DOCSLIB.ORG

Finally Corrected Botanical Survey of India SJP Layout.Pmd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Finally Corrected Botanical Survey of India SJP Layout.Pmd Pharmacognosy of Negative Listed Plants Botanical Survey of India Ministry of Environment and Forests FOREWORD Pharmacognosy, an ancient branch of herbal science, stretched its horizon to be all inclusive of all facets of medicinal plants research. It is well known fact that many of the medicinal plants which possess very effective therapeutic properties have become threatened in the wild, either due to over exploitation or due to loss of habitats as a whole. Such plants have been placed under Negative list of Exports, so as to regulate their trade on one hand and to check unplanned and illegal exploitation from wild sources on the other. Botanical knowledge of the Negative listed plants is necessary to identify them in their crude form when they are illegally traded, exported or smuggled. The present illustrative manual provides information on twenty one Negative listed plants on various pharmacognostic parameters that comprise morphology, organoleptic study, anatomy, scanning electron microscopy, powder microscopy and fluorescence analysis. Dr. A.B.D. Selvam has put in serious efforts to prepare this manual with detailed descriptions and quality microphotographs for all the twenty one species. The epigrammatic diagnostic characters of these species have been provided in a tabular form at the end of this manual, which can be used as ready referance for identification of the enlisted species either in their fresh or dried form. Further, a glossary of botanical and therapeutic terms have also been furnished, which would facilitate quick and easy understanding of the subject especially for those who are not familiar with the terms. This manual is the first attempt of the Botanical Survey to bring out such a publication that has a direct relevance in confirming the correct botanical identity of twenty one Negative listed plants thereby arming the customs officials, crude drug dealers/traders and other concerned stake holders with the needed scientific information to see that these plants don’t pass through various Indian ports under different trade names/dubious names. Kolkata Paramjit Singh Date : 30th Nov. 2012 Pharmacognosy of Negative Listed Plants 171 15. Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. The genus Pterocarpus belongs to the family Papilionaceae, which comprises of about 15 species worldwide and are widely distributed in the Tropics, of which 5 species occur in India. Pterocarpus santalinus is one of the most valuable plant species found in Southern parts of India. Owing to the reddish colour of the heartwood of this plant, it is popularly known as ‘Red sandalwood’. It is otherwise known as ‘Red Sanders’ in trade. Naturally, this plant species is occurring in the tropical dry deciduous forest. However, considering its usefulness and demand in the market, it is described under a separate forest sub-type ‘The Red sanders forest’. This plant is referred to as ‘the pride of Eastern Ghats’. Since the plant species is resistant to drought, it is considered as an excellent species for planting in hot and dry areas of South India (Sanjappa, 1992; Verma et. al., 1993; Pullaiah and Chennaiah, 1997; Prasad & Reshmi, 2003). The heartwood of this plant is heavily impregnated with red dye called ‘santalin’, for which it is valued. It is immune to white ants and other insects and does not require antiseptic treatment. This tree is earning maximum foreign exchange to Andhra Pradesh State government (Anonymous, 1969; Naidu and Mastan, 2001). Etymology: The generic name ‘Pterocarpus’ is derived from the Greek root words, ‘pteron’ means a wing and ‘karpos’ means a fruit, referring to the winged pot or feathery fruits. The specific epithet ‘santalinus’ is derived from noun base ‘Sandal’ and Latin adjectival suffix ‘inus’ means like, which hints that this plant is possessing the characteristics of or resembling to that of Sandal or Sandalwood (Stearn, 1983). Botanical Synonyms: Ligonium santalinum (L.f.) O. Kuntze Trade names: English - Red Sanders; Hindi - Lal-chandan; Sanskrit - Rakta-chandana; Tamil - Sivappu-chandanam; Arabic - Sandal-e- Ahmar; Telugu - Yerra-chandanamu. Distribution: This plant occurs as an endemic species in the hills of Cuddapah, Kurnool, Chittoor, Nellore and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh and sporadically occurring in some pockets of adjoining states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka at an altitude range of 200 – 900 m (Pullaiah and Chennaiah, 1997). 