggled from even interior inaccessible forest areas. SPSS version 20 was used to calculate mean, standard This kind of exploitation is affecting recruitment, seed error and to draw bar diagrams. Kolmogorov-Smirnov output and age structure of the population. The aim of (K-S) goodness of fit test, contingency table and chi- the study is to generate baseline information about the square test were carried out based on Zar (1999). Linear density, regeneration and population structure in terms regression between gbh mid point ln (mi) and density of girth classes of the Red Sanders tree in relatively less of individuals in each gbh class ln (Ni+1) was done to disturbed protected area - Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife determine the recruitment status by analyzing the Sanctuary (SLWS) affected by natural fires, browsing and slope and regression coefficient. Horizontal spread of dead wood collection; which will be useful in monitoring canopy (D1) and vertical spread from the first joint of the and managing the target species in well protected as target tree (D2) were added (D1+D2) and a relation with well as in highly disturbed natural habitat of the target respect to tree height was analysed. species.
Study area RESULTS SLWS covers an area of about 15,135ha in the hill ranges of the southern Eastern Ghats, extending between A total of 878 Pterocarpus santalinus tree individuals 14.66–14.73 N & 78.900–78.983 E in Kadapa District (≥30cm gbh) were recorded in the four 1ha study plots. of Andhra Pradesh. The sanctuary area comprises dry The range of occurrence is 165–246 individuals per ha mixed deciduous forest type with Pterocarpus santalinus and 9–51 individuals per 0.01ha. The size class structure - Anogeissus latifolia - Hardwickia binata combination revealed that the majority of individuals are confined to of dominant trees exposed to grazing and annual lower gbh classes with 364 individuals (39.5%) in 30– fires (Champion & Seth 1968). The topography in the 50 cm gbh class and 420 individuals (45.6%) in 51–70 forested area comprises valleys and hills in the range cm gbh class totaling to 784 individuals (85.1%). The of 190–480 m with prominent quartzite outcrops. The higher 71–90 cm gbh class has 129 individuals (14%) soil is red ferruginous loam, shallow and nutrient poor. and only seven individuals are present in >90cm gbh The temperature is between 13–45 0C and the region class (Fig. 2). At 1ha scale the range of occurrence is receives around 696cm rainfall, annually. 33.5–49.6 % in 30–50 cm gbh class, 38.2% to 56.4% in 51–70 cm; 4.6–26.4 % in 71–90 cm and 1.2–2 % in >90cm gbh class. Figure 1 indicates that 30–50 cm is
10670 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2017 | 9(9): 10669–10674 Densffy, popufafon sfrucfure and regenerafon of Red Sanders Ankafafah ef af.
a b
LKM1 LKM2 NPK1 NPK2 Ffgure 1. Sfem densffy fn fncreasfng gfrfh cfasses of Red Sanders fn four 1ha sfudy areas.
c
Ffgure 2. Sfem densffy fn dfferenf gbh cfasses wffh error bars based on abundance af 0.01ha fn four 1ha sfudy areas.
fhe mosf represenfafve gbh cfass fn NPK1 and NPK2, whffe fn LKM1 and LKM2 fhe 51–70 cm gbh cfass has a hfgh number of frees. Sffe LKM1 has a hfgher number of frees fn 71–90 cm gbh cfass and as weff fn >90cm gbh cfass. Across fhe four sfudy sffes, fhe mean vafues of fhe frequency dfsfrfbufon, showed hfgh varfafon fn farger d gbh cfass 71–90 cm gbh cfass foffowed by 51–70 cm and Image 1. Pferocarpus sanfaffnus 30–50 cm gbh cfasses fn LKM1 (Ffg. 2). In LKM2 sffe a - seedffng; b - sapffng; c - Red Sanders free wffh pods; d - habff. © Chenchu Ankafafah & Thondafadfnne Masfan bofh 30-50cm and 51–70 cm gbh cfasses showed hfgh varfafons. In NPK1 sffe hfgh varfafon was observed fn
Journaf of Threafened Taxa | www.fhreafenedfaxa.org | 26 Sepfember 2017 | 9(9): 10669–10674 10671 Densffy, popufafon sfrucfure and regenerafon of Red Sanders Ankafafah ef af.
