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The Communists' Takeover of Poland

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The Communists’ Takeover of Poland The Communists’ Takeover of Poland Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) The Communists’ Takeover of Poland Bolesław Bierut decorang the udarniks on the reconstructed Poniatowski Bridge in Warsaw Source: Bolesław Bierut dekorujący przodowników pracy na odbudowanym moście Poniatowskiego w Warszawie, 1946, domena publiczna. Link to the lesson You will learn why did Poland find itself in the Soviet sphere of influence; how did the Communists take over all aspects of life after the war; what were the most important organizations of the independence underground; how did the Communist authorities fight against the resistance; what political, economic and social changes transpired in post‐war Poland. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu Due to the agreements of the Big Three, Poland found itself in the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence. Her borders and territory changed; in the West, her border was made up of the Oder and Lusatian Neisse, and in the East, it was demarcated by the Curzon Line. Poland acquired territories formerly belonging to Germany, commonly called the Recovered Territories. As stipulated at the Conference of Potsdam, the Germans living there were expelled and replaced with the repatriated Poles from the Kresy, who were forced to leave their homes. Poles from other regions came as well, counting on the improvement of their living conditions. The Provisional Government of National Unity, created in June 1945 and controlled by the Communists, began implementing changes that quickly led to them taking control of the country and its society. Reforms following the Soviet model were introduced, changes to the economy were started (economic plans, the battle for trade), and the fight against the armed underground and opposition, represented by the Polish People’s Party (PSL) and Stanisław Mikołajczyk (a PSL member, and a Deputy Prime Minister in the TRJN). Mass indoctrination and propaganda were conducted. The Communists’ main task was that of preparing elections that would sanction their authority. However, they needed time. Thus, they first conducted the referendum of June 1946, asking the citizens whether they wished to abolish the Senate, to introduce agrarian reform, and to affirm the Western border. According to the official data falsified by the authorities, the vast majority of people answered “yes” (3xTAK) to all of the questions. Notwithstanding the rigging and threats to political opponents, the opposition believed that it would still be possible to conduct a free parliamentary election, with the Western powers as the guarantors of its legitimacy. This, however, did not happen. The Communists fully controlled the elections, terrorized their political opponents, and rigged the results; this caused the authorities’ Democratic Bloc to receive 80% of votes. The people counted on the Western powers to react, but it merely amounted to expressions of disapproval. The elections caused the Communists to take full power. 1948’s “Small Constitution”, the election of Bolesław Bierut as President, and, above all, the creation of the Communist monoparty – the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) merely affirmed this state of affairs. As early as 1944, a large part of the underground circles began their armed response against the Sovietization of society. The biggest organizations to take part in this were the National Armed Forces and the Freedom and Independence association. They aimed to fight for the freedom of Poland, the departure of the Soviet military, and the return of the Eastern border as it was before the war. Their members are called the cursed soldiers. However, by the end of 1949, most of them were defeated by the forces of the Polish People’s Republic and the USSR. Task 1 Remind what poron of the society of the Second Polish Republic were Poles. Reselement aer the Second World War in the Polish lands Source: Krysan Chariza i zespół, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY 3.0. Task 2 Source: Archiwum IPN, Laski Diffusion /East News, Wikipedia (tablice agitujące przed ludowym referendum z 1946 r., które zostało sfałszowane), domena publiczna. Task 3 Explain the propaganda message of the poster. Who is its author – communists or PSL? Propaganda poster Source: a. nn., domena publiczna. Exercise 1 Match the terms with their definions. a collecve cancellaon or aentuaon of the sentence for crimes, a civillian and armed resistance movement against the Communist authories and the dominance od the USSR, literally, the return to one’s homeland; the reselement of a country’s cizens who, due to changes to the borders or war operaons, found themselves outside of its territory, the forced deportaon from one’s place of living. It is oen associated with changes to the borders due to conflicts, a term used to refer to Poland’s Eastern territories during the Interbellum, which presently constute parts of Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania, an expression commonly used to refer to the an-Communist, pro-independece underground (parsans) that opposed the soviezaon of Poland and the dominance of Communists in the social and polical life of the country aer World War II, the Polish economic policy of 1947-1949 aiming to eliminate the private sector, an expression used in the Polish People’s Republic to describe the former German territories acquired due to the agreements of the Potsdam Conference Recovered Territories Expulsion Kresy Repatriaon Independence underground Amnesty Cursed soldiers Bale for trade Keywords Recovered Territories, expulsion, Kresy, repatriation, amnesty, cursed soldiers Glossary Recovered Territories Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Recovered Territories Ziemie Odzyskane – określenie używane w okresie Polski Ludowej na przedwojenne ziemie niemieckie przyznane na mocy postanowień z Poczdamu Polsce. Expulsion Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Expulsion Wysiedlenie – przymusowy nakaz opuszczenia miejsca zamieszkania. Często jest związany ze zmianami granic w wyniku konfliktów. Kresy Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Kresy Kresy Wschodnie – określenie wschodnich terenów Rzeczypospolitej w okresie międzywojennym, stanowiących dzisiaj ziemie należące do Ukrainy, Białorusi i Litwy. Repatriaon Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Repatriation Repatriacja – dosłownie powrót do ojczyzny; przesiedlanie do kraju obywateli, którzy na skutek zmiany granic lub działań wojennych znaleźli się poza jego terytorium. W Polsce Ludowej używano także określenia „repatrianci” w kontekście mieszkańców Kresów Wschodnich. Provisional Government of Naonal Unity (TRJN) Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Provisional Government of National Unity (TRJN) Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej (TRJN) – koalicyjny rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej powołany do życia 28 czerwca 1945 r. jako realizacja postanowień konferencji jałtańskiej. Na jego czele stanął Edward Osóbka‐Morawski. Istniał do 1947 r. Został uznany przez państwa koalicji antyhitlerowskiej, które tym samym odmówiły dalszego poparcia dla Rządu RP na uchodźstwie. Independence underground Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Independence underground Podziemie niepodległościowe – cywilny i zbrojny ruch oporu przeciwko powojenne władzy komunistycznej w Polsce i dominacji ZSRS. Przyjmuje się, że jesienią 1945 r. liczyło ponad 80 tys. członków. Freedom and Independence associaon (WiN) Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Freedom and Independence association (WiN) Zrzeszenie Wolność i Niezawisłość (WiN) – antykomunistyczna organizacja cywilno‐wojskowa założona w 1945 r., której celem była walka o wolną Polskę, opuszczenie kraju przez wojska sowieckie i powrót do przedwojennej granicy na wschodzie. Pierwszym prezesem został Jan Rzepecki. Naonal Armed Forces (NSZ) Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: National Armed Forces (NSZ) Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (NSZ) – organizacja konspiracyjna o charakterze narodowym działająca w latach 1942‐1947. W czasie wojny walczyła zarówno z Niemcami jak i formacjami komunistycznymi (Gwardia Ludowa, partyzantka radziecka). Po wojnie przeciwstawiła się zbrojnie nowemu systemowi. Amnesty Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Amnesty Amnestia – zbiorowe darowanie lub złagodzenie kary za popełnione przestępstwa. Cursed soldiers Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Cursed soldiers Żołnierze wyklęci – potoczna nazwa antykomunistycznego, niepodległościowego podziemia (partyzantki) sprzeciwiającego się sowietyzacji i dominacji komunistów w życiu społecznym i politycznym po II wojnie światowej w Polsce. Ukrainian Insurgent Party (UPA) Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Ukrainian Insurgent Party (UPA) Ukraińska Powstańcza Armia (UPA) – ukraińska formacja zbrojna stworzona przez nacjonalistów pod koniec 1942 r. Działała głównie na Wołyniu i Galicji Wschodniej. Nie uznała granic ustanowionych na wielkich konferencjach i walką zbrojną dążyła do powstania niepodległego państwa ukraińskiego. Bale for trade Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Battle for trade Bitwa o handel – prowadzona przez Polskę w latach 1947‐1949 polityka gospodarcza, której celem było wyeliminowanie sektora prywatnego. Opierała się na trzech ustawach dotyczących: walki z drożyzną, obywatelskich komisjach podatkowych oraz zezwoleniu na prowadzenie przedsiębiorstw
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    Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/4529,quotFreedom-and-Independencequot-WiN.html 2021-09-25, 23:43 04.09.2020 "Freedom and Independence" (WiN) What Molotov and Ribbentrop signed on 23 August 1939 immediately translated into war, enslavement and extermination, and the Poles were the first victims of all three. Yet, they fought back against the allied occupation regimes of Hitler and Stalin, then they fought against the former when he attacked the latter, and carried on when the Soviet Union prevailed over Germany and started the second occupation of Poland. The embodiment of that fight was WiN – Freedom and Independence. The taking of Poland by the Red Army, the Soviet terror and building of state structures by the Polish communists subordinate to the USSR, forced the underground army to change its forms of activities. The words the soldiers of the Home Army [AK – Armia Krajowa] heard after they swore their oath did not come to fruition: “Victory will be your reward”. There was no victory and the last commander, gen. Leopold Okulicki codename “Niedźwiadek” thought the Home Army to be too big of an organisation and too compromised to base further activities aiming to bring back Poland’s sovereignty on it. On January 19th 1945, the Home Army was disbanded. In the last order, the soldiers heard that they were to continue to fight for independence, but on new terms, each was to be their own commander. Okulicki’s decision probably saved many soldiers of the Home Army from repressions, but it also introduced chaos by depriving them of clear instructions on what to do next.
  • Memory of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Post-Soviet Ukraine