172 Botanical Survey of India Habit and habitat: A tall deciduous tree; it grows typically on dry, hilly, often rocky ground and is occasionally found growing on precipitous hillsides. It cannot withstand water logging. Phenology: Flowering period from April to July; fruiting period from September to February. Botanical description: Tree, attains a height of 12 m; branchlets glabrous; bark deeply cleft, brownish black. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely 4 or 5, leaflets ovate-orbicular or oblong, 4.0 – 8.5 x 3.5– 8.0 cm, base obtuse-subcordate, apex emarginated, margin entire. Inflorescence axillary or terminal raceme or panicle. Fruits are pods, orbicular, compressed, narrowly winged along margins, ca. 5 x 4.5 cm. Seed 1, reddish brown (Plate - 62, figures A – C). Field characters: A moderate-sized deciduous tree, bark blackish- brown, deeply cleft into rectangular or square shaped plates (cork cells); bark resembles to that of crocodile’s skin in appearance. Leaflets usually 3, rarely 4 or 5, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, slightly emarginated, surface glossy. Flowers yellow; pod round with a broad wing. The tree is leafless during January – March. The heartwood of this plant naturally bright orange brown or dark red in colour; upon exposure to air, it turns into very dark brown or black colour. The heartwood is quite heavy and sinks in water (Dutt, 1928; Neginhal, 2004; Sarin, 2008). Plant part used: Heartwood, used in Siddha, Ayurveda, Unani, Tibetian and folk medicines. Medicinal properties and uses: The heartwood of P. santalinus is considered as cooling, astringent, antipyretic, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic in action. It is employed in drug formulations used in the treatment of dysentery, bilious affections and diseases of blood. The wood paste is externally applied to cure skin inflammation, headache, fever, scorpion sting, skin diseases and to strengthen eyesight. It has remarkable property of healing pimples, scars, boils, wounds, burnt marks, black spots, eczema and other blemishes of skin. It can make the skin smooth and attractive. A red chemical substance, Santalin present in the heartwood of this plant is used as a dyeing/staining agent. In European medicine, it is used as a colouring agent. It is well known ingredient of French polish (Dutt, 1928; Dey, 1980; Ahmed & Nayar, 1984; Anonymous, 1992; Prasad & Reshmi, 2003; Sheth, 2005; Sarin, 2008). Pharmacognosy of Negative Listed Plants 173 Substitutes and adulterants: Heartwood of Adenanthera pavonina Willd. (Family: Mimosaceae) known as ‘Ranjana’ and ‘Raktakambal’ in West Bengal and ‘Bari Gumchi’ in the Northern parts of India, is often sold as a substitute for Red sanders. Artificially coloured wood shavings and saw dusts of some other trees is also sold in the market as cheap substitutes (Sarin, 2008). Trade details: It is traded illegally in local, regional, national and global markets. The collection of the heartwood of this plant from forests is restricted and is regulated by the forest department. The bulk raw material (heartwood) available in the market is supplied by Andhra Pradesh Forest Department. Supply of smaller amount of this raw material is now obtained from cultivated sources (Sarin, 2008). Major threats: Illegal felling of trees for trade. Current status: This plant species is ranked ‘critically endangered’ due to its restricted natural distribution and depleted population (Sarin, 2008). Conservation and cultivation details: Natural regeneration takes places through seeds. Seeds regenerate satisfactorily under favourable conditions such as loose soil, enough moisture, free from forest fire and animal grazing. For artificial regeneration, one-year old seeds are used. Dry pods (seeds) are collected from the trees and are dried in the sunlight for about 3 days, stored in bamboo baskets or in gunny bags, it can retain viability for 8 to 12 months. To increase germinative capacity, seeds can be pre-treated by soaking them in ordinary cold water for 3 days or immersed in cow dung slurry for 48 hours before sowing. This plant can be raised by direct sowing, in nursery beds, or by stumps. Stump planting gives highest percentage of results. Two-year old seedlings give best results when transferred to the field. It is a highly shade intolerant plant species, it requires plenty of sunlight for proper growth. Large-scale plantations of this tree species have been established in recent years in Andhra Pradesh (Prasad & Reshmi, 2003). Pharmacognostic studies The macroscopic, microscopic, powder, organoleptic characters and fluorescence properties of the heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus have already been studied (Youngken, 1948; Rao & Purkayastha, 1972; Anonymous, 2001; Billore et. al., 2005; Sarin, 2008). Meanwhile, data available on the macroscopic, powder, organoleptic characters and 174 Botanical Survey of India fluorescence properties of the