"The Reflection of National Specific Realities of Police Offices and Divisions in the Linguistic World-Image"

Филологические науки / 7. Язык, речь, речевая коммуникация К.ф.н. Таранова Е.Н. (Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет) К.ф.н. Колесникова К.А. (Белгородский юридический институт МВД России имени И.Д. Путилина) "The reflection of national specific realities of police offices and divisions in the linguistic world-image" Abstract: In the center of the modern paradigm of linguistic knowledge there are processes that relate to the mechanism of reflecting in a language specific cultural concepts and their expression with the help of culturally varied linguistic units. The subject of the research in this article is the realities that reflect national-specific fragments of the linguistic picture of the world by the example of the existing realities of police services and units. Key words: linguistic world-image, national language, national specific fragments of the language picture of the world, language realities. The national linguistic world-image is the result of the collective consciousness of the ethnos of the external world in the process of its historical development, including the knowledge of this world. The external world and consciousness are two factors that give rise to the linguistic world-image of any national language (Kornilov, 144). The notion of a national linguistic world-image is closely related to the concept of realities. The realities are words and phrases that are nominations of objects typical for the culture of a particular people. Realities convey a national and historical identity and have no analogues or equivalents in other languages (Lyutavin). Realities carry information about the goals, interests, features of the way of life and the historical past, characteristic of this or that national, linguistic and cultural community (Parevskaya, 153). Many of the realities that have survived to the present days for the nomination of police forces point to the historical roots of the police that grew out of the army. Today we know such names of police services and units as gendarmerie (France, Belgium, Holland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, China, India, countries of Latin America), carabineer (Italy, Chile), mounted police (France, Belgium, Canada, Germany, etc.), protecting police (German: Schutzpolizei, SchuPo) (Germany), People's Armed Police Force (China), The State Armed Police Forces of India (India), etc. These realities are a kind of cultural signs that express national peculiarities. It should be noted that the etymology of the names of many police realities in general can no longer be determined according to the functions performed by it. But their names evoke associations with traditions, principles of democracy, patriotism, and generosity; they form and maintain a sense of respect for the police profession and justice, both among citizens and among the law enforcement officers themselves. Let us give some examples. Thus, the word "constable" comes from the Latin "comes stabuli" and means "horseman". The word “sheriff” is derived from the phrase “county guardian (reeve)” (shires or counties), i.e. shire reeve. According to another version, according to the etymological dictionary of Shansky, "sheriff" dates back to the ancient English. The addition of scir is the “county” and gerēta is the “chief magistrate”. The abbreviated term "sċīrġerēfa", or "shire-reeve", meant the position of royal supervisor (inspector) that arose in medieval England no later than the 10th century. Until the beginning of the 11th century, the reeve was the representative of royal power in the counties (shires). Initially, they were mainly engaged in collecting money for the needs of the royal treasury and then their competence extended to the judicial, military power in the county. During the rule of the Norman kings, the sheriff's position was occupied in most cases by men of simple origin. They formed the basis for the English local nobility, gentry, and gradually push into the background elderman (representatives of the old clan aristocracy). What was their power, you can imagine at least according to the legends of Robin Hood whose worst enemy was the powerful sheriff of Nottingham. The term spread from the Anglo Saxon kingdoms to several other regions. First to Scotland, later to Ireland, India, the USA, Canada, Australia. Today, their duties have some differences. In modern England sheriff is the chief representative of the government in the county who is appointed by the royal charters for one year. He is partly a judge, partly possesses administrative authority, oversees the execution of court decisions and the execution of laws during parliamentary elections (these are the duties of the sheriff in Ireland), he is in charge of the police and the criminal investigation. In Scotland, the sheriff judge is the chief judge of the county who is appointed by the monarch for life. The first mention of the "sheriff" as a county official on the territory of today's USA refers to 1662. Today, this is the chief of the district