Detailed Table of Contents

Foreword xviii Preface xx Acknowledgments xxiv Dedication xxv

Section I. Introduction and Overview of and 1 What Is Criminology? 2 What Is Crime? 2 Crime as a Moving Target 2 Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms 3 Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core 4 Criminality 5 A Short History of Criminology 6 The Role of Theory in Criminology 8 What Is Theory? 9 How to Think About Theories 10 Ideology in Criminological Theory 11 Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy 13 A Brief Word About the Section Readings 15 Summary 16 Key Terms 17 Exercises and Discussion Questions 17 Useful Websites 18 How to Read a Research Article 19 The Use and Usefulness of Criminology, 1751–2005: Enlightened Justice and Its Failures 20 READING 23 1. The Use and Usefulness of Criminology, 1751–2005: Enlightened Justice and Its Failures 23 Lawrence W.Sherman A short history of criminology and a cry to make it useful and experimental. Section II. Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior 32 Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior 32 The Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially 33 Cleared Offenses 36 Problems With the UCR 36 NIBRS: The “New and Improved”UCR 37 Crime Victimization Survey Data and Their Problems 38 Areas of Agreement Between the UCR and NCVS 40 Self-Reported Crime Surveys and Their Problems 40 The Dark Figure of Crime 41 What Can We Conclude About the Three Main Measures of Crime in America? 43 The FBI’s Ten Most Wanted 43 Summary 44 Key Terms 45 Exercises and Discussion Questions 45 Useful Websites 46 READINGS 46 2. Gender Gap Trends for Violent Crimes, 1980 to 2003: A UCR-NCVS Comparison 46 Darrell Steffensmeier, Hua Zhong, Jeff Ackerman, Jennifer Schwartz, and Suzanne Agha Examines the “masculinization of women”versus “police policy change”hypotheses to determine the reason for decreasing male/female arrest ratios for assault. 3. Race and the Probability of Arrest 57 Stewart J. D’Alessio and Lisa Stolzenberg Uses UCR and NIBRS data to examine the “differential offending” versus “police bias”hypotheses to determine the reason for differential black/white arrest rates. 4. Methamphetamine Use, Self-Reported Violent Crime, and Among Offenders in California Who Abuse Substances 66 Jerome Cartier, David Farabee, and Michael L. Prendergast Illustrates criminologists’ use of self-report data using data from paroles.

Section III. The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts 71 Preclassical Notions of Crime and Criminals 72 The Classical School 72 Cesare Beccaria 72 Jeremy Bentham and Human Nature 73 The Rise of Positivism 74 Cartographic Criminology 75 Biological Positivism: and the Born Criminal 75 : Natural Crime and Offender Peculiarities 76 Enrico Ferri and Social Defense 76 Neoclassicism: The Return of Choice and Deterrence 77 Rational Choice Theory 77 Routine Activities Theory 78 Deterrence and Choice: Pain Versus Gain 78 Evaluation of Neoclassical Theories 79 Policy and Prevention: Implications of Neoclassical Theories 80 Summary 83 Key Terms 84 Exercises and Discussion Questions 84 Useful Websites 85 READINGS 85 5. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation 85 Jeremy Bentham Bentham’s classical statement of the principle of utility. 6. A Crying Shame: The Over-Rationalized Conception of Man in the Rational Choice Perspective 88 Willem de Haan and Jaco Vos Takes rational choice theory to task for overestimating the power of rationality and underestimating the power of emotion in criminal decision making. 7. The Economics of Crime 97 Gary S. Becker Becker sees criminals as rational beings who respond to reward and as well as everyone else.

Section IV. Social Structural Theories 103 The Social Structural Tradition 104 The Chicago School of Social Ecology/Social Disorganization 104 Evaluation of Social Ecology/Social Disorganization Theory 107 The Anomie/Strain Tradition 107 Robert Merton’s Extension of Anomie Theory 108 Institutional Anomie Theory 109 Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory 110 Subcultural Theories 111 Walter Miller’s Focal Concerns 112 Evaluation of the Anomie/Strain and Subcultural Tradition 113 Gangs Today 115 Why Do Young People Join Gangs? 115 Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories 116 Summary 119 Key Terms 120 Exercises and Discussion Questions 120 Useful Websites 120 READINGS 121 8. Community Correlates of Rural Youth Violence 121 D. Wayne Osgood and Jeff M. Chambers The concepts of social disorganization theory apply to rural communities also. 9. Social Structure and Anomie 128 Robert K. Merton People adjust to cultural and structural imperatives in different ways, some of which are criminal. 10. Gangs and Social Change 135 Martin Sa´nchez-Jankowski Exploring American gangs from a macro social structural point of view.