35 50.00 30
25 40.00 20
15 30.00
10
Percenfage of cuf sfems cuf of Percenfage 5 20.00 Mean frequency Mean 0 30–50 51–70 71–90 >90 10.00 Gbh cfass (cm) Ffgure 3. Represenfafon of cuf sfems of Red Sanders fn dfferenf gbh cfasses 0 Seedffngs Sapffngs Regenerafng frees Regenerafon Error bars: ±2 SE Ffgure 4. Densffy of seedffngs, sapffngs and regenerafng frees wffh error bars based on abundance af 0.01ha scafe 51–70 cm and confrasfngfy sffe NPK2 has hfgh varfafon fn 30–50 cm gbh cfass. The correfafon befween gbh mfdpofnfs and number of frees fn respecfve gbh cfasses sfems per ha was recorded fn fhe fofaf 4ha sfudy area. yfefded negafve sfopes (range of -1.2 fo -1.88) and fow Among fhem, fhe mosf soughf gbh cfass for foggfng was correfafon coefcfenf (r=0.35 fo 0.57) vafues. 51–70 cm (30.6%) foffowed by 71–90 (28%) and 30–50 The Kofmogorov-Smfrnov fesf K-S goodness of ff cm (21.2%) (Ffg. 3). Across fhe sfudy sffes, onfy fwo 2 fesf (λ 3,16, 0.05 P>0.05) dfd nof yfefd sfgnffcanf dfference frees wffh muffpfe sfems were cuf and fhe resf 191 fndfcafng fhaf fn aff fhe four sffes fhe majorffy of frees fogged frees were wffh sfngfe sfems. The average gbh occurred fn fower gbh cfass and wffhfn varfafon of of frees wffh fwo sfems (range 55.3–59.4 cm) fs sffghffy fhe frequency dfsfrfbufon fn dfferenf gbh cfasses fs greafer fhan fhe frees wffh >2 sfems (range 53.1–59 cm) greafer fhan befween sffes. When fhe regenerafng and afso fhan fhe frees wffh sfngfe sfems (range 46.3– free fndfvfduafs (10-30 cm gbh cfass) are consfdered, a 53.8 cm). If fndfcafes fhaf fhe foggers’ chofce fs frees range of 37–137 fndfvfduafs per ha was recorded (Ffg. wffh sfngfe sfems. A posffve refafonshfp was observed 2). A hfgh densffy among aff fhe gbh cfasses and as weff befween fhe varfabfe free hefghf and fhe canopy spread as hfgh varfafon was observed fn LKM1 and NPK1 sffes, among fhe frees wffh fwo sfems and frees wffh >2 whffe fn fhe ofher fwo sffes - LKM2 and NPK2 - a fesser sfems buf nof wffh sfngfe sfem frees. Thfs fndfcafes fhaf number of regenerafng pfanfs fhan fhe nexf hfgher gbh muffpfe sfem frees produce more horfzonfaf spread. cfass (30–50 cm) was observed (Ffgs. 1 & 2). Tree Feafures: muffpfe sfems, cuf sfems and free Regenerafon canopy spread. Regenerafon progressfon prevafenf fn fhe sfudy Muffpfe sfems: The characferfsfc coppfcfng abffffy fo sffes are seedffngs (range 279–369) >sapffngs (78–99) produce and survfve wffh muffpfe sfems of Red Sanders >regenerafng frees (49–77)
10672 Journaf of Threafened Taxa | www.fhreafenedfaxa.org | 26 Sepfember 2017 | 9(9): 10669–10674 Density, population structure and regeneration of Red Sanders Ankalaiah et al.