heartwood of P. santalinus is fragmentary, which requires a detailed study. Further, maceration and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) studies have not been carried out so far. Hence, to reconfirm the available data and to provide a consolidated data on the heartwood of this plant, all the above-mentioned parameters have been worked out in the present study. The structural and qualitative data observed in the present study have been furnished below in detail with illustrations, which will be useful in the identification of the heartwood of P. santalinus in its crude form. A) Exomorphic and Organoleptic features The scattered information available on the exomorphic (macro morphological) features and organoleptic characters of the heartwood of P. santalinus were collected and reviewed (Dey, 1980; Shiva et. al., 2002; Khare, 2004; Sarin, 2008). They are furnished in a tabular form along with the personal observations (Table - 29; Plate - 62, figure D).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Monocyclic Phenolic Acids; Hydroxy- and Polyhydroxybenzoic Acids: Occurrence and Recent Bioactivity Studies
    Molecules 2010, 15, 7985-8005; doi:10.3390/molecules15117985 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review Monocyclic Phenolic Acids; Hydroxy- and Polyhydroxybenzoic Acids: Occurrence and Recent Bioactivity Studies Shahriar Khadem * and Robin J. Marles Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 2936 Baseline Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-613-954-7526; Fax: +1-613-954-1617. Received: 19 October 2010; in revised form: 3 November 2010 / Accepted: 4 November 2010 / Published: 8 November 2010 Abstract: Among the wide diversity of naturally occurring phenolic acids, at least 30 hydroxy- and polyhydroxybenzoic acids have been reported in the last 10 years to have biological activities. The chemical structures, natural occurrence throughout the plant, algal, bacterial, fungal and animal kingdoms, and recently described bioactivities of these phenolic and polyphenolic acids are reviewed to illustrate their wide distribution, biological and ecological importance, and potential as new leads for the development of pharmaceutical and agricultural products to improve human health and nutrition. Keywords: polyphenols; phenolic acids; hydroxybenzoic acids; natural occurrence; bioactivities 1. Introduction Phenolic compounds exist in most plant tissues as secondary metabolites, i.e. they are not essential for growth, development or reproduction but may play roles as antioxidants and in interactions between the plant and its biological environment. Phenolics are also important components of the human diet due to their potential antioxidant activity [1], their capacity to diminish oxidative stress- induced tissue damage resulted from chronic diseases [2], and their potentially important properties such as anticancer activities [3-5].
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Investigation of the Bark of Adenanthera Pavonina Linn Arzumand Ara, Md
    Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 10(1), 2012, 98-103 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BARK OF ADENANTHERA PAVONINA LINN ARZUMAND ARA, MD. ABUL HASHEM* and TANVIR MUSLIMa Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, DHAKA – 1342, BANGLADESH aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, DHAKA – 1000, BANGLADESH ABSTRACT The chemical investigation of the bark of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. have been found to contain the reducing sugar (1.01%) as glucose. The percentages of various amino acids present in the crude protein (5.25%) were found to be aspartic acid (0.10%), threonine (0.24%), serine (0.08%), glutamic acid (0.52%), glycine (0.09%), alanine (0.07%), valine (0.10%), methionine (0.13%), isoleucine (0.06%), tyrosine (0.27%), histidine (0.11%), lysine (0.88%) and arginine (0.25%). The fatty acid composition were found to be lauric (5.23%), palmitic (38.16%), oleic acid (6.29%) and stearic acid (8.93%). Key words: Adenanthera pavonina Linn, Reducing sugar, Amino acids, Fatty Acids. INTRODUCTION The plant Adenanthera pavonina Linn. (Bengali Rakta Kambal) belongs to the family Leguminosae and is an important medicinal plant widely distributed in the Asian and African countries1. As an indigenous plant it is grown and cultivated mostly in the south- eastern region of Bangladesh2. Decoction of the seeds is used in pulmonary affections and externally applied in chronic ophthalmia. The seeds of the plant are used for the treatment of boils and inflammations2,3. Methanolic extract of the seeds and roots showed blood pressure lowering effect2,4. The leaves and the barks of the plant are used as a remedy for chronic rheumatism, gout, haematuria, haematemesis and diarrhoea1-3.