    Memory of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Post-Soviet Ukraine

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in History 103 Reordering of Meaningful Worlds Memory of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in Post-Soviet Ukraine Yuliya Yurchuk ©Yuliya Yurchuk, Stockholm University 2014 Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 101 ISSN: 1652-7399 ISBN: 978-91-87843-12-9 Stockholm Studies in History 103 ISSN: 0491-0842 ISBN 978-91-7649-021-1 Cover photo: Barricades of Euromaidan. July 2014. Yuliya Yurchuk. Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2014 Distributor: Department of History In memory of my mother Acknowledgements Each PhD dissertation is the result of a long journey. Mine was not an exception. It has been a long and exciting trip which I am happy to have completed. This journey would not be possible without the help and support of many people and several institutions to which I owe my most sincere gratitude. First and foremost, I want to thank my supervisors, David Gaunt and Barbara Törnquist-Plewa, for their guidance, encouragement, and readiness to share their knowledge with me. It was a privilege to be their student. Thank you, David, for broadening the perspectives of my research and for encouraging me not to be afraid to tackle the most difficult questions and to come up with the most unexpected answers. Thank you, Barbara, for introducing me to the whole field of memory studies, for challenging me to go further in my interpretations, for stimulating me to follow untrodden paths, and for being a source of inspiration for all these years. Your encouragement helped me to complete this book.