DOCSLIB.ORG

An Information Analysis of the Caballeros Templarios in Mexico

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Information Analysis of the Caballeros Templarios in Mexico View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2014-12 Net-warlords: an information analysis of the Caballeros Templarios in Mexico Whorton, Cabel N. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/44689 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS NET-WARLORDS: AN INFORMATION ANALYSIS OF THE CABALLEROS TEMPLARIOS IN MEXICO by Cabel N. Whorton Daniel E. Welsh December 2014 Thesis Advisor: Marcos Berger Second Reader: Michael E. Freeman Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2014 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS NET-WARLORDS: AN INFORMATION ANALYSIS OF THE CABALLEROS TEMPLARIOS IN MEXICO 6. AUTHOR(S) Cabel N. Whorton and Daniel E. Welsh 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) From late 2010 until spring 2014, the Caballeros Templarios drug cartel was the de-facto ruler of the Mexican state of Michoacán. This thesis will show how, through the use of a powerful narrative, the Caballeros Templarios were able to supplant both rival cartels and legitimate government authorities. They successfully evolved from a small criminal group into Mexico’s first true net-warlords. Using netwar and organizational design theory, this thesis will describe the structure of the Templarios, their doctrinal and ideological characteristics, and the implications these have for Mexico and the drug war writ large. The primary conclusion of this thesis is that the Caballeros Templarios applied principles characteristic of netwar to create a criminal parallel state, directly threatening the sovereignty of the Mexican state of Michoacán. Ultimately, recognizing the causes and nature of this kind of threat will guide development of effective security strategies for both the United States and Mexico. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF drug cartels, netwar, Cabelleros Templarios, warlords, Mexico, information operations, organizational PAGES design theory, net-warlords 79 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited NET-WARLORDS: AN INFORMATION ANALYSIS OF THE CABALLEROS TEMPLARIOS IN MEXICO Cabel N. Whorton Major, United States Army B.A., University of Arizona, 1999 Daniel E. Welsh Major, United States Army B.A., East Tennessee State University, 2000 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DEFENSE ANALYSIS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2014 Authors: Cabel N. Whorton Daniel E. Welsh Approved by: Marcos Berger Thesis Advisor Michael E. Freeman Second Reader John Arquilla Chair, Department of Defense Analysis iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT From late 2010 until spring 2014, the Caballeros Templarios drug cartel was the de-facto ruler of the Mexican state of Michoacán. This thesis will show how, through the use of a powerful narrative, the Caballeros Templarios were able to supplant both rival cartels and legitimate government authorities. They successfully evolved from a small criminal group into Mexico’s first true net-warlords. Using netwar and organizational design theory, this thesis will describe the structure of the Templarios, their doctrinal and ideological characteristics, and the implications these have for Mexico and the drug war writ large. The primary conclusion of this thesis is that the Caballeros Templarios applied principles characteristic of netwar to create a criminal parallel state, directly threatening the sovereignty of the Mexican state of Michoacán. Ultimately, recognizing the causes and nature of this kind of threat will guide development of effective security strategies for both the United States and Mexico. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................1 B. PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................................................................2 C. KEY CONCEPTS AND TERMS ...................................................................2 1. Netwar and Organizational Models ...................................................3 2. Net-Warlords ........................................................................................4 D. THESIS ORGANIZATION ............................................................................5 II. HISTORY OF THE CABALLEROS TEMPLARIOS .............................................7 A. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................7 B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DRUG TRAFFICKING IN MEXICO ...........................................................................................................7 C. THE PRI AND INSTITUTIONALIZED SMUGGLING: 1964–1975 ........8 D. OPEN MARKETS AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE MEXICAN FEDERATION .................................................................................................9 1. The Sinaloa Cartel .............................................................................11 2. The Gulf Cartel and the Rise of Los Zetas ......................................11 E. DRUG TRAFFICKING IN MICHOACÁN ................................................12 1. La Empresa and Los Zetas ...............................................................13 2. La Familia Michoacán Emerges .......................................................14 a. La Familia as a Social Movement ..........................................15 F. RISE OF THE CABALLEROS TEMPLARIOS ........................................16 1. Establishment of a Shadow State......................................................17 2. Life under the Templarios.................................................................18 G. FALL OF THE CABALLEROS TEMPLARIOS ......................................20 1. Emergence of a Counter Movement .................................................20 2. Vigilantes and the Government ........................................................23 3. Aftermath............................................................................................23 III. THE NARRATIVE OF THE CABALLEROS TEMPLARIOS ...........................25 A. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................25 B. CARTEL INFORMATION OPERATIONS ...............................................26 1. Support................................................................................................26 2. Recruitment and Intimidation ..........................................................28 3. Internal Cohesion ...............................................................................28 C. TEMPLARIOS NARRATIVE .....................................................................28 1. Identity and Mission ..........................................................................29 D. THE IDEOLOGICAL EFFECT ON TEMPLARIOS OPERATIONS ....31 E. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................32 IV. CARTEL ORGANIZATION ....................................................................................33 A. ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ....................................................33 B. CARTEL ORGANIZATIONAL COMPONENTS ....................................34 1. Strategy ...............................................................................................35 vii 2. Structure .............................................................................................36 a. Mintzberg Formal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • La Situación De La Violencia Relacionada Con Las Drogas En México Del 2006 Al 2017 : ¿Es Un Conflicto Armado No Internacional
    La situación de la violencia relacionada con las drogas en México del 2006 al 2017 : Titulo ¿es un conflicto armado no internacional? Arriaga Valenzuela, Luis - Prologuista; Guevara Bermúdez, José Antonio - Otra; Autor(es) Campo Esteta, Laura Martín del - Traductor/a; Universiteit Leiden, Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies - Autor/a; Guadalajara Lugar ITESO Editorial/Editor Comisión Mexicana de Defensa y Promoción de los Derechos Humanos 2019 Fecha Colección Tráfico de drogas; Drogas; Violencia; Carteles; México; Temas Libro Tipo de documento "http://biblioteca.clacso.org/Mexico/cip-iteso/20200713020717/03.pdf" URL Reconocimiento-No Comercial-Sin Derivadas CC BY-NC-ND Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.org Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.org La situación de la violencia relacionada con las drogas en México del 2006 al 2017: ¿es un conflicto armado no Internacional? La situación de la violencia relacionada con las drogas en México del 2006 al 2017: ¿es un conflicto armado no Internacional? COMISIÓN MEXIcaNA DE DEFENSA Y PROMOCIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS, A.C. CONSEJO DIRECTIVO COORDINacIÓN DE INCIDENCIA Ximena Andión Ibáñez Olga Guzmán Vergara Presidenta Coordinadora Alejandro Anaya Muñoz Jürgen Moritz Beatriz Solís Leere María Corina Muskus Toro Jacobo Dayán José Luis Caballero
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Drug Wars Update: Targeting the Most Violent Cartels
    MEXICAN DRUG WARS UPDATE: Targeting the Most Violent Cartels July 21, 201 1 This analysis may not be forwarded or republished without express permission from STRATFOR. For permission, please submit a request to [email protected]. 