Section V. Social Process Theories 143 Differential Association Theory 144 Evaluation of Differential Association Theory 145 Ronald Akers’ Social Learning Theory 146 Evaluation of Social Learning Theory 147 Social Control Theories 148 Travis Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory 148 Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Low Self-Control Theory 150 Integrating Social Control and Self-Control Theories 151 Evaluation of Social Control and Self-Control Theories 151 : The Irony of Social Reaction 153 Sykes and Matza’s Neutralization Theory 154 Evaluation of Labeling and Neutralization Theories 155 Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Process Theories 155 Summary 158 Key Terms 158 Exercises and Discussion Questions 159 Useful Websites 159 READINGS 159 11. A Social Learning Theory of Crime 160 Ronald L. Akers Akers applies operant conditioning to differential association theory. 12. The Nature of Criminality: Low Self-Control 168 Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi The main feature of criminals is that they lack self-control, and they lack self-control because of poor parenting. 13. Social Control in China: Applications of the Labeling Theory and the Theory 175 Xiaoming Chen Chinese culture relies on shaming to reintegrate antisocial individuals after they have been punished. 14. Gender and Crime Among Felony Offenders: Assessing the Generality of Social Control and Differential Association Theories Leanne Fiftal Alarid, Velmer S. Burton, Jr., and Francis T. Cullen 182 Is there a general theory of crime? This article says that there is.

Section VI. Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist 191 The Conflict Perspective of Society 192 Karl Marx and Revolution 192 Willem Bonger: The First Marxist Criminologist 193 Modern Marxist Criminology 193 Left Realism 194 Conflict Theory: Max Weber, Power, and Conflict 194 Situating Conflict Theory in Relation to Marxist and Labeling Theory 195 196 Evaluation of Critical Theories 197 Feminist Criminology 198 Women’s Liberation and Crime 200 Anne Campbell’s Staying Alive Hypothesis 201 Evaluation of Feminist Theories 203 Policy and Prevention: Implications of Critical Theories 203 Summary 204 Key Terms 205 Exercises and Discussion Questions 205 Useful Websites 206 READINGS 206 15. Marx, Engels, and Bonger on Crime and Social Control 206 Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, and Jock Young Historical background of Marxist theory—capitalism is criminogenic—via the work of Willem Bonger. 16. Crime, Punishment, and the American Dream: Toward a Marxist Integration 213 Barbara A. Sims Institutional anomie theory is correct: America is organized for crime, but it is not Marxist enough.Also addresses America’s“imprisonment binge.” 17. Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice: Feminist Criminology in an Era of Backlash 222 Meda Chesney-Lind Feminism is suffering a backlash. To counter this, feminist criminology must prioritize its research agenda around sexism, racism, and punishment. Section VII. Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior 231 The IQ/Crime Connection 232 Temperament and Personality 234 Conscience and Arousal 236 Glen Walters’s Lifestyle Theory 238 The Antisocial Personalities 238 Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective 241 Policy and Prevention: Implications of Psychosocial Theories 241 Summary 242 Key Terms 243 Exercises and Discussion Questions 243 Useful Websites 243 READINGS 244 18. Feeble-Mindedness 244 H. H. Goddard The classical statement about intelligence and crime. 19. Temperament, Environment, and Antisocial Behavior in a Population Sample of Preadolescent Boys and Girls 248 Rene´Veenstra, Siegwart Lindenberg, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, Andrea F.De Winter, and Johan Ormel The risk-producing and risk-buffering interactions between temperament and various other measures on antisocial behavior. 20. Psychopathy: Theory, Measurement, and Treatment 256 Anh Vien and Anthony R. Beech An overview of the concept, theory, measurement, and treatment of psychopathy.

Section VIII. Biosocial Approaches 265 Behavior Genetics 266 Gene-Environment Interaction and Correlation 267 Behavior Genetics and Criminal Behavior 268 Molecular Genetics 268 Evolutionary Psychology 269 The Evolution of Criminal Traits 270 The Neurosciences 272 Softwiring the Brain by Experience 272 Reward Dominance and Prefrontal Dysfunction Theories 273 Some Other Biosocial Risk Factors 274 Evaluation of the Biosocial Perspective 276 Policy and Prevention: Implications of Biosocial Theories 277 Summary 278 Key Terms 279 Exercises and Discussion Questions 279 Useful Websites 280 READINGS 280 21. Behavior Genetics and Anomie/Strain Theory 280 Anthony Walsh Criminology needs the assistance of the more fundamental sciences; the possible utility of behavior genetics to anomie/strain theory illustrates this. 22. Neuroimaging Studies of Aggressive and Violent Behavior: Current Findings and Implications for Criminology and 290 Jana L. Bufkin and Vickie R. Luttrell Neuroscience can advance criminological theories and inform criminal justice practice. 23. A Theory Explaining Biological Correlates of Criminality 299 Lee Ellis This theory attempts to tie together many of the biosocial correlates of crime. 24. A Gene-Based Evolutionary Explanation for the Association Between Criminal Involvement and Number of Sex Partners 306 Kevin M. Beaver, John P.Wright, and Anthony Walsh Integrates parenting vs. mating theory with molecular genetics.

