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Crime and Criminology Fifteenth Edition

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Crime and Criminology Fifteenth Edition Supplement to Accompany CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY FIFTEENTH EDITION Sue Titus Reid Wolters Kluwer services its customers worldwide with CCH, Aspen Publishers, and Kluwer Law International products. See www.wolterskluerlb.com. This Supplement constitutes copyrighted material and is subject to United States Copyright laws. This Supplement is being made available as a courtesy to those teachers who have adopted the underlying textbook that accompanies the Supplement, as well as those teachers who have shown a genuine interest in adopting the underlying textbook. This may not be modified, reproduced, displayed, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the express, prior, written permission of Wolters Kluwer. Those teachers who have adopted the underlying textbook may assign this Supplement to their class and incorporate it into their class notes, presentation slides, and testing materials, or make certain other noncommercial uses of this Supplement as permitted by copyright law, but those teachers may not otherwise modify, reproduce, display, distribute, or transmit the manual in any form or by any means without the express prior written permission of Wolters Kluwer. For permission requests, visit us at www.wolterskluwerlb.com, or fax a written request to our permissions department at 212-771-0803. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminology .................................................................1 Supplement 1.1. Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Upholds Necessity Defense for Homeless Person ....................................................................................1 Supplement 1.2. The U.S. Supreme Court Rules on Same-Gender Sex .................................3 Chapter 2. The Measurement of Crime and Its Impact ............................................................5 Supplement 2.1. What Is COMPSTAT? .................................................................................5 Supplement 2.2. Media Headlines Concerning Crime Data ...................................................6 Chapter 3. Early Explanations of Criminal Behavior and Their Modern Counterparts .....9 Supplement 3.1. The Contributions of Cesare Beccaria .........................................................9 Supplement 3.2. Additional Contributors to the Classical School .......................................10 Supplement 3.3. Incapacitation of Sex Offenders: Is Castration Reasonable and Legal? ....11 Supplement 3.4. Rehabilitation in Texas ..............................................................................13 Supplement 3.5. The Earlier Work on Deterrence by Jack P. Gibbs and Its Impact ............14 Supplement 3.6. An Analysis of Deterrence Policies in Northern Ireland ...........................16 Supplement 3.7. Criminology and Public Policy’s Focus on Deterrence of Violence .........17 Chapter 4. Biological and Psychological Theories of Criminal Behavior..............................19 Supplement 4.1. The Jukes and the Kallikaks: A Look at History .......................................19 Supplement 4.2. Charles Goring Challenges Family and Other Early Biological Approaches ................................................................................................20 Supplement 4.3. Compulsory Sterilization: Moral and Legal Issues ...................................21 Supplement 4.4. Families and Crime: Three Generations Convicted of Murder .................22 Supplement 4.5. The Human Genome Project ......................................................................24 Supplement 4.6. Diet and Human Behavior .........................................................................26 Supplement 4.7. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ...................................28 Supplement 4.8. The Psychiatric Approach and Human Behavior .......................................31 Supplement 4.9. Is There a Criminal Personality?................................................................34 Chapter 5. Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior I: The Social-Structural Approach ............................................................................37 Supplement 5.1. Early Statistical Contributions to the Study of Criminology .....................37 Supplement 5.2. Immigration and Crime: What Is the Relationship, If Any? ......................38 Supplement 5.3. Cultural Transmission Theories: The Earlier Contributions ......................41 Supplement 5.4. Neutralization and Drift and Delinquency and Drift .................................42 Supplement 5.5. Differential Opportunity Theory ................................................................44 Supplement 5.6. Education and Delinquency .......................................................................45 Supplement 5.7. An Evaluation of Cultural Transmission Theories ....................................46 iii Supplement 5.8. Power-Control Theory: A More Detailed Look.........................................48 Supplement 5.9. Testing Routine Activity Theory ...............................................................50 Supplement 5.10. Background of the Modern Conflict Approach .........................................53 Supplement 5.11. A Critique of the Integrated Structural-Marxist Theory of Colvin and Pauly ........................................................................................55 Supplement 5.12. Additional Contributions of Critical Criminology .....................................56 Supplement 5.13. A Critique of Women’s Liberation Theory ...............................................60 Supplement 5.14. The Theory of Structural Gender Inequality and Adolescent Crime .........62 Supplement 5.15. The Media and School Shootings: A Look at Feminist Theory ................63 Supplement 5.16. Evaluation of Feminist Theory ..................................................................64 Chapter 6. Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior II: The Social-Process Approach ................................................................................65 Supplement 6.1. Tarde’s Imitation Theory ...........................................................................65 Supplement 6.2. The Modern Media and Imitation ..............................................................66 Supplement 6.3. Differential Association and Research on the Influence of Peers ..............72 Supplement 6.4. Social Learning Theory Expanded.............................................................74 Supplement 6.5. Tests and Evaluation of Travis Hirschi’s Control Theory ........................75 Supplement 6.6. Recent Research on Self-Control Theory ..................................................78 Supplement 6.7. Improving Self-Control: The Key to Crime Prevention? ..........................80 Supplement 6.8. Empirical Research on Labeling Theory ...................................................81 Supplement 6.9. Restorative Justice in the Criminal Justice Field .......................................84 Supplement 6.10. Matsueda’s Concept of Reflective Appraisal: The Self-Concept Approach ....................................................................................................86 Supplement 6.11. Additional Integrated Theories ..................................................................87 Chapter 7. Violent Crimes .........................................................................................................93 Supplement 7.1. Violence in the United States in Recent Years ..........................................93 Supplement 7.2. Research on Murder ...................................................................................94 Supplement 7.3. Rape: An International Crisis? ...................................................................95 Supplement 7.4. Media Impact on Rape Prosecutions..........................................................98 Supplement 7.5. Reasons Victims May Not Report Rape ..................................................100 Supplement 7.6. Earlier Research on Rape .........................................................................101 Supplement 7.7. Home Invasion in the State of Connecticut .............................................102 Supplement 7.8. Explanations for Violence .......................................................................104 Supplement 7.9. Legal Issues in Domestic Violence Cases ...............................................108 Supplement 7.10. Additional Issues Regarding Interpersonal Violence (IPV) ....................109 Supplement 7.11. A Brief History of Marital Rape and the Law .........................................110 Supplement 7.12. Cal. Penal Code, Section 262 (2017). Spousal rape ................................112 Supplement 7.13. Congressional Findings Concerning Elder Abuse ...................................114 Supplement 7.14. Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization of College-Age Females: Trend Data ...............................................................................................115 Supplement 7.15. California’s Sexual Consent Authorization Statute .................................116 Supplement 7.16. Parental Kidnapping.................................................................................119 iv Supplement 7.17. Recent Examples of Kidnapping Victims Rescued After Months or Years of Captivity ..................................................................120 Supplement 7.18. Theoretical Assessments of Hate Crimes ................................................121
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