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Mexico's Security Dilemma: Michoacán's Militias
Mexico’s Security Dilemma: Michoacán’s Militias The Rise of Vigilantism in Mexico and Its Implications Going Forward Dudley Althaus and Steven Dudley ABSTRACT This working paper explores the rise of citizens' self-defense groups in Mexico’s western state of Michoacán. It is based on extensive field research. The militias arguably mark the most significant social and political development in Mexico's seven years of criminal hyper-violence. Their surprisingly effective response to a large criminal organization has put the government in a dilemma of if, and how, it plans to permanently incorporate the volatile organizations into the government’s security strategy. Executive Summary Since 2006, violence and criminality in Mexico have reached new heights. Battles amongst criminal organizations and between them have led to an unprecedented spike in homicides and other crimes. Large criminal groups have fragmented and their remnants have diversified their criminal portfolios to include widespread and systematic extortion of the civilian population. The state has not provided a satisfactory answer to this issue. In fact, government actors and security forces have frequently sought to take part in the pillaging. Frustrated and desperate, many community leaders, farmers and business elites have armed themselves and created so-called “self-defense” groups. Self-defense groups have a long history in Mexico, but they have traditionally been used to deal with petty crime in mostly indigenous communities. These efforts are recognized by the constitution as legitimate and legal. But the new challenges to security by criminal organizations have led to the emergence of this new generation of militias. The strongest of these vigilante organizations are in Michoacán, an embattled western state where a criminal group called the Knights Templar had been victimizing locals for years and had co-opted local political power. -
Find Ebook # Mexican Drug Traffickers
P9YPVUBKHGJ0 / Kindle // Mexican drug traffickers Mexican drug traffickers Filesize: 4.54 MB Reviews This publication is really gripping and exciting. It really is basic but unexpected situations in the 50 % in the book. It is extremely difficult to leave it before concluding, once you begin to read the book. (Prof. Salvador Lynch) DISCLAIMER | DMCA MKGOXQF4ALEA ~ PDF // Mexican drug traffickers MEXICAN DRUG TRAFFICKERS Reference Series Books LLC Sep 2012, 2012. Taschenbuch. Book Condition: Neu. 245x189x10 mm. Neuware - Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 38. Chapters: Beltrán-Leyva Cartel traickers, Colima Cartel traickers, Guadalajara Cartel traickers, Gulf Cartel traickers, Juárez Cartel traickers, La Familia Cartel traickers, Los Zetas, Sinaloa Cartel traickers, Sonora Cartel traickers, Tijuana Cartel traickers, Joaquín Guzmán Loera, List of Mexico's 37 most-wanted drug lords, Juan García Abrego, Edgar Valdez Villarreal, Arturo Beltrán Leyva, Amado Carrillo Fuentes, Zhenli Ye Gon, Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Miguel Treviño Morales, Sandra Ávila Beltrán, Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano, Vicente Carrillo Fuentes, Ismael Zambada García, Teodoro García Simental, Héctor Beltrán Leyva, Juan José Esparragoza Moreno, Los Negros, Nazario Moreno González, Jorge Lopez-Orozco, Carlos Beltrán Leyva, Antonio Cárdenas Guillén, Héctor Luis Palma Salazar, Rafael Caro Quintero, Carlos Rosales Mendoza, Miguel Caro Quintero, Sergio Villarreal Barragán, Alfredo Beltrán Leyva, Servando Gómez Martínez, Eduardo Ravelo, Ramón Arellano Félix, Benjamín Arellano Félix, Osiel -
EXPERT REPORT of DR. EVERARD MEADE July 12, 2016 1. Counsel
EXPERT REPORT OF DR. EVERARD MEADE July 12, 2016 1. Counsel for has asked me to offer expert testimony to assist the Court in evaluating his claim for asylum. I respectfully submit this report, and any corresponding testimony at the hearing, in order to: (1) provide background regarding the events in question and the areas of Mexico in which they occurred; (2) explain the country conditions in Mexico, both in the present and in the period extending back to 2006; (3) offer my opinion on the consistency of the declaration of Mr. with the conditions in Mexico at the relevant times and in the relevant places; and (4) discuss the likelihood that Mr. would be harmed if returned to Mexico. 2. As the Director of the Trans-Border Institute at the University of San Diego, I monitor the conditions in Mexico on a continual basis. As a historian of Mexico and Central America focused on the relationships between violence, memory, and the law, I have tracked patterns of violence and their relationship to the criminal justice system since at least 1998. See attached (curriculum vitae). I have testified before Immigration Courts across the country in conjunction with removal proceedings and asylum applications. 3. Before preparing this report, I reviewed and consulted a number of academic, journalistic, and government sources (from Mexico and the United States), many of which are cited herein. As discussed herein, I conducted certain independent research using resources that I customarily consult when researching country conditions in Mexico and the impact of the latest developments in drug trafficking, organized crime, and law enforcement operations on basic human rights conditions, in particular. -