Section IX. Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to Crime to Desistance 311 Risk and Protective Factors for Serious Delinquency 313 Major Developmental Theories 315 Robert Agnew’s General Theory or Super Traits Theory 315 David Farrington’s Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) Theory 316 Terrie Moffitt’s Dual Pathway Developmental Theory 317 Sampson and Laub’s Age-Graded Developmental Theory 319 Evaluation of Developmental Theories 322 Policy and Prevention: Implications of Developmental Theories 323 Summary 324 Key Terms 324 Exercises and Discussion Questions 325 Useful Websites 325 READINGS 325 25. Reactive vs. Proactive Antisocial Behavior: Differential Correlates of Child ADHD Symptoms? 326 David S. Bennett, Maria Pitale, Vaishali Vora, and Alyssa A. Rheingold Examines the relationship between ADHD and proactive and reactive antisocial behavior. 26. The Adolescence-Limited/Life-Course Persistent Theory of Antisocial Behavior: What Have We Learned? 331 Terrie E. Moffitt and Anthony Walsh Examines 10 years of research findings based on the adolescent-limited/life-course persistent developmental theory. 27. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency 338 Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck The original developmental theory; delinquency is the result of a dynamic interplay of bodily, temperamental, intellectual, and sociocultural variables. 28. A Life-Course View of the Development of Crime 343 Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub Age-graded theory of informal social control explains persistent offending as well as desisting from offending.

Section X. Violent Crimes 353 Murder 354 Forcible Rape 356 Robbery 358 Aggravated Assault 359 Domestic Violence 360 Theories of Violence 362 Summary 364 Key Terms 365 Exercises and Discussion Questions 365 Useful Websites 365 READINGS 366 29. Explaining Gang Homicides in Newark, New Jersey: Collective Behavior or Social Disorganization? 366 Jesenia M. Pizarro and Jean Marie McGloin Pits the theories of collective behavior and social disorganization against each other to explain gang homicides, finding that the escalation hypothesis fared best. 30. Stick-Up, Street Culture, and Offender Motivation 380 Bruce A. Jacobs and Richard Wright The background, motivations, and decision-making processes of street robbers. 31. Rapists Continuing to Have Sex With Victims Following the Initial Assault: Evidence for Evolved Strategies 389 Lee Ellis, Alan Widmayer, and Craig T. Palmer Provides evidence that females who were victims of a “successful” rape were more likely than victims of an “unsuccessful”rape to continue to date the perpetrator. Section XI. Multiple Murder and Terrorism 397 Mass, Spree, and Serial Murder 398 Prevalence of Serial Killing 400 A Typology of Serial Killers 400 Theories of Serial Killing 401 Offender Profiling 402 Terrorism 403 Terrorism and Common Crime 405 Theories of Terrorism 406 Summary 407 Key Terms 408 Exercises and Discussion Questions 408 Useful Websites 408 READINGS 409 32. African Americans and Serial Killing in the Media: The Myth and the Reality 409 Anthony Walsh African Americans are significantly overrepresented among serial killers, but few people know this. 33. Mass Murderers: Implications for Mental Health Professionals 418 Lisa Aitken, Piet Oosthuizen, Robin Emsley, and Soraya Seedat Looks at biological, psychological, and social aspects of mass murder to see if it is a preventable act and what role mental health professionals might play. 34. The Terrorist Mind I: A Psychological and Political Analysis 423 Laurence Miller The psychological, social, and political forces behind terrorism.