Chloroxylon swietenia, Terminalia alata. Differential and this may be the reason for its good representation tolerance levels towards factors like disturbance in the regeneration stages; as also referred by Kennard (Sagar et al. 2003) and seasonal drought conditions et al. (2002) about the importance of sprouting and the (Yadav & Gupta 2006) among trees will dictate their species-specific difference as a means of survival in the local dominance. The high range of abundance of Bolivian dry forests. A similar kind of sprouting from Red Sanders in these forests at 0.01ha and 1ha scales root bases was reported as one of the chief fire response supports that this species can tolerate and be successful strategies among the native dominant trees in Central in mild disturbance regimes caused by grazing, dry wood African Dry Forests (Otterstrom & Schwartz 2006). The collection, drought conditions and fire as Red Sanders gradual decrease of density of saplings and the restricted has the ability to produce sprouts from basal and root movement from 10–30 cm gbh class to the next gbh crowns after disturbance. Similar kind of dominance class of Red Sanders in these forests can be associated and regeneration was observed in Shorea robusta in Sal with its slow growth and the presence of suffrutex stage forests of Nepal (Sapkota et al. 2009) as also observed in Pterocarpus angolensis regeneration The size class population structure did not show profile in south African dry forests (Shackleton 2002). typical reverse ‘j’ shaped curve, which is unique of dry forests (Gonzalez-Rivas et al. 2006) reflecting the presence of selective logging. The low ratio of change CONCLUSION from 30–50 cm gbh class to 51–70 cm gbh indicates a stable population and the negative slopes and low Red Sanders is well represented in the regenerating values of correlation coefficient among the frequencies class and as well in growth phase gbh classes leading in different gbh classes indicate an ongoing recruitment. to high stem density in these dry forests suggesting But the absence and less number of trees in higher that this species is tolerant to mild disturbance levels. gbh class reflects the ongoing uncontrolled logging of The population structure reveals a decent level of mature adult trees. A comparable population structure recruitment and the static movement from 30–50 cm gbh was observed for Pterocarpus angolensis, which is also class to next gbh classes indicating a stable population. being harvested unsustainably for timber in Tanzanian The restricted movement from 10–30 cm gbh to next dry forests (Schwartz et al. 2002). The most sought gbh class suggests the presence of a suffrutex stage and gbh class (51–70 cm) for logging indicates that these slow growth. Abundance and high range of seedlings medium-sized trees are easier to fell with an axe and as manifests the occurrence of re-sprouting from roots well to carry away from the interiors of forest. This kind after the disturbance of annual fires. Owing to higher of exploitation of relatively younger trees and whole number of seedlings and saplings, Red Sanders can be range of large sized trees may affect the seed production depicted as early successional and shade intolerant tree. as only a few trees are found to produce fruits in a The high range of cut stems and trees with multiple stems season and fruit set is low for this species (Rao & Raju reflect the site specificity of logging practice. While the 2002). A drastic reduction of recruitment in forest areas low density of trees in higher gbh class and high level of under selective logging was observed in the populations cut stems in 51–70 cm gbh class (reproductively mature of Pterocarpus angolensis in Tanzanian dry forests (Caro trees) due to illegal logging practices may affect the fruit et al. 2005). Although this kind of tree harvest creates set, recruitment and overall population biology of the open canopy areas in dry forests which may trigger the species. In light of the growing demand and absence germination and growth of seedling banks, a higher level of Red Sanders trees in unprotected forest areas and of seedling mortality reported in dry forests is due to lack presence only in lower gbh class in reserve forests, of soil moisture and dry conditions in these open gap the exploitation of this endemic species in wild life areas (Khurana & Singh 2001) and germination and early sanctuaries with restricted biotic interferences has to be establishment in dry forests is favoured in shaded areas managed strictly. (Vierra & Scariot 2006). According to Shankar (2001) fair regeneration means seedlings>saplings>regenerating trees>adult trees. This kind of presence of higher REFERENCES density of seedlings than saplings and trees in all the four Ahmedullah, M. & M.P. Nayar (1984). Red Sanders tree (Pterocarpus study plots indicates that regeneration of Red Sanders sanatalinus L.f.) on the verge of depletion. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 26(1–2): 142–143. is good. A higher level of re-sprouting from roots after CAMP Workshops on Medicinal Plants, India (January 1997) fire was observed during the field work in the forests (1998). Pterocarpus santalinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
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http://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050393 Threatened Taxa
10674 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2017 | 9(9): 10669–10674
OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate atwww.threatenedtaxa.org . All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of articles in any medium, reproduction, and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) September 2017 | Vol. 9 | No. 9 | Pages: 10633–10740 Date of Publication: 26 September 2017 (Online & Print) DOI: 10.11609/jott.2017.9.9.10633-10740 www.threatenedtaxa.org
Articles Avifaunal diversity in the scrub forest of Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India The ecology of Harwood’s Francolin Pternistis harwoodi -- Sumant Mali, Chelmala Srinivasulu & Asad R. Rahmani, (Aves: Galliformes: Phasianidae) at Merhabete District, Pp. 10679–10691 central highlands of Ethiopia: implications for conservation -- Abadi Mehari Abrha & Habtu Kiros Nigus, Pp. 10633–10641 A second record of the Eastern Spadefoot Toad (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae: Leptobrachium bompu Effects of the invasive Tilapia on the Common Spiny Loach Sondhi & Ohler, 2011) with a note on its morphological (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae: Lepidocephalichthys thermalis) - variations and natural history implications for conservation -- Bhaskar Saikia, Bikramjit Sinha & Ilona J. Kharkongor, -- Sandip D. Tapkir, Sanjay S. Kharat, Pradeep Kumkar & Pp. 10692–10696 Sachin M. Gosavi, Pp. 10642–10648 Spiders of Gujarat: a preliminary checklist -- Archana Yadav, Reshma Solanki, Manju Siliwal & Dolly Kumar, Communications Pp. 10697–10716
Distribution and habitat use of the endangered Dhole An ethnomycological survey of Jaunsar, Chakrata, Dehradun, Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) (Mammalia: Canidae) in India Jigme Dorji National Park, western Bhutan -- Manoj Kumar, N.S.K. Harsh, Rajendra Prasad & -- Chhimi Namgyal & Phuntsho Thinley, Pp. 10649–10655 Vijay Vardhan Pandey, Pp. 10717–10725
Winter food habits of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in Patna Bird Sanctuary, Notes Uttar Pradesh, India -- Khursid A. Khan, Jamal A. Khan & Narendra Mohan, Pp. 10656– First record of Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin Cercotrichas galactotes 10661 (Aves: Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) from Jammu & Kashmir, India On the poorly-known White-spotted SkinkLygosoma -- Neeraj Sharma, Pp. 10726–10728 albopunctatum (Gray, 1846) (Reptilia: Scincidae) with further topotypical records and notes on the type locality Sightings of the Great White PelicanPelecanus onocrotalus -- S.R. Ganesh, Pp. 10662–10668 (Linn. 1758) (Aves: Pelicaniformes: Pelicanidae) in Pallikaranai Marshlands, Tamil Nadu, India A study on the density, population structure and regeneration -- Kannan Thirunaranan, Samidurai Jayakumar, Sankaranathan of Red Sanders Pterocarpus santalinus (Fabales: Fabaceae) Sivaraman & Santhanakrishnan Babu, Pp. 10729–10732 in a protected natural habitat - Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh, India A note on three interesting Heteroptera from Kolhapur, -- Chenchu Ankalaiah, Thondaladinne Mastan & Maharashtra, India Mullangi Sridhar Reddy, Pp. 10669–10674 -- S.M. Gaikwad, Y.J. Koli & G.P. Bhawane, Pp. 10733–10737
Short Communications Response & Reply
First record and genetic affiliation of the Balkan Snow Vole Response to article on Adventitious rooting of mature Cycas Dinaromys bogdanovi (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in Albania micronesica -- Ivan Stolarik & Daniel Jablonski, Pp. 10675–10678 -- S. Suresh Ramanan, P. 10738
Best protocols for cycad propagation require more research -- Thomas Edward Marler & Gil Naputi Cruz, Pp. 10738–10740
Threatened Taxa