Appendix 3 Women and Narco-Trafficking
ii Mexico Acknowledgments iii iv Mexico Fourth printing 2011 Copyright © 2010 by Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo- copy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Transaction Publishers, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, 35 Berrue Circle, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8042. www.transactionpub.com This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2009029164 ISBN: 978-1-4128-1151-4 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grayson, George W., 1938- Mexico : narco-violence and a failed state? / George W. Grayson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4128-1151-4 1. Drug traffic--Mexico. 2. Narco terrorism--Mexico. 3. Drug control--Mexico. 4. Mexico--Politics and government. 5. Mexico-- Economic conditions. I. Title. HV5840.M4G73 2009 363.450972--dc22 2009029164 Acknowledgments v Dedication To José Raúl Vera López, O.P., Bishop of Saltillo, Coahuila, and to Héctor González Martínez, Metropolitan Archbishop of Durango, for your courage in the face of personal danger, your readiness to condemn supposedly “untouchable” criminals and their enablers, and your inspirational commitment to uplifting the downtrodden. vi Mexico Acknowledgments vii Contents Acknowledgments ix Map of Mexico xv Map of Michoacán xvi Introduction 1 1. -
“Autodefensas En Michoacán: Investigación Bibliométrica”. Tesis
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA “AUTODEFENSAS EN MICHOACÁN: INVESTIGACIÓN BIBLIOMÉTRICA”. TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADO EN PSICOLOGÍA PRESENTA : ANDRÉS VIDAL RIVERA YAOTZIHUATL PEÑA ROJAS DIRECTOR: MTRA. MIRIAM CAMACHO VALLADARES REVISOR: DRA. MARIA DEL ROCIO AVENDAÑO Ciudad Universitaria 18 de abril 2016 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. "Queremos contribuir a la construcción de un país distinto. Por eso recuperamos la memoria de un pueblo." (Monseñor Gerardi, discurso de presentación del informe Guatemala: Nunca Más.) Agradecimientos Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Por ser nuestro hogar durante mucho tiempo y prestarnos sus facultades, pasillos, jardines y pastos, en los cuales aprendimos no sólo teorías sino cosas elementales de la vida. Facultad de Psicología. Por vernos crecer e impulsar nuestro desarrollo, confiar en nosotros y los proyectos que emprendimos; por ser nuestra casa. Miriam Camacho Valladares. Por adoptarnos, alimentarnos día a día, brindarnos su confianza y buena parte de su tiempo, creer en nuestras capacidades y sembrar la semilla de querer aprender más; por ser nuestra madre académica. -
Narcotrafico Y Corrupción 3.Indd 1 10/07/12 09:42 Narcotrafico Y Corrupción 3.Indd 2 10/07/12 09:42 Narcotráfico, Corrupción Y Estados
Narcotrafico y corrupción 3.indd 1 10/07/12 09:42 Narcotrafico y corrupción 3.indd 2 10/07/12 09:42 Narcotráfico, corrupción y Estados Narcotrafico y corrupción 3.indd 3 10/07/12 09:42 Narcotrafico y corrupción 3.indd 4 10/07/12 09:42 LUIS JORGE GARAY SALAMANCA EDUARDO SALCEDO-ALBARÁN Narcotráfico, corrupción y Estados Cómo las redes ilícitas han reconfigurado las instituciones en Colombia, Guatemala y México Con la colaboración de: Luis Astorga Francisco Gómez Édgar Gutiérrez Claudia Méndez Natalia Duarte Narcotrafico y corrupción 3.indd 5 10/07/12 09:42 Narcotráfico, corrupción y Estados Cómo las redes ilícitas han reconfigurado las instituciones en Colombia, Guatemala y México Primera edición: septiembre, 2012 D. R. © 2012, Luis Jorge Garay D. R. © 2012, Eduardo Salcedo-Albarán D. R. © 2012, derechos de edición mundiales en lengua castellana: Random House Mondadori, S. A. de C. V. Av. Homero núm. 544, colonia Chapultepec Morales, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11570, México, D.F. www.megustaleer.com.mx Comentarios sobre la edición y el contenido de este libro a: [email protected] Queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas por las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía, el tratamiento informático, así como la distribución de ejemplares de la misma mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos. ISBN 978-607-310-878-2 Impreso en México / Printed in Mexico Narcotrafico y corrupción 3.indd 6 10/07/12 09:42 Contenido Advertencia . 13 Introducción . -
Violencia En Tierra Caliente: Guerra Criminal E Intervenciones Federales De 2000 a 2014
CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES VIOLENCIA EN TIERRA CALIENTE: GUERRA CRIMINAL E INTERVENCIONES FEDERALES DE 2000 A 2014 TESIS PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIA POLÍTICA PRESENTA RAÚL ZEPEDA GIL DIRECTORA DRA. MÓNICA SERRANO CIUDAD DE MÉXICO, MARZO DE 2016 Nuestra simpatía proclama tanto nuestra inocencia cuanto nuestra ineficacia. Para aportar a la simpatía que extendemos a los otros, acosados por la guerra y la política asesina, en cambio, una reflexión sobre cómo nuestros privilegios están ubicados en el mismo mapa de su sufrimiento y estos pueden estar vinculados -de maneras que acaso preferiríamos no imaginar-, del mismo modo como la riqueza de algunos quizás implica la indigencia de otros. Es una tarea para la cual las imágenes dolorosas y conmovedoras sólo ofrecen la primera chispa Susan Sontag.1 Según esto, por muchos siglos los hombres de Tierra Caliente vivieron resignados a la vida de purgatorio, o quizás de paraíso con numerosas serpientes y manzanas. Luis González y González2 1 Sontag, Susan, Regarding the Pain of Others, Nueva York, Picador, 2da edición, 2004, p. 80. 2 González y González, Luis, La Querencia, Morelia, SEP, 1era edición, 1982, p. 150. La presente tesis es para las víctimas de la violencia de todos los linderos de Tierra Caliente. En especial, este texto es una apuesta para no olvidar. Que la aparente frialdad de una investigación científica no ensombrezca la agonía latente que debemos conservar ante el dolor de los demás. Tengo la esperanza de que todos regresen a sus hogares, que los desaparecidos vuelvan con sus familias y que aquellos que perecieron en esta guerra reciban la sepultura que merecen. -
La Familia-Knights Templar
Organization Attributes Sheet: La Familia Michoacana/Caballeros Templarios Author: Dustin McDaniel Review: Phil Williams A. When the organization was formed + brief history La Familia Michoacana probably developed out of a faction of the Milenio Cartel based in the state of Jalisco.1 In 2001, Carlos Rosales Mendoza (El Tisico) asked Osiel Cardenas Guillen for help fighting the Milenio Cartel.2 Osiel Cardenas Guillen sent members of his paramilitary group Los Zetas.3 According to Grayson, El Tisico formed a group called La Empresa with Jose de Jesus Mendez Vargas (El Chango) and Nazario Moreno Gonzalez (El Mas Loco).4 However, Grayson does not give a source for the existence of a group called La Empresa, and no information was found verifying the use of the name La Empresa. Regardless, El Tisico, El Chango, and El Mas Loco formed a faction that worked closely with the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas in Southwestern Mexico.5 According to Grayson, the excessive violence used by Los Zetas to terrorize opponents in Michoacan during 2006 led to a break with the local faction headed by El Tisico, El Chango, and El Mas Loco, which began calling itself La Familia Michoacana.6 From 2006 to December 2010, La Familia developed a reputation for extreme violence coupled with an idiosyncratic use of religious ideology, as it vied for control of the plazas of Southwest Mexico with Los Zetas (now independent from the Gulf Cartel), and the remnants of the Beltran Leyva Organization and the Milenio Cartel. In December of 2010, Mexican authorities killed El Mas Loco after a major gun battle in Apatzingan, Michoacan.7 El Mas Loco had been the main religious ideologue for the group, and his death appears to have caused confusion in the ranks. -
Violencia En Michoacán: De La Guerra Criminal a La Captura Del Gobierno Estatal Raúl Zepeda Gil1
Violencia en Michoacán: de la guerra criminal a la captura del gobierno estatal Raúl Zepeda Gil1 A pesar de que Michoacán no es la entidad con mayor número de homicidios en México en los últimos años, sí ha sido uno de los escenarios donde las organizaciones criminales violentas, de- dicadas principalmente al narcotráfco y a la extracción predatoria de recursos de la economía, se han desenvuelto hasta el umbral de haber capturado al gobierno estatal. La profunda raíz de esta situación se encuentra en una dependencia de ruta con la geografía económica de la entidad y en un conicto criminal con el Estado mexicano de larga duración.2 191 Para explicar esta situación se divide este capítulo en seis secciones. En las primeras dos se explica desde la óptica de la historia y la estadística ofciales el rol de Michoacán como epicentro de la ola violenta en todo el país. Posteriormente, se realiza una narración analítica de largo aliento sobre la transformación del conicto criminal en Michoacán en una guerra del Estado contra las organizaciones criminales que derivó, en su momento, en la captura del gobierno estatal a manos de Los Caballeros Templarios y en su eventual liberación después de la intervención federal dirigida por Alfredo Castillo. En las conclusiones se menciona la importancia de hacer estudios regionales para entender el reciente incremento de la violencia en México. ¿La guerra inicia en Michoacán? A fnales del sexenio de Felipe Calderón se registraron 121,613 homicidios en México,3 después de un descenso estable de los mismos hasta 2006.4 De esos homicidios, 3,934 correspondieron al estado de Michoacán según el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). -