1 STRATFOR 700 Lavaca Street, Suite 900 Austin, TX 78701 Tel: 1-512-744-4300 www.stratfor.com Mexican Drug Wars Update: Targeting the Most Violent Cartels Editor’s Note: Since the publication of STRATFOR’s 2010 annual Mexican cartel report, the fluid nature of the drug war in Mexico has prompted us to take an in-depth look at the situation more frequently. This is the second product of those interim assessments, which we will now make as needed, in addition to our annual year-end analyses and our weekly security memos. As we suggested in our first quarterly cartel update in April, most of the drug cartels in Mexico have gravitated toward two poles, one centered on the Sinaloa Federation and the other on Los Zetas. Since that assessment, there have not been any significant reversals overall; none of the identified cartels has faded from the scene or lost substantial amounts of territory. That said, the second quarter has been active in terms of inter-cartel and military-on-cartel clashes, particularly in three areas of Mexico: Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas and Veracruz states; southern Coahuila, through Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi and Aguascalientes states; and the Pacific coast states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacan and Guerrero. There are three basic dimensions of violence in Mexico: cartel vs. cartel, cartel vs. government and cartel vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Bancomext Fue Otra Víctima De Oceanografía
    EL PERIÓDICO DE LA VIDA NACIONAL $12.00 Año XCVIII-Tomo II, Número 35,250 • México, D.F. • 100 páginas LUNES 10 de marzo de 2014 www.excelsior.com.mx AFIRMA QUE HABÍA DISTANCIAMIENTO ENTRE loS capoS Zambada entregó a El Chapo: Saviano En entrevista, el periodista italiano revela una conversación en la que El Mayo propuso a Joaquín Guzmán ceder el mando POR CARLO PINI ENVIADO Nazario vivía; ayer NUEVA YORK.– Para el escri- MOMENTO tor italiano Roberto Saviano, la mano de Ismael El Mayo Zam- murió en operativo bada está detrás de la caída de MERENGUE Joaquín El Chapo Guzmán. “O lo entregó o no lo prote- Nazario Moreno Gonzá- REAL MADRID APROVECHÓ LA MALA gió más”, afirmó contundente el >lez, El Chayo o El Doctor, RACHA DEL BARCELONA PARA autor que saltó a la fama en 2006 principal líder de Los Caballe- con Gomorra, el libro con más de ros Templarios y a quien el go- AMPLIAR SU VENTAJA EN LA LIGA 10 millones de copias vendidas bierno calderonista había da- ESPAÑOLA; VENCIÓ 3-0 A LEVANTE. en el que describe los negocios do por muerto en 2010, murió de la Camorra y que le valieron (La liberación ayer en un enfrentamiento con A CALENTAR MOTORES amenazas de muerte por parte de de Rafael Caro elementos de la Marina y del la mafia italiana. Ejército, informó el gobierno EL VIERNES Saviano considera a El Chapo Quintero) mandó un federal. ARRANCA EL como el Steve Jobs del mundo del poderosísimo mensaje El también fundador de CAMPEONATO DE narco y por ello le cuesta admi- al gobierno de Obama.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Social Media by Alleged Members of Mexican Cartels and Affiliated Drug Trafficking Organizations
    J Homel Secur Emerg Mgmt 2016; 13(3): 395–418 Justin Nix, Michael R. Smith*, Matthew Petrocelli, Jeff Rojek and Victor M. Manjarrez The Use of Social Media by Alleged Members of Mexican Cartels and Affiliated Drug Trafficking Organizations DOI 10.1515/jhsem-2015-0084 Abstract: Focusing on Mexican cartels and affiliated drug trafficking organiza- tions, this article examines how self-proclaimed cartel members use social media to further the criminal activities of their organizations. Employing an open- source, intelligence-driven methodology, the authors identified, followed, and mapped the connections between and among 75 alleged cartel members over a period of 4 months. Results indicated that cartel members actively use Facebook to plan, organize, and communicate in real-time. These findings provide tenta- tive validation to the utility of using open-source social media platforms to study the social structure and operations of Mexican drug cartels. Implications for law enforcement, homeland security, and the intelligence enterprise are discussed. Keywords: drug trafficking organizations; Facebook; Mexican cartels; social media. 1 Introduction The inception of organized crime dates back hundreds of years and has always been both a national and international problem. Be it Chinese Triads, Colombian cartels, Dominican criminal organizations, La Cosa Nostra (the Italian/Sicilian mafia), Japanese Yakuza, Korean criminal organizations, Mexican drug cartels, *Corresponding author: Michael R. Smith, The University of Texas at El Paso – Center for Law and Human Behavior, Prospect Hall 224 500 W. University, Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Justin Nix: University of Louisville – Criminal Justice, Louisville, KY, USA Matthew Petrocelli: Southern Illinois University Edwardsville – Criminal Justice, Edwardsville, IL, USA Jeff Rojek: The University of Texas at El Paso – Criminal Justice, El Paso, TX, USA Victor M.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Zetas and La Familia Michoacana Drug Trafficking Organizations