    [Show full text]
  • Exempted Trees List
    Prohibited Plants List The following plants should not be planted within the City of North Miami. They do not require a Tree Removal Permit to remove. City of North Miami, 2017 Comprehensive List of Exempted Species Pg. 1/4 Scientific Name Common Name Abrus precatorius Rosary pea Acacia auriculiformis Earleaf acacia Adenanthera pavonina Red beadtree, red sandalwood Aibezzia lebbek woman's tongue Albizia lebbeck Woman's tongue, lebbeck tree, siris tree Antigonon leptopus Coral vine, queen's jewels Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island pine Ardisia crenata Scratchthroat, coral ardisia Ardisia elliptica Shoebutton, shoebutton ardisia Bauhinia purpurea orchid tree; Butterfly Tree; Mountain Ebony Bauhinia variegate orchid tree; Mountain Ebony; Buddhist Bauhinia Bischofia javanica bishop wood Brassia actino-phylla schefflera Calophyllum antillanum =C inophyllum Casuarina equisetifolia Australian pine Casuarina spp. Australian pine, sheoak, beefwood Catharanthus roseus Madagascar periwinkle, Rose Periwinkle; Old Maid; Cape Periwinkle Cestrum diurnum Dayflowering jessamine, day blooming jasmine, day jessamine Cinnamomum camphora Camphortree, camphor tree Colubrina asiatica Asian nakedwood, leatherleaf, latherleaf Cupaniopsis anacardioides Carrotwood Dalbergia sissoo Indian rosewood, sissoo Dioscorea alata White yam, winged yam Pg. 2/4 Comprehensive List of Exempted Species Scientific Name Common Name Dioscorea bulbifera Air potato, bitter yam, potato vine Eichhornia crassipes Common water-hyacinth, water-hyacinth Epipremnum pinnatum pothos; Taro
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews
    Kumar B. Sunil et al., IJSRR 2018, 7(3), 1968-1972 Review article Available online www.ijsrr.org ISSN: 2279–0543 International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews The Rapeutic Properties of Red Sandal Wood- A Review * ** Kumar B. Sunil , Kumar T. Ganesh * Faculty & Head, Department of Botany, CSSR&SRRM Degree & PG College, Kamalapuram,YSR Kadapa Dist. A.P., Mobile: 8374790219, Email: [email protected] ** Faculty & Head, Department of Chemistry, CSSR&SRRM Degree & PG College, Kamalapuram,YSR Kadapa Dist. A.P., Mobile: 9000724247, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Pterocarpus santalinus, also known as „red sanders ‟ or „red sandalwood‟ is a highly valuable forest legume tree. It is locally known as „Rakta Chandan‟. This species occurs utterly in a well- defined forest area of Andhra Pradesh in Southern India. Now included in red list of endangered plants under IUCN guidelines. It contains many other compounds that have medicinal properties. Since the beginning of civilization in sub-continent, this plant is widely used in „Ayurved‟ in India. In recent years different studies showed the antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts, stem bark extracts‟ from this plant. This review paper discusses the therapeutic properties of Red sandal wood. KEYWORDS: Red sandal wood, antimicrobial activity, anti-ageing agent. *Corresponding author B. Sunil Kumar Faculty & Head, Department of Botany, CSSR&SRRM Degree & PG College, Kamalapuram,YSR Kadapa Dist. A.P., Mobile: 8374790219, Email: [email protected] IJSRR, 7(3) July – Sep., 2018 Page 1968 Kumar B. Sunil et al., IJSRR 2018, 7(3), 1968-1972 INTRODUCTION Red Sandalwood is a species of Pterocarpus native to India.