Political Corruption and Narcotrafficking in Mexico
Political Corruption and Narcotrafficking in Mexico Nubia Nieto 1 Introduction In recent years, Mexico has been the center of drug violence, killing thousands of people and exposing the Mexican society to extortion, kidnapping, torture and impunity. In December 2006 the Mexican President Felipe Calderon, a few days after being in power, launched a new strategy to tackle the increase of narco- trafficking called \war on drugs". More than 50,000 troops were deployed in the country. Since then more than 28,000 people have died in drug-related violence (BBC, 2010a). Mexico faces one of the worst violent chapters in its history. In this context many questions arise: Has the Mexican President's strategy fuelled the violence in the country? Is violence one of the consequences of the merger between political corruption and the drug cartels? To what extent has the flow of weapons from the US to Mexico contributed to drug violence? This article studies the development of political corruption and drug trafficking in Mexico, and it is divided in four parts. The first one aims to analyse the main functions of corruption during the post- revolutionary Political system headed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The second part, it studies the arrival of new political elites called \the technocrats" represented by the presidents Miguel de la Madrid, Carlos Salinas and Ernesto Zedillo, which will mark a new stage in the relations between the State and drug gangs. The third part shows briefly the political transition with the arrival of Vicente Fox Quesada from the National Action Party in July 2000 and its consequences for Mexican democracy. -
Crime and Criminology Fifteenth Edition
Supplement to Accompany CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY FIFTEENTH EDITION Sue Titus Reid Wolters Kluwer services its customers worldwide with CCH, Aspen Publishers, and Kluwer Law International products. See www.wolterskluerlb.com. This Supplement constitutes copyrighted material and is subject to United States Copyright laws. This Supplement is being made available as a courtesy to those teachers who have adopted the underlying textbook that accompanies the Supplement, as well as those teachers who have shown a genuine interest in adopting the underlying textbook. This may not be modified, reproduced, displayed, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the express, prior, written permission of Wolters Kluwer. Those teachers who have adopted the underlying textbook may assign this Supplement to their class and incorporate it into their class notes, presentation slides, and testing materials, or make certain other noncommercial uses of this Supplement as permitted by copyright law, but those teachers may not otherwise modify, reproduce, display, distribute, or transmit the manual in any form or by any means without the express prior written permission of Wolters Kluwer. For permission requests, visit us at www.wolterskluwerlb.com, or fax a written request to our permissions department at 212-771-0803. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminology .................................................................1 Supplement 1.1. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Upholds Necessity Defense for Homeless -
Drug-Related Violence
The Logic of Drug-Related Violence A Case Study of Mexico from 2006 to 2011 a Parte. Edición Especial, Edición No.18. 24, p. a Parte. Photo of Luis Gutiérrez / Procesofoto; in Proceso (2009): El México Narco. (2009): México El Photo / of Procesofoto; in LuisProceso Gutiérrez Primer Miriam Eberle The Logic of Drug-Related Violence A Case Study of Mexico from 2006 to 2011 Miriam Eberle Student number: 3056082 [email protected] Nijmegen school of management Centre for International Conflict Analysis and Management (CICAM) Human Geography Master Specialization: Conflicts, Territories and Identities‖ Supervisor: Dr. Gearoid Millar Second reader: Dr. Mathijs van Leeuwen November 15, 2011 Table of content ii Table of content Table of content ......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................... vi Dedication ................................................................................................................................ vii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... viii List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................... x List of tables and figures .........................................................................................................