    Los Zetas and La Familia Michoacana Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) Albert De Amicis, MPPM, (MPIA, 2010) University of Pittsburgh Graduate School for Public and International Affairs Masters of Public and International Affairs Capstone Final Paper November 27, 2010 March 12, 2011, (Updated) Los Zetas and La Familia Michoacana Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) ii Table of Contents Abstract..................................................................................................................iv I. Introduction..........................................................................................................1 Los Zetas.......................................................................................................1 La Familia Michoacana.................................................................................3 II. Leadership...........................................................................................................7 Los Zetas........................................................................................................7 La Familia Michoacana..................................................................................8 III. Structure..............................................................................................................9 Los Zetas.........................................................................................................9 La Familia Michoacana.................................................................................10 IV. Force Structure.................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • La Familia Drug Cartel: Implications for U.S-Mexican Security
    Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues related to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrate- gic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of De- fense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip re- ports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army par- ticipation in national security policy formulation. LA FAMILIA DRUG CARTEL: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S-MEXICAN SECURITY George W. Grayson December 2010 The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico's Knight Templar and Code of Conduct Implications
    Mexico’s Knight Templar and Code of Conduct Implications Knowledge Through Understanding Cultures TRIBAL ANALYSIS CENTER Nov 2013 Mexico’s Knight Templar and Code of Conduct Implications Mexico’s Knight Templar and Code of Conduct Implications Knowledge Through Understanding Cultures TRIBAL ANALYSIS CENTER About Tribal Analysis Center Tribal Analysis Center, 6610-M Mooretown Road, Box 159. Williamsburg, VA, 23188 Mexico’s Knight Templar and Code of Conduct Implications Mexico’s Knight Templar and Code of Conduct Implications Appendix: Mexico’s Other Insurgencies by Graham Turbiville, Tribal Analysis Center LA VIDA REQUIERE DE CABALLEROSIDAD Y DE HUMILDAD ‘Life requires chivalry and humility’1 1. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/14/mexico-knights-templar-publicity-stung_n_3757742.html Tribal Analysis Center, 6610-M Mooretown Road, Box 159. Williamsburg, VA, 23188 Mexico’s Knight Templar and Code of Conduct Implications Dr. Graham Turbiville, Jr., explained the faltering stability process occurring in Latin America as the Cold War ended and its destabilizing external influences were no longer present: “A central post-Cold War security issue is the fate of insurgent movements that received weapons, equipment and political support for decades from the Soviet bloc and other communist states around the world. In Latin America, where the development and consolidation of democratic regimes often is accompanied by promises of free-market economic and open-trade policies, the virtual shutoff of outside support to insurgents seemed to assure their eventual dissolution. In the 1990s, Central American peace accords and electoral successes and South American counterin- surgency gains, as in Peru, reinforced this view. “Optimistic assessments based on these events may yet prove to be accurate.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Cartel Wars: Fighting for the U.S. Opioid Market
    Mexican Cartel Wars: Fighting for the U.S. Opioid Market Fernanda Sobrino∗† This version: May 21, 2020 Click here for the latest version Abstract The number of major Drug Trafficking Organizations (known as cartels) in Mexico increased from four to nine over the last two decades. This was accompanied by an increase in drug trade related violence. This paper examines the relationship between violence and competition for market share among cartels. To measure cartel presence, a difficult to measure phenomenon, I construct a novel data set of cartel presence across Mexican municipalities by scraping Google News and using natural language processing. To study how market size and structure interact with violence, I exploit two empirical strategies using within municipality variation. First, I interact heroin prices with agro-climatic conditions to grow opium poppy, using exogenous variation in demand for heroin from the 2010 OxyContin reformulation. This reformulation