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary List of the Vascular Plants and Wildlife at the Village Of
    A Floristic Evaluation of the Natural Plant Communities and Grounds Occurring at The Key West Botanical Garden, Stock Island, Monroe County, Florida Steven W. Woodmansee [email protected] January 20, 2006 Submitted by The Institute for Regional Conservation 22601 S.W. 152 Avenue, Miami, Florida 33170 George D. Gann, Executive Director Submitted to CarolAnn Sharkey Key West Botanical Garden 5210 College Road Key West, Florida 33040 and Kate Marks Heritage Preservation 1012 14th Street, NW, Suite 1200 Washington DC 20005 Introduction The Key West Botanical Garden (KWBG) is located at 5210 College Road on Stock Island, Monroe County, Florida. It is a 7.5 acre conservation area, owned by the City of Key West. The KWBG requested that The Institute for Regional Conservation (IRC) conduct a floristic evaluation of its natural areas and grounds and to provide recommendations. Study Design On August 9-10, 2005 an inventory of all vascular plants was conducted at the KWBG. All areas of the KWBG were visited, including the newly acquired property to the south. Special attention was paid toward the remnant natural habitats. A preliminary plant list was established. Plant taxonomy generally follows Wunderlin (1998) and Bailey et al. (1976). Results Five distinct habitats were recorded for the KWBG. Two of which are human altered and are artificial being classified as developed upland and modified wetland. In addition, three natural habitats are found at the KWBG. They are coastal berm (here termed buttonwood hammock), rockland hammock, and tidal swamp habitats. Developed and Modified Habitats Garden and Developed Upland Areas The developed upland portions include the maintained garden areas as well as the cleared parking areas, building edges, and paths.
    [Show full text]
  • Precious Woods Background Paper 1
    Chatham House Workshop: Tackling the Trade in Illegal Precious Woods 23-24 April 2012 Background Paper 1: Precious Woods: Exploitation of the Finest Timber Prepared by TRAFFIC Authors: Section 1: Anna Jenkins, Neil Bridgland, Rachel Hembery & Ulrich Malessa Section 2: James Hewitt, Ulrich Malessa & Chen Hin Keong This review was commissioned from TRAFFIC by The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London UK. TRAFFIC supervised the elaboration of the review with support of Ethical Change Ltd, Llanidloes UK. The review was developed as one of three studies to explore the social and ecological impacts of trade, related exporting and importing country regulations as well as to develop recommendations to reduce the negative impacts of trade in precious woods species. Contact details of lead authors and supervisor: Section 1 & Appendices Anna Jenkins Ethical Change Ltd Tryfan, Llanidloes, SY18 6HU, Wales, UK [email protected] Section 2 James Hewitt [email protected] Section 1 & 2 (technical supervisor) Ulrich Malessa TRAFFIC WWF US 1250 24 th ST NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA [email protected] 2 Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Section 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Toxicity: Symptoms, Species, and Solutions by Andi Wolfe
    Wood Toxicity: Symptoms, Species, and Solutions By Andi Wolfe Ohio State University, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from the Wood Database (http://www.wood-database.com). A good reference book about wood toxicity is “Woods Injurious to Human Health – A Manual” by Björn Hausen (1981) ISBN 3-11-008485-6. Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article. Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Fabaceae Central Africa, African Blackwood Dalbergia melanoxylon Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Southern Africa Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya anthotheca (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya grandifoliola (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya ivorensis (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya senegalensis (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Fabaceae African Mesquite Prosopis africana Tropical Africa Irritant Skin (Legume Family) African Padauk, Fabaceae Central and Tropical Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Pterocarpus soyauxii Skin, Eyes, Lungs Vermillion (Legume Family)
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activity of Adenanthera Pavonina Leaves