police although not all states in the north-east, for example the powers of the sheriff are quite narrow (4). In the United States, which is known worldwide for its democratic principles and freedom-loving traditions, the senior police officer at any level is called police chief. Another reality is the "gendarmerie" (fr. gendarmerie) word-for-word from the French "man-weapon", "people of weapons", "armed retinue" means the military (militarized) police. The history of gendarmerie goes back to medieval times. As a type of police force gendarmerie was first established in 1791. Gendarmerie officers are called "gendarmes". The French “gent darmes” is essentially a play on words, where the words „gent“ means “people” and at the same time short for French “gentil” is “noble”. This word pointed to the nobility of the origin of the composition of the original gendarmerie. If French "Gendarmerie" "armed retinue" meant the royal Life Guard, consisting of heavily armed knights. Until 1791, when the French revolutionary government finally abolished the institute of royal marshals and formed the National Gendarmerie (corps of gendarmes) to monitor the preservation of order in the Armed Forces and within the state in France, there existed a land police fr. “maréchaussée”. The literal meaning of the word gendarmerie is a regular combat units military in terms of structure that perform police functions. These combat units in this form exist in some European countries, particularly in France, in Austria up to now. The National Gendarmerie of the French Republic is part of the internal troops, judicial convoy, regional and military police of the French Republic of dual subordination (the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence of the French Republic). The police units may traditionally be called the gendarmerie because they perform similar. So, in Italy, Moldova, Chile they are called carabinieri, in Israel - border police, in Russia - internal troops. The term "Carabinieri» from Italian language that means "a policeman armed with a carbine." The name comes from the word “carbine” a short light rifle originally used by soldiers on horses. The popularity of the word led to the misconception that there is no other police organization in Italy except Carabinieri. In fact Carabinieri is not synonymous with the word “police”. The Carabinieri is a member of the Italian national police force, organized as a military unit and charged with maintaining public security and order as well as assisting local police. It should be mentioned that the weapon in the form of a carbine appears in Russia in 1763, and the word is borrowed in Russian as a new name for heavy cavalry (carabineers). The Italian police also perform their duties within the city. The Italian police are divided into Polizia di Stato (“state police”) their subdivision is Polizia Stradale (“traffic police”). In addition, there are Polizia Provinciale services (“local police”), Polizia Municipale (“municipal police”), Guardia di Finanza (“financial police”), Polizia Penitenziaria (“prison police”), Corpo Forestale dello Stato (“environmental police”). In Italy the Carabinieri corps are both one of the country's two police services and a military police force. Carabinieri are entrusted with the fight against organized crime. In fact, all the arrests of Italian mafia in recent decades have been made as a result of Carabinieri operations. Carabinieri have policing powers that can be exercised at any time and in any part of the country, and they are always permitted to carry their assigned weapon as personal equipment. In the structure of the Italian police, the word "guard" is used to designate the "financial police". The initial meaning of "guard" is «a person or group of people whose job is to protect a person, place, or thing from danger or attack, or to prevent a person such as a criminal from escaping"(5). According to another version related to the history of the word, “guards” called themselves inhabitants of the provincial cities of Lombardy in medieval Italy when they defended their cities from the German emperors army in the struggle for sovereignty. The word was borrowed in the 17th century from Polish, where Polish „gwarda“, Italian “guardia”( means “guardian, guard”), which in turn is Germanism (in German language “warten” means guarding). The Guard in Italy is a select privileged part of the troops. Initially, the "guard" appears in Italy in the 12th century and designates a selective squad to protect the state flag, then in the 15th century it appears in France and in the 17th century in England, Sweden, Russia, Prussia, etc. The term "National Guard" originated in the late 18th century in revolutionary France. Today, such varieties of the basic term “Guard” have appeared, such as “National Guard” or “Federal National Guard Troops Service” in Russia, “Garde Nationale” in France, “National Guard” in England, USA. In Spain, the term "guard" is found in the names of such police structures and units as "Guardia Civil" (Civil Guard) and "Guardia Urbana" (City Guard).

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