made OxyContin harder to abuse and led some opioid abusers to switch to heroin. Second, I exploit variation in the timing of cartel entry in a municipality. Cartel presence increases substantially after 2010 in municipalities well-suited to grow opium poppy. As more cartels enter a market, homicide rates increase. These results suggest that substantial part of the increase in violence that Mexico experienced in the last fifteen years is due to criminal groups fighting for market share of heroin, not only due to changes in government enforcement. ∗I am very grateful to Thomas Fujiwara, Micaela Sviatschi and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg for their in- valuable support and guidance. For helpful comments, I thank Janet Curie, Anne Karing, Alicia Adsera, Leonard Wantchekon, Swati Bhatt, Eduardo Morales, Matteo Bobba, and other visitors and participants to the Health and Development Student Seminar Series.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Jack Riley
    STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD OF JACK RILEY ACTING DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON WESTERN HEMISPHERE, TRANSNATIONAL CRIME, CIVILIAN SECURITY, DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GLOBAL WOMEN’S ISSUES COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE FOR A HEARING ENTITLED CARTELS AND THE U.S. HEROIN EPIDEMIC: COMBATING DRUG VIOLENCE AND PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS PRESENTED ON MAY 26, 2016 Statement for the Record Jack Riley, Acting Deputy Administrator Drug Enforcement Administration Before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights and Global Women’s Issues Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate May 26, 2016 INTRODUCTION Chairman Rubio, Ranking Member Boxer, and Members of the Sub-committee, on behalf of the approximately 9,000 employees of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), thank you for the opportunity to discuss the issue of Cartels, the U.S. heroin epidemic, and DEA’s response to combating the drug violence and public health crisis. Today, Mexican Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) remain the greatest criminal drug threat to the United States; no other group can challenge them in the near term. These Mexican poly-drug organizations traffic heroin, illicit fentanyl, methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana throughout the United States, using established transportation routes and distribution networks. They control drug trafficking across the Southwest border (SWB) and are moving to expand their share of U.S. illicit drug markets, particularly heroin markets. National-level gangs and neighborhood gangs continue to form and expand relationships with Mexican TCOs. Many gangs rely on Mexican TCOs as their primary drug supply source, and Mexican TCOs depend on street-level gangs, many of which already have a customer base, for drug distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico's Security Dilemma: Michoacán's Militias
    Mexico’s Security Dilemma: Michoacán’s Militias The Rise of Vigilantism in Mexico and Its Implications Going Forward Dudley Althaus and Steven Dudley ABSTRACT This working paper explores the rise of citizens' self-defense groups in Mexico’s western state of Michoacán. It is based on extensive field research. The militias arguably mark the most significant social and political development in Mexico's seven years of criminal hyper-violence. Their surprisingly effective response to a large criminal organization has put the government in a dilemma of if, and how, it plans to permanently incorporate the volatile organizations into the government’s security strategy. Executive Summary Since 2006, violence and criminality in Mexico have reached new heights. Battles amongst criminal organizations and between them have led to an unprecedented spike in homicides and other crimes. Large criminal groups have fragmented and their remnants have diversified their criminal portfolios to include widespread and systematic extortion of the civilian population. The state has not provided a satisfactory answer to this issue. In fact, government actors and security forces have frequently sought to take part in the pillaging. Frustrated and desperate, many community leaders, farmers and business elites have armed themselves and created so-called “self-defense” groups. Self-defense groups have a long history in Mexico, but they have traditionally been used to deal with petty crime in mostly indigenous communities. These efforts are recognized by the constitution as legitimate and legal. But the new challenges to security by criminal organizations have led to the emergence of this new generation of militias. The strongest of these vigilante organizations are in Michoacán, an embattled western state where a criminal group called the Knights Templar had been victimizing locals for years and had co-opted local political power.