    Mathew George et al / International Journal of Pharmacological Research 2017; 7(06): 120-122. 120 International Journal of Pharmacological Research ISSN: 2277-3312 (Online) Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.7439/ijpr Review Article A Review on Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial activity of Adenanthera pavonina leaves Mathew George*, Lincy Joseph* and Arun V Venugopal Pushpagiri College of Pharmacy, Medicity Campus, Perumthuruthy P.O, Thiruvalla, Kerala 689107 India *Correspondence Info: QR Code Mathew George Pushpagiri College of Pharmacy, Medicity Campus, Perumthuruthy P.O, Thiruvalla, Kerala 689107 India *Article History: Received: 06/06/2017 Revised: 11/06/2017 Accepted: 11/06/2017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7439/ijpr.v7i6.4212 Abstract Plants have been used for health care and medical purposes for years. The number of higher plant species on earth is about 250000. It is estimated that 35000 to 70000 species have, at one time or another, been used in some cultures for medicinal purposes. One of these is Adenanthera pavonina which is traditionally used. It also exhibit activity like antidiabetic, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, antifungal, antioxidant, anthelmintic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, depressant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanolic extract of leaves show anti-inflammatory activity and pavonin a five membered lactone ring was isolated from leaves. The purpose of my review is to carry out future work for higher studies. Keywords: Adenanthera pavonina, Antidiarrhoeal Activity, Anti-inflammatory Activity, Antibacterial Activity. 1. Introduction Adenanthera pavonina is prereninal and non Synonyms : Adenanthera gersenii, Adenanthera climbing species of leguminous tree. It includes food and polita. drink. This tree is useful for nitrogen fixation. The raw seed Common : Raktakanchan, Red Sandalwood, Coral- are toxic, but may be eaten, when cooked.
    [Show full text]
  • Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project Monitoring & Implementation Report Cover Page
    MONITORING & IMPLEMENTATION REPORT VCS Version 3, CCB Standards Second Edition KATINGAN PEATLAND RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION PROJECT MONITORING & IMPLEMENTATION REPORT COVER PAGE i. Project name: The Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project (The Katingan Project) ii. Project location (Country, Sub-national jurisdiction(s)) Mendawai, Kamipang, Seranau and Pulau Hanaut sub-districts of Katingan and Kotawaringin Timur districts, Central Kalimantan, Republic of Indonesia iii. Project proponent (organization and contact name with the email address and telephone number) Organization: PT. Rimba Makmur Utama (PT. RMU) Contact name: Dharsono Hartono, Director Email: [email protected] Phone: +62 (0)21-2358-4777 Mobile: +62 (0)816-976-294 iv. Auditor (organization and contact name with the email address and telephone number) Organization: SCS Global Services Contact name: Christie Pollet-Young, Program Director Email: [email protected] Phone: (510) 452-9093 v. Project start date, GHG accounting period and lifetime Project start date: November 1, 2010 GHG accounting period: November 1, 2010 to October 31, 2070 (60 years) Project lifetime: November 1, 2010 to October 31, 2070 (60 years) vi. The project implementation period covered by the PIR (Monitoring and Implementation Report) November 1, 2010 to October 31, 2015 vii. History of CCB Status including issuance date(s) of earlier Validation/Verification Statements etc. The Katingan Project is concurrently completing the CCB Validation. The project completed validation against the Verified Carbon Standard on May 11, 2016. v3.0 1 MONITORING & IMPLEMENTATION REPORT VCS Version 3, CCB Standards Second Edition viii. The edition of the CCB Standards being used for this verification CCB Standards Third Edition ix.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 7: Species Changing IUCN Red List Status (2020-2021)
    IUCN Red List version 2021-1: Table 7 Last Updated: 25 March 2021 Table 7: Species changing IUCN Red List Status (2020-2021) Published listings of a species' status may change for a variety of reasons (genuine improvement or deterioration in status; new information being available that was not known at the time of the previous assessment; taxonomic changes; corrections to mistakes made in previous assessments, etc. To help Red List users interpret the changes between the Red List updates, a summary of species that have changed category between 2020 (IUCN Red List version 2020-3) and 2021 (IUCN Red List version 2021-1) and the reasons for these changes is provided in the table below. IUCN Red List Categories: EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild, CR - Critically Endangered [CR(PE) - Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), CR(PEW) - Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct in the Wild)], EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, LR/cd - Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT - Near Threatened (includes LR/nt - Lower Risk/near threatened), DD - Data Deficient, LC - Least Concern (includes LR/lc - Lower Risk, least concern). Reasons for change: G - Genuine status change (genuine improvement or deterioration in the species' status); N - Non-genuine status change (i.e., status changes due to new information, improved knowledge of the criteria, incorrect data used previously, taxonomic revision, etc.); E - Previous listing was an Error. IUCN Red List IUCN Red Reason for Red List Scientific name Common name (2020) List (2021) change version Category
    [Show full text]
  • Phytoconstituents of Adenanthera Pavonina Linn from the Bark Extracts Arzumand Ara1, Md
    Ara et al. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Beni-Suef University Journal of (2019) 8:20 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-019-0013-0 Basic and Applied Sciences RESEARCH Open Access Phytoconstituents of Adenanthera pavonina Linn from the bark extracts Arzumand Ara1, Md. Moshfekus Saleh-E-In1* , Md. Abul Hashem1, Mesbahuddin Ahmad1 and Choudhury Mahmood Hasan2 Abstract Background: Adenanthera pavonina L. is an important medicinal plant and its barks are used in traditional medicine for treating different diseases. Therefore, a phytochemical investigation was carried out to isolate and identify secondary metabolites from its barks. Results: Seven compounds namely ethyl 3,3-dimethyl-13-hydroxytridecanoate (1), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol (2), tert.butyl tridecanoate (3), 6-α-hydroxy stigmast-20(21)-en-3-one (4) of dichloromethane extract and 18-(2′,3′- dihydroxyphenyl)nonadec-17-en-2-ol (5), 1-(N-propyl amino)-2-henecosanone (6), and stigmast–5(6), 20(21)-diene-3- one (7) were isolated from the barks of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. Of these compounds, 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 appear new. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, mainly by NMR. Conclusions: Five new and two known compounds have been isolated and characterized from the bark of A. pavonina. The isolated compounds could be a potential template for the synthesis and development of new lead compounds with interesting pharmacological properties. Keywords: Adenanthera pavonina , Bark, Dichloromethane extract, Ethyl acetate extract, Chromatography 1 Background stigmasterol glucosides, oleanolic acid, echinocystic acid, Adenanthera pavonina L (Bengali: Rakta kambal) is an and sapogenins from the leaves and seeds of the plant [6, erect medium-sized tree (6–15 m tall and up to 45-cm 14–19].
    [Show full text]
  • PC17 Doc. 8.4
    PC17 Doc. 8.4 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________ Seventeenth meeting of the Plants Committee Geneva (Switzerland), 15-19 April 2007 Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species SPECIES SELECTED FOLLOWING COP13 1. This document has been prepared by the Secretariat. Background 2. At its 15th meeting (PC15, Geneva, May 2005), the Plants Committee agreed that, under the terms of paragraph b) of Resolution Conf 12.8 (Rev. CoP13), a review should be undertaken of trade in Aloe ferox, Christensonia vietnamica, Euphorbia candelabrum, Euphorbia stellata, Myrmecophila tibicinis, Nardostachys grandiflora, Pachypodium bispinosum, Pachypodium succulentum, Pterocarpus santalinus, Rauvolfia serpentina and Taxus wallichiana. 3. The Secretariat notified the range States of the selected species, explained the reason for this selection and requested comments regarding possible problems with the implementation of Article IV of the Convention. At PC16 (Lima, July 2006), the Committee reviewed the available information according to paragraph f) of Resolution Conf. 12.8 (Rev. CoP13) and decided to eliminate Aloe ferox, Euphorbia candelabrum, Euphorbia stellata and Nardostachys grandiflora from the review (see PC16 WG1 Doc. 1). 4. IUCN - The World Conservation Union was engaged to compile information about the biology and management of and trade in Christensonia vietnamica, Myrmecophila tibicinis, Pachypodium bispinosum, Pachypodium succulentum, Pterocarpus santalinus, Rauvolfia serpentina and Taxus wallichiana, and to provide a preliminary categorization of these species in compliance with paragraphs h) and i) of Resolution Conf. 12.8 (Rev. CoP13). 5. The Secretariat transmitted the resulting reports to the range States, which had 60 days to submit comments, as set in Resolution Conf.
    [Show full text]