Section XII. Property Crime 433 Larceny/Theft 434 Burglary 436 Burglars and Their Motives 436 Choosing Burglary Targets 437 Disposing of the Loot 438 Motor Vehicle Theft 439 Arson 440 Crimes of Guile and Deceit: Embezzlement, Fraud, and Forgery/Counterfeiting 441 Cybercrime: Oh What a Tangled World Wide Web WeWeave 441 Identity Theft 442 Denial of Service Attack: Virtual Kidnapping and Extortion 443 Who Are the Hackers? 444 Software Piracy 444 Summary 445 Key Terms 445 Exercises and Discussion Questions 446 Useful Websites 446 READINGS 446 35. Sneaky Thrills 447 Jack Katz Emotional thrills and a “badass”reputation are major reasons for engaging in delinquent and criminal behavior. 36. Searching a Dwelling: Deterrence and the Undeterred Residential Burglar 454 Richard Wright The motivations, fears, and techniques of residential burglars revealed. 37. The Novelty of “Cybercrime”: An Assessment in Light of Routine Activity Theory 463 Majid Yar Routine activity theory can be fruitfully applied to understanding cybercrime. Section XIII. Public Order Crime 473 The Scope of the Alcohol/Crime Problem 474 The Effects of Alcohol and Context on Behavior 475 Drunk Driving 477 Alcoholism: Type I and Type II 478 Illegal Drugs and Crime 479 The Extent of the Illicit Drug Problem 479 Drug Addiction 480 Drug Classification 481 The Drugs/Violence Link 481 What Causes Drug Abuse? 482 Does Drug Abuse Cause Crime? 482 Prostitution and Commercialized Vice 483 Becoming a Prostitute 484 Should Prostitution Be Legalized or Decriminalized? 484 Summary 486 Key Terms 486 Exercises and Discussion Questions 487 Useful Websites 487 READINGS 487 38. Alcohol Problems and the Differentiation of Partner, Stranger, and General Violence 488 Rosemary Cogan and Bud C. Ballinger III Explores the effects of alcohol on violence among partners and strangers. 39. The Association Between Multiple Drug Misuse and Crime 493 Trevor Bennett and Katy Holloway The various aspects of multiple drug use and how it is associated with crime is explored. 40. Prostitution as a Form of Work 500 Ronald Weitzer Argues for treating “sex work”as just another occupation.

Section XIV. White-Collar and Organized Crime 507 The Concept of White-Collar Crime 508 Occupational Crime 508 Causes of Occupational White-Collar Crime: Are They Different? 509 Corporate Crime 509 Theories About the Causes of Corporate Crime 510 Law Enforcement Response to Corporate Crime 512 Organized Crime 514 What Is Organized Crime? 514 The Origins of Organized Crime in the United States 516 Other Organized Crime Groups 517 The Japanese Yakuza 518 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 519 African American Organized Crime 520 Asian Groups 520 Latino Groups 520 Theories of Organized Crime 521 Summary 522 Key Terms 523 Exercises and Discussion Questions 523 Useful Websites 523 READINGS 524 41. Criminal Thinking and Identity in Male White-Collar Offenders 524 Glen D. Walters and Matthew D. Geyer Do white-collar criminals think differently from street criminals? It depends. 42. Examining the Role of Differential Association and Techniques of Neutralization in Explaining Corporate Crime 529 Nicole Leeper Piquero, Stephen G. Tibbetts, and Michael B. Blankenship Exposes the unethical attitudes in the name of corporate profits among MBA students. 43. The Causes of Organized Crime: Do Criminals Organize Around Opportunities for Crime or Do Criminal Opportunities Create New Offenders? 540 Jay S. Albanese Is organized crime the result of crime-prone people exploiting criminal opportunities, or do criminal opportunities create criminals? 44. State Failure, Economic Failure, and Predatory Organized Crime: A Comparative Analysis 549 Hung-En Sung The strongest political and economic correlates or organized crime are examined across 59 nations. Section XV. Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization 557 The Emergence of Victimology 558 Who Gets Victimized? 558 Victimization in the Workplace and School 559 Child Molestation: Who Gets Victimized? 560 Victimization Theories 561 Victim Precipitation Theory 562 Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theory 563 Is Victimology “Blaming the Victim”? 564 The Consequences of Victimization 565 Victimization and the Criminal Justice System 566 Summary 566 Key Terms 567 Exercises and Discussion Questions 567 Useful Websites 567 READINGS 568 45. The Criminal and His Victim 568 Hans von Hentig The classical statement of victim precipitation theory. 46. Violent Victimization as a Risk Factor for Violent Offending Among Juveniles 570 Jennifer N. Shaffer and R. Barry Ruback This longitudinal study found that violent offenders and victims of violent offenders share common risk factors. 47. Victimological Developments in the World During the Past Three Decades (I): A Study of Comparative Victimology 577 Hans Joachim Schneider A comprehensive overview of the results of 10 symposia on crime victims from 10 different countries. 48. Victimological Developments in the World During the Past Three Decades (II): A Study of Comparative Victimology 583 Hans Joachim Schneider Looks at how victimization is viewed and responded to in different cultures.

Glossary 589 Credits and Sources 598 References 601 Index 616 About the Editors 621