    [Show full text]
  • Na / Knights Templar and Other Mexican Drug Cartels Shawn T
    Journal of Strategic Security Volume 7 Article 5 Number 3 Volume 7, No. 3: Fall 2014 Motivations and Implications of Community Service Provision by La Familia Michoacána / Knights Templar and other Mexican Drug Cartels Shawn T. Flanigan San Diego State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss pp. 63-83 Recommended Citation Flanigan, Shawn T.. "Motivations and Implications of Community Service Provision by La Familia Michoacána / Knights Templar and other Mexican Drug Cartels." Journal of Strategic Security 7, no. 3 (2014): : 63-83. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.7.3.4 Available at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol7/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Strategic Security by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Motivations and Implications of Community Service Provision by La Familia Michoacána / Knights Templar and other Mexican Drug Cartels Author Biography Shawn T. Flanigan is an associate professor at San Diego State University. She researches nonstate organizations as health and social service providers, and has a specific interest in the role of power and potential coercion in service provision to vulnerable populations. She has examined this dynamic in faith-based service providers, providers involved in electoral politics, and providers affiliated with groups that use violence (such as insurgent and terrorist organizations). Abstract Research demonstrates that service provision by violent organizations can be an effective strategy for coercing the local community to accept and conceal a group’s violent activities, and for creating loyalty to these groups.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Sanctions Pursuant to the Kingpin
    SANCTIONS PURSUANT TO THE FOREIGN NARCOTICS KINGPIN DESIGNATION ACT (Last updated June 8, 2021) PRESIDENTIAL AND TREASURY IDENTIFIED KINGPINS (33) ESPARRAGOZA MORENO, Juan Jose (34) PALMA SALAZAR, Hector Luis The following individuals and entities have been identified by (35) QUINTERO MERAZ, Jose Albino the President or the Treasury pursuant to section § 1904(b)(1) (36) REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF of the Kingpin Act. COLOMBIA (37) UNITED SELF-DEFENSE FORCES OF COLOMBIA On June 1, 2000, the President identified the following 12 foreign (38) UNITED WA STATE ARMY persons as significant foreign narcotics traffickers under the Kingpin Act. On June 1, 2004, the President identified the following eight foreign persons and two entities as significant foreign narcotics (1) AMEZCUA-CONTRERAS, Jose de Jesus traffickers under the Kingpin Act. (2) AMEZCUA-CONTRERAS, Luis Ignacio (3) ARELLANO-FELIX, Benjamin Alberto (39) ARELLANO FELIX ORGANIZATION (4) ARELLANO-FELIX, Ramon Eduardo (40) ARELLANO FELIX, Eduardo Ramon (5) CARO-QUINTERO, Rafael (41) ARELLANO FELIX, Francisco Javier (6) CARRILLO-FUENTES, Vicente (42) CARRILLO FUENTES ORGANIZATION (7) CHANG, Chi Fu (43) VALENCIA CORNELIO, Armando (8) HEATH, Noel Timothy (44) NEMBHARD, Norris (9) Individual removed on February 3, 2016 (45) RAMCHARAN, Leebert (10) OGUNGBUYI, Abeni O. (46) ZEVALLOS GONZALES, Fernando Melciades (11) OGUNGBUYI, Oluwole A. (47) Individual removed on February 3, 2016 (12) WEI Hsueh Kang (48) NOORZAI, Haji Bashir On June 1, 2001, the President identified the following 12 foreign On June 1, 2005, the President identified the following eight persons as significant foreign narcotics traffickers under the foreign persons and one entity as significant foreign narcotics Kingpin Act.
    [Show full text]